GSNC

Article 1. Uniform Fiduciaries Act.

§ 32-1. Short title.

This Article may be cited as the Uniform Fiduciaries Act.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 14; C.S., s. 1864(d); 1965, c. 628, s. 2.

Cross References.

For provisions as to investment securities under the Uniform Commercial Code, see G.S. 25-8-101 et seq.

Legal Periodicals.

For article on continuing power of attorney, see 5 Campbell L. Rev. 305 (1983).

CASE NOTES

Purpose of Act. —

The purpose of the Uniform Fiduciaries Act was to relax the common-law standard of care owed by banks to principals when dealing with their fiduciaries. Edwards v. Northwestern Bank, 39 N.C. App. 261, 250 S.E.2d 651, 1979 N.C. App. LEXIS 2501 (1979).

Prior Law. —

For cases decided prior to the enactment of the statute codified as this Article as to pledge or sale of trust assets as security for or in payment of fiduciary’s own debt, see Powell v. Jones, 36 N.C. 337 , 1841 N.C. LEXIS 3 (1841); Lockhart v. Phillips, 36 N.C. 342 , 1841 N.C. LEXIS 5 (1841); Exum v. Bowden, 39 N.C. 281 , 1846 N.C. LEXIS 97 (1846); Gray v. Armistead, 41 N.C. 74 , 1849 N.C. LEXIS 179 (1849); Bradshaw v. Simpson, 41 N.C. 243 , 1849 N.C. LEXIS 214 (1849); Wilson v. Doster, 42 N.C. 231 , 1851 N.C. LEXIS 166 (1851); Hendrick v. Gidney, 114 N.C. 543 , 19 S.E. 598, 1894 N.C. LEXIS 104 (1894).

For cases decided under prior law as to rights and liabilities where a party united with fiduciary in a breach of trust or circumstances put him on guard, see Bunting v. Ricks, 22 N.C. 130 , 1838 N.C. LEXIS 30 (1838); Dancy v. Duncan, 96 N.C. 111 , 1 S.E. 455, 1887 N.C. LEXIS 23 (1887).

For cases decided under prior law as to purchaser of legal title as trustee for cestui que trust, see Maples v. Medlin, 5 N.C. 219 , 5 N.C. 220 , 1809 N.C. LEXIS 1 (1809).

§ 32-2. Definition of terms.

In this Article unless the context or subject matter otherwise requires:“Bank” includes any person or association of persons, whether incorporated or not, carrying on the business of banking.“Fiduciary” includes a trustee under any trust, expressed, implied, resulting or constructive, executor, administrator, guardian, conservator, curator, receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, assignee for the benefit of creditors, partner, agent, officer of a corporation, public or private, public officer, or any other person acting in a fiduciary capacity for any person, trust or estate.“Person” includes a corporation, partnership, or other association, or two or more persons having a joint or common interest.“Principal” includes any person to whom a fiduciary as such owes an obligation.
A thing is done “in good faith” within the meaning of this Article when it is in fact done honestly, whether it be done negligently or not.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 1; C.S., s. 1864(e); 1965, c. 628, s. 2.

Legal Periodicals.

For article on constructive trusts in North Carolina, see 45 N.C.L. Rev. 424 (1967).

For note on workers’ compensation and retaliatory discharge, see 58 N.C.L. Rev. 629 (1980).

CASE NOTES

“Fiduciary Relationship.” —

A fiduciary relationship exists where there has been a special confidence reposed in one who in equity and good conscience is bound to act in good faith and in due regard to the one reposing confidence. Moore v. Bryson, 11 N.C. App. 260, 181 S.E.2d 113, 1971 N.C. App. LEXIS 1502 (1971).

It is not necessary that there be a technical or legal relationship for a fiduciary relationship to exist. Moore v. Bryson, 11 N.C. App. 260, 181 S.E.2d 113, 1971 N.C. App. LEXIS 1502 (1971).

If as an executor, as a cotenant or simply as an individual, a person undertook to manage and generally control a tract of land for the benefit of his co-owners, causing them to repose special faith, confidence and trust in him to represent their best interest with respect to the property, he occupied a fiduciary relationship to them. Moore v. Bryson, 11 N.C. App. 260, 181 S.E.2d 113, 1971 N.C. App. LEXIS 1502 (1971).

While a fiduciary relationship ordinarily does not arise between tenants in common from the simple fact of their cotenancy, such a relationship may be created by their conduct, as where one cotenant assumes to act for the benefit of his cotenants. Moore v. Bryson, 11 N.C. App. 260, 181 S.E.2d 113, 1971 N.C. App. LEXIS 1502 (1971).

Fiduciaries must act in good faith. They can never paramount their personal interest over the interest of those for whom they have assumed to act. Moore v. Bryson, 11 N.C. App. 260, 181 S.E.2d 113, 1971 N.C. App. LEXIS 1502 (1971).

Interests May Not Conflict. —

A person occupying a place of trust and confidence may not place himself in a position where his own interest may conflict with the interest of those for whom he acts. Moore v. Bryson, 11 N.C. App. 260, 181 S.E.2d 113, 1971 N.C. App. LEXIS 1502 (1971).

A fiduciary who acquires an outstanding title adverse to his cestuis que trustent is considered in equity as having acquired it for their benefit. Moore v. Bryson, 11 N.C. App. 260, 181 S.E.2d 113, 1971 N.C. App. LEXIS 1502 (1971).

An executor acts in a fiduciary capacity. Moore v. Bryson, 11 N.C. App. 260, 181 S.E.2d 113, 1971 N.C. App. LEXIS 1502 (1971).

“Good Faith.” —

By defining “good faith” in subsection (b) of this section in terms of an act done honestly although perhaps negligently, the drafters of the act implicitly revealed their intention that the term “bad faith” requires a showing of some indicia of dishonest conduct or a showing of facts and circumstances so cogent and obvious that to remain passive would amount to a deliberate desire to evade knowledge because of a belief or fear that inquiry would disclose a defect in the transaction. Edwards v. Northwestern Bank, 39 N.C. App. 261, 250 S.E.2d 651, 1979 N.C. App. LEXIS 2501 (1979).

Reasonable Care Demonstrated by Fiduciary. —

Because a bank, which was the trustee of a trust, demonstrated reasonable care by taking precautionary steps to protect the retained funds and investing the funds in a liquid and risk-free money market account until the pending litigation was resolved, there was no breach of fiduciary duty under G.S. 32-2 . Heinitsh v. Wachovia Bank, 192 N.C. App. 570, 665 S.E.2d 541, 2008 N.C. App. LEXIS 1618 (2008).

Liability of Executor. —

An executor, in performing those duties related to managing the estate’s assets, acts as a trustee to beneficiaries of the estate. As such, the executor is liable for the depreciation of assets which an ordinarily prudent fiduciary would not have allowed to occur. Fortune v. First Union Nat'l Bank, 87 N.C. App. 1, 359 S.E.2d 801, 1987 N.C. App. LEXIS 2963 (1987), rev'd, 323 N.C. 146 , 371 S.E.2d 483, 1988 N.C. LEXIS 518 (1988).

§ 32-3. Application of payments made to fiduciaries.

A person who in good faith pays or transfers to a fiduciary any money or other property, which the fiduciary as such is authorized to receive, is not responsible for the proper application thereof by the fiduciary; and any right or title acquired from the fiduciary in consideration of such payment or transfer is not invalid in consequence of a misapplication by the fiduciary.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 2; C.S., s. 1864(f).

Legal Periodicals.

For discussion of section, see 1 N.C.L. Rev. 291 (1923).

§ 32-4. [Repealed]

Repealed by Session Laws 1977, c. 814, s. 8.

§ 32-5. Transfer of negotiable instrument by fiduciary.

If any negotiable instrument payable or indorsed to a fiduciary as such is indorsed by a fiduciary, or if any negotiable instrument payable or indorsed to his principal is indorsed by a fiduciary empowered to indorse such instrument on behalf of his principal, the indorsee is not bound to inquire whether the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in indorsing or delivering the instrument, and is not chargeable with notice that the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary unless he takes the instrument with actual knowledge of such breach or with knowledge of such facts that his action in taking the instrument amounts to bad faith. If, however, such instrument is transferred by the fiduciary in payment of or as security for a personal debt of the fiduciary to the actual knowledge of the creditor, or is transferred in any transaction known by the transferee to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary, the creditor or other transferee is liable to the principal if the fiduciary in fact commits a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in transferring the instrument.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 4; C.S., s. 1864(h).

Legal Periodicals.

For discussion of section, see 1 N.C.L. Rev. 291 (1923).

CASE NOTES

Prior to enactment of the Uniform Commercial Code, G.S. 25-1-101 et seq., the uniform application of the N.I.L. was followed. See Setzer v. Deal, 135 N.C. 428 , 47 S.E. 466, 1904 N.C. LEXIS 50 (1904); Smathers & Co. v. Toxaway Hotel Co., 162 N.C. 346 , 78 S.E. 224, 1913 N.C. LEXIS 358 (1913); Smathers & Co. v. Toxaway Hotel Co., 167 N.C. 469 , 83 S.E. 844, 1914 N.C. LEXIS 150 (1914).

