Amendment Notes —

The 2007 amendment added (2) and redesignated the former first paragraph as present (1) and the former second and third paragraphs as present (3) and (4); deleted “Provided that” from the beginning of (3) and (4); inserted “or Section 41-29-313(1)” in (3); and made a minor stylistic change.

Cross References —

Conspiracy under Mississippi Code of Military Justice, see §§33-13-461 et seq.

Conspiracy to obtain payment or allowance by false or fraudulent Medicaid claim, see §43-13-211.

Disqualification of persons convicted of conspiracy to commit crime to hold office in labor organizations, etc., see §71-1-49.

Prohibition against attorneys encouraging litigation, see §§73-3-57,73-3-59.

Trusts and combines in restraint or hindrance of trade, see §§75-21-1 et seq.

Conspiracy to defraud the state, see §§97-7-11 through97-7-15.

Conspiracy to prevent holding public office or discharging its duties, see §§97-7-17,97-7-19.

Conspiracy to stir up litigation, see §97-9-11.

Conspiracy by member or employee of Mississippi Transportation Commission, see §97-15-5.

Conspiracy to prevent persons from engaging in lawful work, see §97-23-41.

Conspiracy for unlawful restraint or boycott of trade or business, see §97-23-85.

Conspiracy to impede railroads, public utilities, and carriers, see §97-25-43.

Criminal enterprise under Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, see §§97-43-1 et seq.

Statute of limitation for prosecution for conspiracy, see §99-1-5.

Imposition of standard state assessment in addition to all court imposed fines or other penalties for any felony violation, see §99-19-73.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general; validity.

2. —First Amendment considerations.

3. Elements; generally.

4. —Overt act requirement.

5. Relation to underlying crime.

6. Relation to accessory before, after, fact.

7. Entrapment.

8. Indictment.

9. Evidence.

10. —Admissibility.

11. —Circumstantial.

12. —Hearsay.

13. —Proof of subsequent offense.

14. —Sufficiency.

15. —Sufficiency; conspiracy.

16. —Other.

17. Practice and procedure; trial.

18. —Jury instructions.

19. Penalties.

20. Sentencing.

1. In general; validity.

By its very nature, “conspiracy” is joint or group offense requiring concert of free will and, furthermore, conspiracy requires union of minds of conspirators. Franklin v. State, 676 So. 2d 287, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 308 (Miss. 1996).

A defendant’s convictions for both murder-for-hire capital murder under §97-3-19(2)(d) and conspiracy to commit capital murder under this section violated the constitutional protection against double jeopardy, since the definition of murder-for-hire in §97-3-19(2)(d) completely encompasses the agreement or conspiracy to commit capital murder. Colosimo v. Senatobia Motor Inn, 662 So. 2d 552, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 479 (Miss. 1995).

This section, in conjunction with §83-19-31 and former §83-19-73 [see now §83-19-31], is not void for vagueness due to the lack of written accounting procedures to be used to determine the minimum capital and surplus requirements of an insurance company. Gardner v. State, 531 So. 2d 805, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 481 (Miss. 1988).

In a prosecution for conspiracy to sell heroin, the trial court properly overruled defendant’s plea in bar based on the two year statute of limitations, where defendant was shown to be a conspirator in a drug-selling ring, and where the proof showed that a co-conspirator, tried jointly with defendant, had illegally sold heroin to a narcotics agent within the two-year span prior to the indictment of defendant; once a defendant is established as being a conspirator, he remains a part of the conspiracy until he has extricated himself therefrom by communicating his abandonment in a manner reasonably expected to reach his co-conspirators. Norman v. State, 381 So. 2d 1024, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 1922 (Miss. 1980).

When two or more persons are confederated for purpose of murdering another, and in furtherance of such common design such person is killed by one of the conspirators, the killing is the act of each regardless of which inflicted the mortal wound. Riley v. State, 208 Miss. 336, 44 So. 2d 455, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 252 (Miss. 1950).

2. —First Amendment considerations.

First Amendment precluded imposition of liability on participants in economic boycott against merchants in locality for all damages resulting from boycott, even though some of them engaged in violence and threats of violence, and even though such violence and threats contributed to success of boycott, because boycott was otherwise nonviolent, politically motivated, and designed to force governmental and economic change and to effectuate rights guaranteed by Constitution itself; however, First Amendment did not bar recovery from those who engaged in violence or threats of violence for losses proximately caused by their unlawful conduct. NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886, 102 S. Ct. 3409, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1215, 1982 U.S. LEXIS 49 (U.S. 1982).

3. Elements; generally.

Conspiracy to commit armed robbery required only the agreement among two or more people to commit the crime, while armed robbery required the use of a deadly weapon which placed an individual in fear of immediate injury. Actual robbery required the establishment of several different facts than the agreement to commit the act; thus, the offenses were two separate crimes and defendant was not subjected to double jeopardy by convictions for both. Stovall v. State, 873 So. 2d 1056, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 454 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

This section does not require that all persons charged in the conspiracy be convicted for the conviction of one of the conspirators to be valid. Newell v. State, 754 So. 2d 1261, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 712 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Crime of conspiracy to possess more than one kilogram of marijuana was complete upon agreement to exchange money for marijuana. Morgan v. State, 703 So. 2d 832, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 260 (Miss. 1997).

For there to be “conspiracy,” there must be recognition on part of conspirators that they are entering into common plan and knowingly intend to further its common purpose; conspiracy agreement need not be formal or express, but may be inferred from circumstances, particularly by declarations, acts, and conduct of alleged conspirators. Franklin v. State, 676 So. 2d 287, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 308 (Miss. 1996).

If there is an agreement, then knowledge of that agreement follows. The agreement need not be formal or express but may be inferred from the circumstances, particularly by declarations, acts, and conduct of the alleged conspirators. Ford v. State, 546 So. 2d 686, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 317 (Miss. 1989).

The crime of conspiracy is committed when 2 or more persons combine to accomplish an unlawful purpose. Each conspirator must recognize that he is entering into a common plan with the other and each must intend to further a common and unlawful purpose. Taylor v. State, 536 So. 2d 1326, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 609 (Miss. 1988).

In order for an individual to be a co-conspirator, there must be a recognition on his part that he is entering into some type of common plan, and knowingly intends to further its common purpose. Watson v. State, 521 So. 2d 1290, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 105 (Miss. 1988).

To constitute an individual a co-conspirator, there must be a recognition on his part that he is entering into some kind of common plan, and knowingly intends to further its common purpose. McDonald v. State, 454 So. 2d 488, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1816 (Miss. 1984).

It is elementary that neither association with conspirators nor knowledge of illegal activity constitutes proof of participation in a conspiracy. McDonald v. State, 454 So. 2d 488, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1816 (Miss. 1984).

At least 2 persons must agree for a conspiracy to exist. Moore v. State, 290 So. 2d 603, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1705 (Miss. 1974).

A conspiracy to commit a crime is a complete offense, separate and distinct from, and does not become merged in, the commission of the crime contemplated by the conspiracy. Martin v. State, 197 Miss. 96, 19