§ 32-6. Check drawn by fiduciary payable to third person.

If a check or other bill of exchange is drawn by a fiduciary as such, or in the name of his principal by a fiduciary empowered to draw such instrument in the name of his principal, the payee is not bound to inquire whether the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in drawing or delivering the instrument, and is not chargeable with notice that the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary unless he takes the instrument with actual knowledge of such breach or with knowledge of such facts that his action in taking the instrument amounts to bad faith. If, however, such instrument is payable to a personal creditor of the fiduciary and delivered to the creditor in payment of or as security for a personal debt of the fiduciary to the actual knowledge of the creditor, or is drawn and delivered in any transaction known by the payee to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary, the creditor or other payee is liable to the principal if the fiduciary in fact commits a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in drawing or delivering the instrument.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 5; C.S., s. 1864(i).

CASE NOTES

Section Illustrates General Rule of Liability. —

The history of this provision indicates that it was intended to illustrate the general rule of liability rather than to create an exception to it. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Payee’s Liability. —

For the payee to become liable under this section it must be found either that it had actual knowledge of the misappropriation or that it acted in bad faith. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Contributory Negligence of Principal. —

Liability is based on payee’s conscious conduct or “bad faith” and contributory neglect of principal would not negate such fault. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Test for Determining Bad Faith. —

In determining “bad faith” courts ask whether it was “commercially” unjustifiable for the payee to disregard and refuse to learn facts readily available. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Bad faith in taking commercial paper does not necessarily involve furtive motives, for it exists when the creditor has notice of facts which, if unexplained, would show that he was taking the property of one who owed him nothing, in payment of a claim that he held against someone else. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

When Remaining Passive Is Bad Faith. —

At some point, obvious circumstances become so cogent that it is “bad faith” to remain passive. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Neither criminal fraud nor downright corruption is an essential ingredient of legal “bad faith.” Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Agreement Protecting Bank Void When Bank Acts in Bad Faith. —

Any agreement protecting a bank from liability for assisting a fiduciary in a misappropriation when the bank acts in “bad faith” or with “actual knowledge” of the fiduciary’s breach is void. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Fact That Bank Is Designated Payee Not Enough to Attribute “Actual Knowledge” or “Bad Faith.” —

The bank is not liable for cashing the first check in the series and paying the proceeds to the fiduciary, since the mere fact that the bank was designated as payee was not enough to attribute to it either “actual knowledge” or “bad faith,” but it did act in “bad faith,” even if it lacked “actual knowledge,” when it received the second check in the series and credited the proceeds to the fiduciary’s debt. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

“Actual knowledge” means express factual information that funds are being used for private purposes. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

The crediting of checks to fiduciary’s private debts constitutes either “actual knowledge” or “bad faith.” Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

While a bank may have acted innocently in cashing a first check, it lost this innocence when a second check was received and used to pay fiduciary’s personal obligation. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

A bank, having gained “actual knowledge” of a breach of a fiduciary obligation when it received a second check in series and applied it in reduction of fiduciary’s personal debt, could not divest itself of its continuing knowledge of the faithlessness of the fiduciary. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Creditor’s Liability for “Actual Knowledge.” —

If the crediting of checks to fiduciary’s private debts constitutes “actual knowledge,” the creditor is liable because from the circumstances it would necessarily have “actual knowledge” that the fiduciary was misappropriating his principal’s funds. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Bank of Charlotte, 340 F.2d 550, 1965 U.S. App. LEXIS 6974 (4th Cir. 1965).

Evidence Sufficient for Jury. —

Admissions by defendant that it entered into contracts for the sale of certain lands to an individual and that in payment of the sum due upon the execution of the contracts it accepted checks drawn on the funds of a corporation by the individual as president of the corporation, together with evidence that the individual had no authority to so use the corporate funds, that the corporation was not indebted to him, and that the transaction was not made for the corporation, was sufficient to be submitted to the jury in an action by the receiver of the corporation under the provisions of this section. LaVecchia v. North Carolina Joint Stock Land Bank, 218 N.C. 35 , 9 S.E.2d 489, 1940 N.C. LEXIS 95 (1940).

Judgment on Pleadings. —

Allegations of defendant’s acceptance of a corporate check in payment of individual obligation of the president does not entitle the plaintiff to judgment on the pleadings. LaVecchia v. North Carolina Joint Stock Land Bank, 216 N.C. 28 , 3 S.E.2d 276, 1939 N.C. LEXIS 99 (1939).

§ 32-7. Check drawn by and payable to fiduciary.

If a check or other bill of exchange is drawn by a fiduciary as such or in the name of his principal by a fiduciary empowered to draw such instrument in the name of his principal, payable to the fiduciary personally, or payable to a third person and by him transferred to the fiduciary, and is thereafter transferred by the fiduciary, whether in payment of a personal debt of the fiduciary or otherwise, the transferee is not bound to inquire whether the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in transferring the instrument, and is not chargeable with notice that the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary unless he takes the instrument with actual knowledge of such breach or with knowledge of such facts that his action in taking the instrument amounts to bad faith.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 6; C.S., s. 1864(j).

§ 32-8. Deposit in name of fiduciary as such.

If a deposit is made in a bank to the credit of a fiduciary as such, the bank is authorized to pay the amount of the deposit or any part thereof upon the check of the fiduciary, signed with the name in which such deposit is entered, without being liable to the principal, unless the bank pays the check with actual knowledge that the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in drawing the check or with knowledge of such facts that its action in paying the check amounts to bad faith.

If, however, such a check is payable to the drawee bank and is delivered to it in payment of or as security for a personal debt of the fiduciary to it, the bank is liable to the principal if the fiduciary in fact commits a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in drawing or delivering the check.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 7; C.S., s. 1864(k).

Legal Periodicals.

For discussion of section, see 1 N.C.L. Rev. 291 (1923).

§ 32-9. Deposit in name of principal.

If a check is drawn upon the account of his principal in a bank by a fiduciary who is empowered to draw checks upon his principal’s account, the bank is authorized to pay such check without being liable to the principal, unless the bank pays the check with actual knowledge that the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in drawing such check, or with knowledge of such facts that its action in paying the check amounts to bad faith. If, however, such a check is payable to the drawee bank and is delivered to it in payment of or as security for a personal debt of the fiduciary to it, the bank is liable to the principal if the fiduciary in fact commits a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in drawing or delivering the check.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 8; C.S., s. 1864(l).

CASE NOTES

Distinction Between Negligence and Bad Faith. —

The distinction between negligence and bad faith is that bad faith, or dishonesty, unlike negligence, is willful. Edwards v. Northwestern Bank, 39 N.C. App. 261, 250 S.E.2d 651, 1979 N.C. App. LEXIS 2501 (1979).

Showing of mere negligence is clearly not sufficient to establish “bad faith.” Edwards v. Northwestern Bank, 39 N.C. App. 261, 250 S.E.2d 651, 1979 N.C. App. LEXIS 2501 (1979).

Mere failure to make inquiry, even though there be suspicious circumstances, does not constitute bad faith, unless such failure is due to the deliberate desire to evade knowledge because of a belief or fear that inquiry would disclose a vice or defect in the transaction — that is to say, where there is an intentional closing of the eyes or stopping of the ears. Edwards v. Northwestern Bank, 39 N.C. App. 261, 250 S.E.2d 651, 1979 N.C. App. LEXIS 2501 (1979).

What Constitutes “Bad Faith.” —

By defining “good faith” in G.S. 32-2(b) in terms of an act done honestly although perhaps negligently, the drafters of the act implicitly revealed their intention that the term “bad faith” requires a showing of some indicia of dishonest conduct or a showing of facts and circumstances so cogent and obvious that to remain passive would amount to a deliberate desire to evade knowledge because of a belief or fear that inquiry would disclose a defect in the transaction. Edwards v. Northwestern Bank, 39 N.C. App. 261, 250 S.E.2d 651, 1979 N.C. App. LEXIS 2501 (1979).

Bank’s violation of this section of the Uniform Fiduciaries Act was held not to constitute an unfair or deceptive trade practice where the breach of fiduciary duty was committed by a trustee, and there was an absence of actual knowledge or bad faith by the bank. Moretz v. Miller, 126 N.C. App. 514, 486 S.E.2d 85, 1997 N.C. App. LEXIS 558 (1997).

Statute Inapplicable. —

When sellers sued a bank regarding the fraudulent scheme of the bank’s customer, the sellers’ claim under G.S. 32-9 failed because (1) the statute applied to a fiduciary’s fraudulent withdrawals on a principal’s account, but (2) the bank’s account was not in the sellers’ names. Bottom v. Bailey, 238 N.C. App. 202, 767 S.E.2d 883, 2014 N.C. App. LEXIS 1348 (2014).

§ 32-10. Deposit in fiduciary’s personal account.

If a fiduciary makes a deposit in a bank to his personal credit of checks drawn by him upon an account in his own name as fiduciary or of checks payable to him as fiduciary or of checks drawn by him upon an account in the name of his principal if he is empowered to draw checks thereon, or checks payable to his principal and indorsed by him, if he is empowered to indorse such checks, or if he otherwise makes a deposit of funds held by him as fiduciary, the bank receiving such deposit is not bound to inquire whether the fiduciary is committing thereby a breach of his obligation as fiduciary; and the bank is authorized to pay the amount of the deposit or any part thereof upon the personal check of the fiduciary without being liable to the principal, unless the bank receives the deposit or pays the check with actual knowledge that the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in making such deposit or in drawing such check, or with knowledge of such facts that its action in receiving the deposit or paying the check amounts to bad faith.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 9; C.S., s. 1864(m).

§ 32-11. Deposit in names of two or more trustees.

When a deposit is made in a bank in the name of two or more persons as trustees and a check is drawn upon the trust account by any trustee or trustees authorized by the other trustee or trustees to draw checks upon the trust account, neither the payee nor other holder nor the bank is bound to inquire whether it is a breach of trust to authorize such trustee or trustees to draw checks upon the trust account, and is not liable unless the circumstances be such that the action of the payee or other holder or the bank amounts to bad faith.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 10; C.S., s. 1864(n).

Legal Periodicals.

For discussion of section, see 1 N.C.L. Rev. 292 (1923).

§ 32-12. Cases not provided for in Article.

In any case not provided for in this Article the rules of law and equity, including the law merchant and those rules of law and equity relating to trusts, agency, negotiable instruments and banking, shall continue to apply.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 12; C.S., s. 1864(p); 1965, c. 628, s. 2.

§ 32-13. Uniformity of interpretation.

This Article shall be so interpreted and construed as to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law of those states which enact it.

History. 1923, c. 85, s. 13; C.S., s. 1864(q); 1965, c. 628, s. 2.

Article 2. Security Transfers. [Repealed]

§§ 32-14 through 32-24. [Repealed]

Repealed by Session Laws 1997-181, s. 23.

Article 3. Powers of Fiduciaries.

§ 32-25. Definition.

As used in this Article, the term “fiduciary” means the one or more executors of the estate of a decedent, or the one or more trustees of a testamentary or inter vivos trust estate, whichever in a particular case shall be appropriate.

History. 1965, c. 628, s. 1.

Legal Periodicals.

For note, “The North Carolina Fiduciary Powers Act and the Duty of Loyalty,” see 45 N.C.L. Rev. 1141 (1967).

§ 32-26. Incorporation by reference of powers enumerated in G.S. 32-27; restriction on exercise of such powers.

By an express intention of the testator or settlor so to do contained in a will, or in an instrument in writing whereby a trust estate is created inter vivos, any or all of the powers or any portion thereof enumerated in G.S. 32-27 , as they exist at the time of the signing of the will by the testator or at the time of the signing by the first settlor who signs the trust instrument, may be, by appropriate reference made thereto, incorporated in such will or other written instrument, with the same effect as though such language were set forth verbatim in the instrument. Incorporation of one or more of the powers contained in G.S. 32-27 by reference to that section shall be in addition to and not in limitation of the common law or statutory powers of the fiduciary.
No power of authority conferred upon a fiduciary as provided in this Article shall be exercised by such fiduciary in such a manner as, in the aggregate, to deprive the trust or the estate involved of an otherwise available tax exemption, deduction or credit, expressly including the marital deduction, or operate to impose a tax upon a donor or testator or other person as owner of any portion of the trust or estate involved. “Tax” includes, but is not limited to, any federal, State, or local income, gift, estate or inheritance tax.
Nothing herein shall be construed to prevent the incorporation of the powers enumerated in G.S. 32-27 in any other kind of instrument or agreement.

History. 1965, c. 628, s. 1.

§ 32-27. Powers which may be incorporated by reference in trust instrument.

The following powers may be incorporated by reference as provided in G.S. 32-26 :

Retain Original Property. — To retain for such time as the fiduciary shall deem advisable any property, real or personal, which the fiduciary may receive, even though the retention of such property by reason of its character, amount, proportion to the total estate or otherwise would not be appropriate for the fiduciary apart from this provision.
Sell and Exchange Property. — To sell, exchange, give options upon, partition or otherwise dispose of any property or interest therein which the fiduciary may hold from time to time, with or without order of court, at public or private sale or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions, including credit, and for such consideration as the fiduciary shall deem advisable, and to transfer and convey the property or interest therein which is at the disposal of the fiduciary, in fee simple absolute or otherwise, free of all trust; and the party dealing with the fiduciary shall not be under a duty to follow the proceeds or other consideration received by the fiduciary from such sale or exchange.
Invest and Reinvest. — To invest and reinvest, as the fiduciary shall deem advisable, in stocks (common or preferred), bonds, debentures, notes, mortgages or other securities, in or outside the United States; in insurance contracts on the life of any beneficiary or of any person in whom a beneficiary has an insurable interest, or in annuity contracts for any beneficiary, in any real or personal property, in investment trusts; in participations in common trust funds, and generally in such property as the fiduciary shall deem advisable, even though such investment shall not be of the character approved by applicable law but for this provision.
Invest without Diversification. — To make investments which cause a greater proportion of the total property held by the fiduciary to be invested in investments of one type or of one company than would be considered appropriate for the fiduciary apart from this provision.
Continue Business. — To the extent and upon such terms and conditions and for such periods of time as the fiduciary shall deem necessary or advisable, to continue or participate in the operation of any business or other enterprise, whatever its form of organization, including but not limited to the power:
1. To effect incorporation, dissolution, or other change in the form of the organization of the business or enterprise;
2. To dispose of any interest therein or acquire the interest of others therein;
3. To contribute thereto or invest therein additional capital or to lend money thereto, in any such case upon such terms and conditions as the fiduciary shall approve from time to time;
4. To determine whether the liabilities incurred in the conduct of the business are to be chargeable solely to the part of the estate or trust set aside for use in the business or to the estate or trust as a whole; and
5. In all cases in which the fiduciary is required to file accounts in any court or in any other public office, it shall not be necessary to itemize receipts and disbursements and distributions of property but it shall be sufficient for the fiduciary to show in the account a single figure or consolidation of figures, and the fiduciary shall be permitted to account for money and property received from the business and any payments made to the business in lump sum without itemization.
Form Corporation or Other Entity. — To form a corporation or other entity and to transfer, assign, and convey to such corporation or entity all or any part of the estate or of any trust property in exchange for the stock, securities or obligations of any such corporation or entity, and to continue to hold such stock and securities and obligations.
Operate Farm. — To continue any farming operation received by the fiduciary pursuant to the will or other instrument and to do any and all things deemed advisable by the fiduciary in the management and maintenance of such farm and the production and marketing of crops and dairy, poultry, livestock, orchard and forest products including but not limited to the following powers:
1. To operate the farm with hired labor, tenants or sharecroppers;
2. To lease or rent the farm for cash or for a share of the crops;
3. To purchase or otherwise acquire farm machinery and equipment and livestock;
4. To construct, repair, and improve farm buildings of all kinds needed in the fiduciary’s judgment, for the operation of the farm;
5. To make or obtain loans or advances at the prevailing rate or rates of interest for farm purposes such as for production, harvesting, or marketing, or for the construction, repair, or improvement of farm buildings, or for the purchase of farm machinery or equipment or livestock;
6. To employ approved soil conservation practices in order to conserve, improve, and maintain the fertility and productivity of the soil;
7. To protect, manage and improve the timber and forest on the farm and sell the timber and forest products when it is to the best interest of the estate;
8. To ditch, dam and drain damp or wet fields and areas of the farm when and where needed;
9. To engage in the production of livestock, poultry or dairy products, and to construct such fences and buildings and plant such pastures and crops as may be necessary to carry on such operations;
10. To market the products of the farm; and
11. In general, to employ good husbandry in the farming operation.
Manage Real Property. —
1. To improve, manage, protect, and subdivide any real property;
2. To dedicate or withdraw from dedication parks, streets, highways, or alleys;
3. To terminate any subdivision or part thereof;
4. To borrow money for the purposes authorized by this subdivision for such periods of time and upon such terms and conditions as to rates, maturities and renewals as the fiduciary shall deem advisable and to mortgage or otherwise encumber any such property or part thereof, whether in possession or reversion;
5. To lease any such property or part thereof to commence at the present or in the future, upon such terms and conditions, including options to renew or purchase, and for such period or periods of time as the fiduciary deems advisable although such period or periods may extend beyond the duration of the trust or the administration of the estate involved;
6. To make gravel, sand, oil, gas and other mineral leases, contracts, licenses, conveyances or grants of every nature and kind which are lawful in the jurisdiction in which such property lies;
7. To manage and improve timber and forests on such property, to sell the timber and forest products, and to make grants, leases, and contracts with respect thereto;
8. To modify, renew or extend leases;
9. To employ agents to rent and collect rents;
10. To create easements and release, convey, or assign any right, title, or interest with respect to any easement on such property or part thereof;
11. To erect, repair or renovate any building or other improvement on such property, and to remove or demolish any building or other improvement in whole or in part; and
12. To deal with any such property and every part thereof in all other ways and for such other purposes or considerations as it would be lawful for any person owning the same to deal with such property either in the same or in different ways from those specified elsewhere in this subdivision (8).
  (8a) Comply with environmental law. —
  
  a. To inspect property held by the fiduciary, including interests in sole proprietorships, partnerships, or corporations and any assets owned by any such business enterprise, for the purpose of determining compliance with environmental law affecting such property and to respond to any actual or threatened violation of any environmental law affecting property held by the fiduciary;
  
  b. To take, on behalf of the estate or trust, any action necessary to prevent, abate, or otherwise remedy any actual or threatened violation of any environmental law affecting property held by the fiduciary, either before or after the initiation of an enforcement action by any governmental body;
  
  c. To refuse to accept property in trust if the fiduciary determines that any property to be donated to the trust either is contaminated by any hazardous substance or is being used or has been used for any activity directly or indirectly involving hazardous substance which could result in liability to the trust or otherwise impair the value of the assets held therein;
  
  d. To settle or compromise at any time any and all claims against the trust or estate which may be asserted by any governmental body or private party involving the alleged violation of any environmental law affecting property held in trust or in an estate;
  
  e. To disclaim any power granted by any document, statute, or rule of law which, in the sole discretion of the fiduciary, may cause the fiduciary to incur personal liability under any environmental law;
  
  f. To decline to serve as a fiduciary if the fiduciary reasonably believes that there is or may be a conflict of interest between it in its fiduciary capacity and in its individual capacity because of potential claims or liabilities which may be asserted against it on behalf of the trust or estate because of the type or condition of assets held therein.
  
  g. For purposes of this subsection “environmental law” means any federal, state, or local law, rule, regulation, or ordinance relating to protection of the environment or human health. For purposes of this subsection, “hazardous substances” means any substance defined as hazardous or toxic or otherwise regulated by any environmental law. The fiduciary shall be entitled to charge the cost of any inspection, review, abatement, response, cleanup, or remedial action authorized herein against the income or principal of the trust or estate. A fiduciary shall not be personally liable to any beneficiary or other party for any decrease in value of assets in trust or in an estate by reason of the fiduciary’s compliance with any environmental law, specifically including any reporting requirement under such law. Neither the acceptance by the fiduciary of property or a failure by the fiduciary to inspect property shall be deemed to create any inference as to whether or not there is or may be any liability under any environmental law with respect to such property.
Pay Taxes and Expenses. — To pay taxes, assessments, compensation of the fiduciary, and other expenses incurred in the collection, care, administration, and protection of the trust or estate.
Receive Additional Property. — To receive additional property from any source and administer such additional property as a portion of the appropriate trust or estate under the management of the fiduciary; provided the fiduciary shall not be required to receive such property without the fiduciary’s consent.
Deal with Other Trusts. — In dealing with one or more fiduciaries:
1. To sell property, real or personal, to, or to exchange property with, the trustee of any trust which the decedent or the settlor or his spouse or any child of his shall have created, for such estates and upon such terms and conditions as to sale price, terms of payment, and security as to the fiduciary shall seem advisable; and the fiduciary shall be under no duty to follow the proceeds of any such sale; and
2. To borrow money for such periods of time and upon such terms and conditions as to rates, maturities, renewals and securities as the fiduciary shall deem advisable from any trust created by the decedent, his spouse, or any child of his, for the purpose of paying debts of the decedent, taxes, the costs of the administration of the estate, and like charges against the estate, or any part thereof, or discharging the liability of any fiduciary thereof and to mortgage, pledge or otherwise encumber such portion of the estate or any trust as may be required to secure such loan or loans and to renew such loans.
Borrow Money. — To borrow money for such periods of time and upon such terms and conditions as to rates, maturities, renewals, and security as the fiduciary shall deem advisable, including the power of a corporate fiduciary to borrow from its own banking department, for the purpose of paying debts, taxes, or other charges against the estate or any trust, or any part thereof, and to mortgage, pledge or otherwise encumber such portion of the estate or any trust as may be required to secure such loan or loans; and to renew existing loans either as maker or endorser.
Make Advances. — To advance money for the protection of the trust or estate, and for all expenses, losses and liabilities sustained in the administration of the trust or estate or because of the holding or ownership of any trust or estate assets, for which advances with any interest the fiduciary shall have a lien on the assets of the trust or estate as against a beneficiary.
Vote Shares. — To vote shares of stock owned by the estate or any trust at stockholders meetings in person or by special, limited, or general proxy, with or without power of substitution.
Register in Name of Nominee. — To hold a security in the name of a nominee or in other form without disclosure of the fiduciary relationship so that title to the security may pass by delivery, but the fiduciary shall be liable for any act of the nominee in connection with the stock so held.
Exercise Options, Rights, and Privileges. — To exercise all options, rights, and privileges to convert stocks, bonds, debentures, notes, mortgages, or other property into other stocks, bonds, debentures, notes, mortgages, or other property; to subscribe for other or additional stocks, bonds, debentures, notes, mortgages, or other property; and to hold such stocks, bonds, debentures, notes, mortgages, or other property so acquired as investments of the estate or trust so long as the fiduciary shall deem advisable.
Participate in Reorganizations. — To unite with other owners of property similar to any which may be held at any time in the decedent’s estate or in any trusts in carrying out any plan for the consolidation or merger, dissolution or liquidation, foreclosure, lease, or sale of the property, incorporation or reincorporation, reorganization or readjustment of the capital or financial structure of any corporation, company or association the securities of which may form any portion of an estate or trust; to become and serve as a member of a stockholders or bondholders protective committee; to deposit securities in accordance with any plan agreed upon; to pay any assessments, expenses, or sums of money that may be required for the protection or furtherance of the interest of the distributees of an estate or beneficiaries of any trust with reference to any such plan; and to receive as investments of an estate or any trust any securities issued as a result of the execution of such plan.
Reduce Interest Rates. — To reduce the interest rate from time to time on any obligation, whether secured or unsecured, constituting a part of an estate or trust.
Renew and Extend Obligations. — To continue any obligation, whether secured or unsecured, upon and after maturity with or without renewal or extension upon such terms as the fiduciary shall deem advisable, without regard to the value of the security, if any, at the time of such continuance.
Foreclose and Bid in. — To foreclose, as an incident to the collection of any bond, note or other obligation, any mortgage, deed of trust, or other lien securing such bond, note or other obligation, and to bid in the property at such foreclosure sale, or to acquire the property by deed from the mortgagor or obligor without foreclosure; and to retain the property so bid in or taken over without foreclosure.
Insure. — To carry such insurance coverage, including public liability, for such hazards and in such amounts, either in stock companies or in mutual companies, as the fiduciary shall deem advisable.
Collect. — To collect, receive, and receipt for rents, issues, profits, and income of an estate or trust.
Litigate, Compromise or Abandon. — To compromise, adjust, arbitrate, sue on or defend, abandon, or otherwise deal with and settle claims in favor of or against the estate or trust as the fiduciary shall deem advisable, and the fiduciary’s decision shall be conclusive between the fiduciary and the beneficiaries of the estate or trust and the person against or for whom the claim is asserted, in the absence of fraud by such persons; and in the absence of fraud, bad faith or gross negligence of the fiduciary, shall be conclusive between the fiduciary and the beneficiaries of the estate or trust.
Employ and Compensate Agents, etc. — To employ and compensate, out of income or principal or both and in such proportion as the fiduciary shall deem advisable, persons deemed by the fiduciary needful to advise or assist in the proper settlement of the estate or administration of any trust, including, but not limited to, agents, accountants, brokers, attorneys-at-law, attorneys-in-fact, investment brokers, rental agents, realtors, appraisers, and tax specialists; and to do so without liability for any neglect, omission, misconduct, or default of such agent or representative provided he was selected and retained with due care on the part of the fiduciary.
Acquire and Hold Property of Two or More Trusts Undivided. — To acquire, receive, hold and retain the principal of several trusts created by a single instrument undivided until division shall become necessary in order to make distributions; to hold, manage, invest, reinvest, and account for the several shares or parts of shares by appropriate entries in the fiduciary’s books of account, and to allocate to each share or part of share its proportionate part of all receipts and expenses; provided, however, that the provisions of this subdivision shall not defer the vesting in possession of any share or part of share of the estate or trust.
(25a) Divide One Trust into Several Trusts and Make Distributions From Those Trusts. —
1. To divide the funds and properties constituting any trusts into two or more identical separate trusts that represent two or more fractional shares of the funds and properties being divided, or to hold any addition or contribution to an existing trust as a separate, identical trust, and to make distributions of income and principal by a method other than pro rata from the separate trusts so created as the fiduciary determines to be in the best interests of the trust beneficiaries. In any case where two separate, identical trusts are created pursuant to this sub-subdivision, one of which is fully exempt from the federal generation-skipping transfer tax and one of which is fully subject to that tax, the fiduciary may thereafter, to the extent possible consistent with the terms of the governing instrument, determine the value of any mandatory or discretionary distributions to trust beneficiaries on the basis of the combined value of both trusts, but may satisfy such distributions from the separate trusts in a manner designed to minimize the current and potential generation-skipping transfer tax.
2. To divide the funds and properties constituting any trusts into two or more separate, nonidentical trusts if (i) the new trusts so created are not inconsistent with the terms of the governing instrument; and (ii) the terms of the new trusts provide in the aggregate for the same succession of interests and beneficiaries as are provided in the original trust.
3. To fund the new trusts created pursuant to the authority granted under this subdivision either (i) by pro rata allocation of the assets of the original trust; (ii) based upon the fair market value of the assets at the date of division; or (iii) in a manner fairly reflecting the net appreciation or depreciation of the trust assets measured from the valuation date to the date of division.
  (25b) Consolidate Similar Trusts. — When the trustee is trustee of more than one trust, the terms of which are substantially similar and the beneficiaries of which are identical, to consolidate the assets of those trusts and administer the assets as one trust under the terms of one of the trusts.
Establish and Maintain Reserves. — To set up proper and reasonable reserves for taxes, assessments, insurance premiums, depreciation, obsolescence, amortization, depletion of mineral or timber properties, repairs, improvements, and general maintenance of buildings or other property out of rents, profits, or other income received; and to set up reserves also for the equalization of payments to or for beneficiaries; provided, however, that the provisions of this subdivision shall not affect the ultimate interests of beneficiaries in such reserves.
Distribute in Cash or Kind. — To make distribution of capital assets of the estate or trust in kind or in cash, or partially in kind and partially in cash, in divided or undivided interests, either pro rata or by a method other than pro rata among all distributees, without regard to the income tax basis or other special tax attributes of such assets, as the fiduciary finds to be most practicable and for the best interests of the distributees; and to determine the value of capital assets for the purpose of making distribution thereof if and when there be more than one distributee thereof, which determination shall be binding upon the distributees unless clearly capricious, erroneous and inequitable; provided, however, that the fiduciary shall not exercise any power under this subdivision unless the fiduciary holds title to or an interest in the property to be distributed and is required or authorized to make distribution thereof.
Pay to or for Minors or Incompetents. — To make payments in money, or in property in lieu of money, to or for a minor or incompetent in any one or more of the following ways:
1. Directly to such minor or incompetent;
2. To apply directly in payment for the support, maintenance, education, and medical, surgical, hospital, or other institutional care of such minor or incompetent;
3. To the legal or natural guardian of such minor or incompetent;
4. To any other person, whether or not appointed guardian of the person by any court, who shall, in fact, have the care and custody of the person of such minor or incompetent.The fiduciary shall not be under any duty to see to the application of the payments so made, if the fiduciary exercised due care in the selection of the person, including the minor or incompetent, to whom such payments were made; and the receipt of such person shall be full acquittance to the fiduciary.
  (28a) Pay to Custodian Under Uniform Gifts or Transfers to Minors Act. — To make any distribution of income or principal, including real property, for the benefit of any distributee to a custodian under the North Carolina Uniform Transfers to Minors Act, Chapter 33A of the General Statutes, or under the provisions of any similar statute in the state where the minor or the custodian resides. Unless a custodian is specifically named in the governing instrument, the fiduciary shall have absolute discretion to nominate any qualified individual or financial institution, including the fiduciary, to serve as custodian, and to nominate one or more substitute custodians.
Apportion and Allocate Receipts and Expenses. — Where not otherwise provided by the Uniform Principal and Income Act of 2003 as contained in Chapter 37A of the General Statutes, to determine:
1. What is principal and what is income of any estate or trust and to allocate or apportion receipts and expenses as between principal and income in the exercise of the fiduciary’s discretion, and, by way of illustration and not limitation of the fiduciary’s discretion, to charge premiums on securities purchased at a premium against principal or income or partly against each;
2. Whether to apply stock dividends and other noncash dividends to income or principal or apportion them as the fiduciary shall deem advisable; and
3. What expenses, costs, taxes (other than estate, inheritance, and succession taxes and other governmental charges) shall be charged against principal or income or apportioned between principal and income and in what proportions.
Make Contracts and Execute Instruments. — To make contracts and to execute instruments, under seal or otherwise, as may be necessary in the exercise of the powers herein granted.
The foregoing powers shall be limited as follows for any trust which shall be classified as a “private foundation” as that term is defined by section 509 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 or corresponding provisions of any subsequent federal tax laws (including each nonexempt charitable trust described in section 4947(a)(1) of the code which is treated as a private foundation) or nonexempt split-interest trust described in section 4947(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 or corresponding provisions of any subsequent federal tax laws (but only to the extent that section 508(e) of the code is applicable to such nonexempt split-interest trust under section 4947(a)(2)):
1. The fiduciary shall make distributions of such amounts, for each taxable year, at such time and in such manner as not to become subject to the tax imposed by section 4942 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, or corresponding provisions of any subsequent federal tax laws.
2. No fiduciary shall engage in any act of self-dealing as defined in section 4941(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, or corresponding provisions of any subsequent federal tax laws.
3. No fiduciary shall retain any excess business holdings as defined in section 4943(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, or corresponding provisions of any subsequent federal tax laws.
4. No fiduciary shall make any investments in such manner as to subject the trust to tax under section 4944 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, or corresponding provisions of any subsequent federal tax laws.
5. No fiduciary shall make any taxable expenditures as defined in section 4945(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, or corresponding provisions of any subsequent federal tax laws.
Obtain Digital Assets. — To obtain any digital assets to the extent permitted by Chapter 36F of the General Statutes, including catalogues and content, and to request and authorize disclosure of the digital assets.

History. 1965, c. 628, s. 1; 1967, c. 24, s. 15; c. 956; 1971, c. 1136, s. 3; 1977, c. 30; 1989, c. 652, s. 20; 1991, c. 192, s. 1; 1995, c. 235, ss. 1-3; 1997-456, s. 27; 1999-144, s. 1; 2003-232, s. 3; 2016-53, s. 4.

Editor’s Note.

Session Laws 2016-53, s. 11, is a severability clause.

Effect of Amendments.

Session Laws 2003-232, s. 3, in the introductory paragraph of subdivision (29), substituted “Uniform Principal and Income Act of 2003” for “Principal and Income Act of 1973,” and substituted “Chapter 37A” for “Chapter 37.” See editor’s note for effective date and applicability.

Session Laws 2016-53, s. 4, effective June 30, 2016, added subdivision (32).

Legal Periodicals.

For legislative survey of trusts and estates, see 22 Campbell L. Rev. 253 (2000).

CASE NOTES

Sale of Real Property Devised to Testator’s Son. —

Where a will granted the executor all of the power set forth in this section, neither the will nor this section gave the executor the authority to sell real property devised to the testator’s minor son without prior court approval, since the title to the real property vested in the devisee son upon the testator’s death, and the executor did not “hold” the property and it was not “at his disposal” within the meaning of this section. Montgomery v. Hinton, 45 N.C. App. 271, 262 S.E.2d 697, 1980 N.C. App. LEXIS 2627 (1980).

Power of Executor. —

As the executor had the sole power to settle claims, plaintiff had no right under the deed of separation, the escrow agreement, or the buy-sell agreement to challenge the purchase price of stock. Long v. Long, 119 N.C. App. 500, 459 S.E.2d 58, 1995 N.C. App. LEXIS 530 (1995).

Attorney-Client Privilege. —

Deceased client’s widow, who was also the executrix of his estate, and who was granted all the powers contained in G.S. 32-27 , had no authority under G.S. 32-27 (23) to waive the client’s attorney-client privilege, as there was no existing claim by or against the client’s estate, nor did she have such authority under any other provision of G.S. 32-27. In re Investigation of the Death of Miller, 357 N.C. 316 , 584 S.E.2d 772, 2003 N.C. LEXIS 831 (2003).

Deed of Trust. —

In the determination of whether a deed of trust conveyed by the executor is a debt of the estate, the burden is on the party asserting the validity of the debt as an obligation of the estate to show that the executor acted within his authority as executor. Hunter v. Newsom, 121 N.C. App. 564, 468 S.E.2d 802, 1996 N.C. App. LEXIS 114 (1996).

§ 32-28. [Repealed]

Repealed by Session Laws 2005-192, s. 4, effective January 1, 2006.

§§ 32-29 through 32-33.

Reserved for future codification purposes.

Article 4. Restrictions on Exercise of Power for Fiduciary’s Benefit. [Repealed]

§ 32-34. [Repealed]

Repealed by Session Laws 2005-192, s. 4, effective January 1, 2006.

§§ 32-35 through 32-49.

Reserved for future codification purposes.

Article 5. Compensation. [Repealed]

§§ 32-50 through 32-52. [Repealed]

Repealed by Session Laws 2004-139, s. 1, effective January 1, 2005, and applicable to payments made to a fiduciary on or after that date.

Cross References.

For present provisions relating to compensation of trustees and other fiduciaries, see G.S. 32-53 et seq.

Article 6. Compensation of Trustees and Other Fiduciaries.

§ 32-53. Definitions.

The following definitions apply in this Article:

Legal disability. — A person under a legal disability is a person who is a minor, incompetent, or unborn individual, or whose identity or location is unknown.
Qualified beneficiary. — As defined in G.S. 36C-1-103(15) . With respect to a charitable trust defined in G.S. 36C-1-103(4) , the term includes (i) a charitable organization described in G.S. 36C-1-110 as having the rights of a qualified beneficiary; or (ii) if there is no such charitable organization, the Attorney General.
Representative. — A person who may represent and bind another as provided in Article 3 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes, the provisions of which shall apply for purposes of this Article.
Trust. — A trust to which Chapter 36C of the General Statutes applies as provided in G.S. 36C-1-102 .

History. 2004-139, s. 2; 2007-106, s. 38.

Editor’s Note.

Session Laws 2004-139, s. 6, makes this article effective January 1, 2005, and applicable to payments made to a fiduciary on or after that date.

This Article was enacted as Article 5A by Session Laws 2004-139, s. 2. It has been renumbered as Article 6 at the direction of the Revisor of Statutes.

Effect of Amendments.

Session Laws 2007-106, s. 38, effective October 1, 2007, rewrote the section. See Editor’s note for applicability.

CASE NOTES

Trustees. —

G.S. 32-53(4) provides that Article 6 of Chapter 32 of the North Carolina General Statutes applies only to trusts as defined in the North Carolina Uniform Trust Code. G.S. 32-53(4) , Chapter 36C. The Uniform Trust Code, expressly excludes from its scope trusts for the primary purpose of paying debts, G.S. 36C-1-102 , and the Uniform Trust Code states that the term trustee does not include trustees in mortgages and deeds of trust, G.S. 36C-1-103(22) ; therefore, G.S. 32-61 does not apply to trustee-attorneys in foreclosure proceedings. In re Foreclosure of the Deed of Trust of Vogler Realty, Inc., 365 N.C. 389 , 722 S.E.2d 459, 2012 N.C. LEXIS 27 (2012).

§ 32-54. Compensation of trustees.

If the terms of the trust do not specify the trustee’s compensation, the trustee is entitled to receive from the assets of the trust compensation that is reasonable under the circumstances.
All of the following factors shall be considered in determining reasonableness of compensation:
1. The degree of difficulty and novelty of the tasks required of the trustee.
2. The responsibilities and risks involved.
3. The amount and character of the trust assets.
4. The skill, experience, expertise, and facilities of the trustee.
5. The quality of the trustee’s performance.
6. Comparable charges for similar services.
7. Time devoted to administering the trust.
8. Time constraints imposed upon the trustee in administering the trust.
9. Nature and costs of services delegated to others by the trustee.
10. Where more than one trustee is serving, the reasonableness of the total fees paid to all trustees.
11. Other factors which the trustee or the clerk of superior court deems to be relevant.

History. 2004-139, s. 2.

CASE NOTES

Editor’s Note. —

The case cited below was decided under former G.S. 32-50 .

Actions of Trustee Not Shown by Increase in Money. —

The mere fact that a trust made money is not sufficient to prove that defendant trustee acted openly, fairly and honestly. Estate of Smith ex rel. Smith v. Underwood, 127 N.C. App. 1, 487 S.E.2d 807, 1997 N.C. App. LEXIS 767 (1997).

§ 32-55. Notice.

If the terms of the trust do not specify the trustee’s compensation, the trustee may, in the trustee’s discretion, give written notice to all qualified beneficiaries of each proposed payment of compensation if the annual amount of compensation exceeds four-tenths of one percent (4/10 of 1%) of the principal value of the assets of the trust on the last day of the trust accounting year.
In lieu of giving written notice of each proposed payment of compensation under subsection (a) of this section, the trustee may give written notice to all qualified beneficiaries of the amount of compensation to be paid to the trustee on a periodic basis or of the method of computation of the compensation. The trustee shall not be required to give additional notice to the qualified beneficiaries unless the amount to be paid to the trustee on a periodic basis or the method of computation of the compensation changes.
If a qualified beneficiary is under a legal disability, notice shall be given to the representative of the beneficiary. If a representative of a qualified beneficiary is not available without court order, notice shall be deemed given under this section if there is at least (i) one qualified beneficiary described in G.S. 36C-1-103(15) a. or b. who is not under a legal disability or a representative of a qualified beneficiary so described; and (ii) one qualified beneficiary described in G.S. 36C-1-103(15) c. who is not under a legal disability or a representative of a qualified beneficiary so described. (c1) The notice provided for in this section shall contain a statement that the qualified beneficiaries or their representatives to whom the notice is given have 20 days from when notice is given to file a proceeding for review of the reasonableness of the compensation with the clerk of superior court in accordance with Article 2 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes.
The provisions of G.S. 36C-1-109 regarding notices to persons under Chapter 36C of the General Statutes shall apply for purposes of notices under this Article.

History. 2004-139, s. 2; 2006-259, s. 13(m); 2007-106, s. 39; 2011-339, s. 1.

Effect of Amendments.

Session Laws 2006-259, s. 13(m), effective October 1, 2006, substituted “Article 2 of Chapter 36C” for “Article 3 of Chapter 36A” in subsection (a).

Session Laws 2007-106, s. 39, effective October 1, 2007, inserted “qualified” throughout in subsections (a) and (b); in subsection (a), substituted “If the terms of the trust do not specify the trustee’s compensation, the trustee may, in the trustee’s discretion” for “The trustee shall”; and rewrote subsections (c) and (d).

Session Laws 2011-339, s. 1, effective October 1, 2011, and applicable to all trusts created before, on, or after that date, deleted the last sentence in subsection (a), which read: “The notice shall contain a statement that the qualified beneficiaries have 20 days from when notice is given to file a proceeding for review of the reasonableness of the compensation with the clerk of the superior court in accordance with Article 2 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes”; and added subsection (c1).

§ 32-56. Payment of compensation without court order.

The trustee is authorized to pay the compensation provided for in G.S. 32-54 without prior approval of the clerk of superior court only if:

The annual amount of compensation does not exceed four-tenths of one percent (4/10 of 1%) of the principal value of the assets of the trust on the last day of the trust accounting year; or
Notice has been given pursuant to G.S. 32-55 and no qualified beneficiary or representative of a qualified beneficiary has initiated a proceeding under G.S. 32-57 for review of the reasonableness of the compensation within 20 days after notice has been given by the trustee in accordance with G.S. 32-55 .

History. 2004-139, s. 2; 2007-106, s. 40.

Editor’s Note.

As enacted, this section contained a subsection (a) but no (b). This section has been set out in the form above at the direction of the Revisor of Statutes.

Effect of Amendments.

Session Laws 2007-106, s. 40, effective October 1, 2007, substituted “Notice has been given pursuant to G.S. 32-55 and no qualified beneficiary or representative of a qualified beneficiary” for “No beneficiary” at the beginning of subdivision (2). See Editor’s note for applicability.

§ 32-57. Judicial review; payment of compensation and other payments with court order.

If the terms of the trust do not specify the trustee’s compensation, the trustee or any qualified beneficiary, or representative of a qualified beneficiary, may initiate a proceeding under Article 2 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes for review of the reasonableness of any compensation or expense reimbursement and for the approval or denial of the payment of compensation or expense reimbursement. A beneficiary may initiate a proceeding even though the 20-day period referred to in G.S. 32-56(2) has expired.
In connection with reviewing the reasonableness of any compensation or expense reimbursement, the clerk of superior court may order the trustee to make appropriate refunds if the clerk determines upon review that a trustee has received excessive compensation or expense reimbursement.

History. 2004-139, s. 2; 2006-259, s. 13(n); 2007-106, s. 41.

Effect of Amendments.

Session Laws 2006-259, s. 13(n), effective October 1, 2006, substituted “Article 2 of Chapter 36C” for “Article 3 of Chapter 36A” in subsection (a). See Editor’s note for applicability.

Session Laws 2007-106, s. 41, effective October 1, 2007, substituted “If the terms of the trust do not specify the trustee’s compensation, the trustee or any qualified beneficiary, or representative of a qualified beneficiary,” for “The trustee or any beneficiary” at the beginning of subsection (a). See Editor’s note for applicability.

§ 32-58. Reimbursement for expenses incurred.

In addition to the compensation referred to in G.S. 32-54 , the trustee shall be entitled to reimbursement out of the assets of the trust for expenses properly incurred or advanced in the administration of the trust and shall be empowered to pay the expenses from the assets of the trust without prior approval of the clerk of superior court. The court may allow reimbursement of other expenses incurred or advanced to which the trustee is entitled in equity and good conscience. The trustee shall have a lien on trust property to secure reimbursement, with reasonable interest, of expenses owed under this section.

History. 2004-139, s. 2; 2007-106, s. 42.

Effect of Amendments.

Session Laws 2007-106, s. 42, effective October 1, 2007, inserted “or advanced” following “expenses properly incurred” and added the last two sentences. See Editor’s note for applicability.

§ 32-59. Compensation of other fiduciaries.

Unless otherwise provided by the General Statutes or by the instrument creating the fiduciary relationship, fiduciaries other than trustees under a trust shall be entitled, upon written request to the clerk of superior court, to reasonable compensation in an amount to be determined by the clerk after taking into consideration the factors set forth in G.S. 32-54(b) and to reimbursement for expenses properly incurred in the administration of the fiduciary relationship.

History. 2004-139, s. 2.

§ 32-60. Effect of provisions in instrument.

In those instances where the instrument creating the trust or other fiduciary relationship provides that the compensation of the fiduciary shall be the amount “provided by law”, the “maximum amount provided by law”, or other similar language, or references former G.S. 32-50 , this language shall be construed as an intention that the trustee or other fiduciary shall receive reasonable compensation as allowed under this Article. In those instances where the instrument creating the trust or other fiduciary relationship provides that the trustee or other fiduciary shall serve without compensation, this language shall be construed as being a provision relating to compensation, and the trustee or other fiduciary shall not be entitled to receive reasonable compensation as allowed under this Article.

History. 2004-139, s. 2.

§ 32-61. Counsel fees allowable to attorneys serving as fiduciaries.

The clerk of superior court may exercise discretion to allow counsel fees to an attorney serving as a fiduciary or trustee (in addition to the compensation allowed to the attorney as a fiduciary or trustee) where the attorney, on behalf of the trust or fiduciary relationship, renders professional services as an attorney that are different from the services normally performed by a fiduciary or trustee and of a type which would reasonably justify the retention of legal counsel by a fiduciary or trustee who is not licensed to practice law.

History. 2004-139, s. 2.

CASE NOTES

Editor’s Note. —

Some of the cases cited below were decided under former G.S. 32-51.

Foreclosure Proceedings. —

When a trustee of a deed of trust who is also a licensed attorney performs such extraordinary services as described in this section in connection with a foreclosure proceeding, counsel is entitled under G.S. 45-21.20 to an award of attorney’s fees as an “expense[ ] incurred with respect to the sale or proposed sale. . . .” In re Newcomb, 112 N.C. App. 67, 434 S.E.2d 648, 1993 N.C. App. LEXIS 1007 (1993).

G.S. 32-53(4) provides that Article 6 of Chapter 32 of the North Carolina General Statutes applies only to trusts as defined in the North Carolina Uniform Trust Code. G.S. 32-53(4) , Chapter 36C, the Uniform Trust Code, expressly excludes from its scope trusts for the primary purpose of paying debts. G.S. 36C-1-102 , and the Uniform Trust Code states that the term trustee does not include trustees in mortgages and deeds of trust, G.S. 36C-1-103(22) ; therefore, G.S. 32-61 does not apply to trustee-attorneys in foreclosure proceedings because the legislature intended Article 6 to encompass trustees and other fiduciaries only in the context of trusts subject to the North Carolina Uniform Trust Code. In re Foreclosure of the Deed of Trust of Vogler Realty, Inc., 365 N.C. 389 , 722 S.E.2d 459, 2012 N.C. LEXIS 27 (2012).

Statute Not Applicable Where Attorney Not Representing Estate. —

Where attorney placed settlement proceeds in an account and later withdrew money for services which law firm had rendered, attorney did not violate this section by failing to have the legal fee approved by the clerk of superior court since attorney was not serving as the fiduciary or personal representative for the estate but as the attorney for the personal representative; therefore, this section had no applicability to the facts of the case. Williams v. Randolph, 94 N.C. App. 413, 380 S.E.2d 553, 1989 N.C. App. LEXIS 554 (1989).

Actions of Trustee Not Shown by Increase in Money. —

The mere fact that trust made money is not sufficient to prove that defendant trustee acted openly, fairly and honestly. Estate of Smith ex rel. Smith v. Underwood, 127 N.C. App. 1, 487 S.E.2d 807, 1997 N.C. App. LEXIS 767 (1997).

§ 32-62. Applicability.

Regardless of when the trust or fiduciary relationship is created, the provisions of this Article shall apply to all payments made to a fiduciary after January 1, 2005, including payments for compensation earned prior to January 1, 2005.

History. 2004-139, s. 2.

§§ 32-63 through 32-69.

Reserved for future codification purposes.

Article 7. Investment and Deposit of Trust Funds.

§ 32-70. Definition.

For the purpose of this Article, the word “fiduciary” shall be construed to include a guardian, personal representative, collector, trustee, or any other person charged with the duty of acting for the benefit of another party as to matters coming within the scope of the relationship between them.
As used in subsection (a) above, the word “person” shall be construed to include an individual, a corporation, or any legal or commercial entity authorized to hold property or do business in the State of North Carolina.

History. 1977, c. 502, s. 2; 2005-192, s. 1.

Editor’s Note.

This section was formerly codified as G.S. 36A-1 . It was recodified as G.S. 32-70 by the Revisor of Statutes as the result of Session Laws 2005-192, s. 1, effective January 1, 2006.

Where appropriate, the historical citations to sections in repealed Chapter 36, covering the same subject matter as this chapter, have been added to corresponding sections in this Chapter 36A.

Many of the cases cited under this chapter were decided under similar former provisions.

Legal Periodicals.

For 1984 survey, “North Carolina Court of Appeals Recognizes Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life Claims,” see 63 N.C.L. Rev. 1327 (1985).

§ 32-71. Investment; prudent person rule.

In acquiring, investing, reinvesting, exchanging, retaining, selling, and managing property for the benefit of another, a fiduciary shall observe the standard of judgment and care under the circumstances then prevailing, which an ordinarily prudent person of discretion and intelligence, who is a fiduciary of the property of others, would observe as such fiduciary; and if the fiduciary has special skills or is named a fiduciary on the basis of representations of special skills or expertise, he is under a duty to use those skills. This subsection and subsection (b) of this section do not apply to trusts governed by Article 9 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes.
Within the limitations of the foregoing standard, a fiduciary is authorized to acquire and retain every kind of property and every kind of investment, including specifically, but without in any way limiting the generality of the foregoing, bonds, debentures, and other corporate or governmental obligations; stocks, preferred or common; real estate mortgages; shares in building and loan associations or savings and loan associations; annual premium or single premium life, endowment, or annuity contracts; and securities of any management type investment company or investment trust registered under the Federal Investment Company Act of 1940, as from time to time amended.(c), (d) Repealed by Session Laws 2007-106, s. 43, effective October 1, 2007.

History. 1870-1, c. 197; Code, s. 1594; 1885, c. 389; 1889, c. 470; Rev., ss. 1792, 1793; 1917, c. 6, s. 9; c. 67, s. 1; c. 152, s. 7; c. 191, s. 1; c. 269, s. 5; C.S., ss. 4018, 4018(a), 4019; Ex. Sess. 1921, c. 63; 1931, c. 257; 1933, c. 549, s. 1; 1935, c. 449; 1937, c. 14; 1943, c. 96; c. 473, ss. 1-3; 1945, c. 713; 1953, c. 620; 1959, c. 364, s. 2; c. 1015, s. 2; 1969, c. 861; 1971, c. 528, s. 34; c. 864, s. 17; 1973, c. 239, s. 1; 1975, cc. 40, 319; 1977, c. 502, s. 2; 1995, c. 153, s. 1; 1999-215, s. 2; 2005-192, s. 1; 2006-259, s. 13(o); 2007-106, s. 43.

Cross References.

As to deposit of trust funds, see G.S. 32-8 et seq.

Editor’s Note.

This section was formerly codified as G.S. 36A-2. It was recodified as G.S. 32-71 by the Revisor of Statutes as the result of Session Laws 2005-192, s. 1, effective January 1, 2006.

Session Laws 2007-106, s. 55, provides: “The Revisor of Statutes shall cause to be printed all explanatory comments of the drafters of this act, or revisions to existing explanatory comments of the drafters of this act, as the Revisor may deem appropriate.”

Effect of Amendments.

Session Laws 2006-259, s. 13(o), effective October 1, 2006, substituted “Article 9 of Chapter 36C of the General Statutes” for “Article 15 of this Chapter” in subsections (a) and (c). See Editor’s note for applicability.

Session Laws 2007-106, s. 43, effective October 1, 2007, deleted subsections (c) and (d) regarding duties of a trustee under a contract of life insurance and notice provisions therefore. See Editor’s note for applicability.

Legal Periodicals.

For survey of 1977 law on wills, trusts and estates, see 56 N.C.L. Rev. 1152 (1978).

For article, “Legal Aspects of Changing University Investment Strategies,” see 58 N.C.L. Rev. 189 (1980).

For article, “A Proposal for a Simple and Socially Effective Rule Against Perpetuities,” see 66 N.C.L. Rev. 545 (1988).

CASE NOTES

Editor’s Note. —

Some of the cases below were decided under former law.

Liability of Executor. —

Standard Not Superseded by Grant of Discretion. —

The prudent man fiduciary standard is not superseded by a grant of discretion in the trust document. Pittman v. Barker, 117 N.C. App. 580, 452 S.E.2d 326, 1995 N.C. App. LEXIS 17 , writ denied, 340 N.C. 261 , 456 S.E.2d 833, 1995 N.C. LEXIS 269 (1995).

Violation of Standard Shown. —

Trustee violated the prudent man standard by failing to balance the investment of the trust’s assets between income and growth investments and by favoring the interests of the life beneficiaries over those of the remaindermen. Pittman v. Barker, 117 N.C. App. 580, 452 S.E.2d 326, 1995 N.C. App. LEXIS 17 , writ denied, 340 N.C. 261 , 456 S.E.2d 833, 1995 N.C. LEXIS 269 (1995).

Reversing an assistant clerk’s order removing a guardian of an estate and trustee under a special needs trust for breach of fiduciary duty was error where the appropriate standard of review was whether the assistant clerk committed an error of law, the unchallenged findings of fact showed that the guardian and trustee had spent more than 90 percent of the monies that had been deposited in the trust for purposes for which he received some, if not all, of the benefit, and thus, he was removed based on waste and mismanagement of the assets committed to his care. In re Estate of Skinner, 370 N.C. 126 , 804 S.E.2d 449, 2017 N.C. LEXIS 692 (2017).

No Violation of Standard Shown. —

§ 32-72. Terms of creating instrument.

Nothing contained in this Article shall be construed as authorizing any departure from the express terms or limitations set forth in any will, agreement, court order, or other instrument creating or defining the fiduciary’s powers and duties.
A fiduciary holding funds for investment who is specifically directed or authorized by an instrument creating the fiduciary relationship to retain the stock of a bank or trust company that is a member of a bank holding company currently fully registered under an act of Congress entitled Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as the same may be amended from time to time, shall be considered as being directed or authorized to retain the stock of such bank holding company.
Whenever a fiduciary holding funds for investment is directed, required, authorized, or permitted by an instrument creating the fiduciary relationship to invest in United States government obligations, the fiduciary may, in the absence of an express prohibition in the instrument, invest in and hold such obligations either directly or in the form of interests in a money market mutual fund registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. §§ 80a-1, et seq., as from time to time amended, the portfolio of which is limited to United States government obligations and repurchase agreements fully collateralized thereby.
The following provisions apply to an instrument creating a fiduciary relationship other than a trust instrument to which Chapter 36C of the General Statutes applies and to a fiduciary other than a trustee:
1. The terms of the instrument may confer upon a person certain powers with respect to the actions of a fiduciary, including, but not limited to, the following:
  1. Investments, including retention, purchase, sale, exchange, or other transaction affecting the ownership of investments with respect to all or any one or more assets.
  2. Any other matter.
2. When the terms of the instrument confer upon a person any power with respect to the actions of a fiduciary, the duty and liability of the fiduciary are as follows:
  1. If the terms of the instrument confer upon the person the power to direct certain actions of the fiduciary, the fiduciary must act in accordance with the direction and is not liable, individually or as a fiduciary, for any loss resulting directly or indirectly from compliance with the direction unless compliance with the direction constitutes intentional misconduct on the part of the fiduciary.
  2. If the terms of the instrument confer upon a person the power to consent to certain actions of the fiduciary, and the power holder does not provide consent within a reasonable time after the fiduciary has made a timely request for the power holder’s consent, the fiduciary is not liable, individually or as a fiduciary, for any loss resulting directly or indirectly from the fiduciary’s failure to take any action that required the power holder’s consent.
    b1. If the terms of the instrument confer upon a person a power other than the power to direct or consent to actions of the fiduciary, the fiduciary is not liable, individually or as a fiduciary, for any loss resulting directly or indirectly from the exercise or nonexercise of the power.
  3. The fiduciary has no duty to monitor the conduct of the power holder, provide advice to the power holder, or consult with the power holder. The fiduciary is not required to give notice to any beneficiary of any action taken or not taken by the power holder whether or not the fiduciary agrees with the result. Administrative actions taken by the fiduciary for the purpose of implementing directions of the power holder, including confirming that the directions of the power holder have been carried out, do not constitute monitoring of the power holder or other participation in decisions within the scope of the power holder’s authority.
3. A person who holds a power with respect to the actions of a fiduciary is a fiduciary who, as such, is required to act in good faith with regard to the purposes of the estate, or other relationship between the fiduciary and beneficiaries, and the interests of the beneficiaries, except that if a beneficiary is a person with such a power with respect to the actions of a fiduciary, the beneficiary is not a fiduciary with respect to the following:
  1. A power that constitutes a power of appointment held by a beneficiary under the instrument.
  2. A power the exercise or nonexercise of which affects only the interests of the beneficiary holding the power and no other beneficiary.
  3. A power to remove and appoint a fiduciary.
    The holder of the power with respect to the actions of a fiduciary is liable for any loss that results from breach of a fiduciary duty occurring as a result of the exercise or nonexercise of the power.

History. 1973, c. 1277; 1977, c. 502, s. 2; 1985, c. 538, s. 1; 2001-413, s. 4; 2005-192, s. 1; 2012-18, s. 3.3; 2013-91, s. 3(b).

Drafters Comment (2012)

Effective June 11, 2012, subsection (d), providing that a fiduciary is not liable for the decision of a person who has the authority to direct the making or retention of investments to the exclusion of the fiduciary, is amended as follows:

(i) Whereas the former provisions of subsection (d) applied to all fiduciaries, including trustees, the amended subsection (d) applies only to fiduciaries who are not trustees. The provisions applicable to trustees are contained in Chapter 36C.

(ii) Subdivision (1) of amended subsection (d) authorizes the terms of the instrument to confer the power to direct or consent to administrative matters in addition to the making or retention of investments.

(iii) Prior to amendment, subsection (d) provided simply that the directed fiduciary was “not liable” for following the directions of a power holder. The duties and liabilities of a fiduciary under subdivision (2) of the amended subsection (d) are identical to the duties and liabilities of the directed trustee under G.S. 36C-8A-4.

(iv) Finally, subdivision (3) of subsection (d) adds provisions governing the duty and liability of a person who has the power to direct or consent to actions of a fiduciary other than a trustee which are also identical to the duty and liability of a power holder who is not a trustee under G.S. 36C-8A-3(a)(2), (3) and (b) who holds the power to direct or consent to the actions of a trustee.

See the North Carolina General Comment to Chapter 8A of Chapter 36C for a detailed explanation of the duties and liabilities of a directed trustee and a power holder.

Editor’s Note.

This section was formerly codified as G.S. 36A-3. It was recodified as G.S. 32-72 by the Revisor of Statutes as the result of Session Laws 2005-192, s. 1, effective January 1, 2006.

Session Laws 2012-18, s. 4, provides: “The Revisor of Statutes shall cause to be printed, as annotations to the published General Statutes, all relevant portions of the Official Comments to the North Carolina Uniform Trust Code and all explanatory comments of the drafters of this act as the Revisor may deem appropriate.”

Effect of Amendments.

Session Laws 2012-18, s. 3.3, effective June 11, 2012, rewrote subsection (d).

Session Laws 2013-91, s. 3(b), effective June 12, 2013, substituted “certain powers with respect to the actions of a fiduciary, including, but not limited to” for “the power to direct or consent to certain actions of the fiduciary with respect to” or similar language in subdivision (d)(1); substituted “any power with respect to the actions of a fiduciary” for “the power to direct or consent to certain actions of the fiduciary” in subdivision (d)(2); in subdivision (d)( 3), substituted “power with respect to the actions of a fiduciary” for “power to direct or consent” three times, and added “such”; deleted “administrative” preceding “matter” in sub-subdivision (d)(1)b; added sub-subdivisions (d)(2)b1 and (d)(3)c; added “such” following “beneficiary is a person with” in subdivision (d)(3); and added “held by a beneficiary under the instrument” in sub-subdivision (d)(3)a.

§ 32-73. Power of court not restricted.

Nothing contained in this Article shall be construed as restricting the power of a court of proper jurisdiction to permit a fiduciary to deviate from the terms of any will, agreement, or other instrument relating to the acquisition, investment, reinvestment, exchange, retention, sale, or management of fiduciary property.

History. 1977, c. 502, s. 2; 2005-192, s. 1.

Editor’s Note.

This section was formerly codified as G.S. 36A-4. It was recodified as G.S. 32-73 by the Revisor of Statutes as the result of Session Laws 2005-192, s. 1, effective January 1, 2006.

§ 32-74. Applicability of provisions.

This Article shall govern fiduciaries acting under wills, agreements, court orders, and other instruments now existing or hereafter made.

History. 1977, c. 502, s. 2; 2005-192, s. 1.

Editor’s Note.

This section was formerly codified as G.S. 36A-5. It was recodified as G.S. 32-74 by the Revisor of Statutes as the result of Session Laws 2005-192, s. 1, effective January 1, 2006.

§ 32-75. Employee trusts.

Pension, profit sharing, stock bonus, annuity, or other employee trusts established for the purpose of distributing the income and principal thereof to some or all of their employees, or the beneficiaries of such employees, shall not be invalid as violating any laws or rules against perpetuities, restraints on the power of alienation of title to property, or the accumulation of income; but such trusts may continue for such period of time as may be required by the provisions thereof to accomplish the purpose for which they were established.

History. 1954, c. 8; 1977, c. 502, s. 2; 2005-192, s. 1.

Editor’s Note.

This section was formerly codified as G.S. 36A-6. It was recodified as G.S. 32-75 by the Revisor of Statutes as the result of Session Laws 2005-192, s. 1, effective January 1, 2006.

Legal Periodicals.

For article, “The Rule Against Perpetuities in North Carolina,” see 57 N.C.L. Rev. 727 (1979).

For article, “A Proposal for a Simple and Socially Effective Rule Against Perpetuities,” see 66 N.C.L. Rev. 545 (1988).

§ 32-76. Applicability.

The provisions of this Article shall apply to fiduciary relationships in existence on January 1, 1978, or thereafter established.

History. 1977, c. 502, s. 2; 2005-192, s. 1.

Editor’s Note.

This section was formerly codified as G.S. 36A-7. It was recodified as G.S. 32-76 by the Revisor of Statutes as the result of Session Laws 2005-192, s. 1, effective January 1, 2006.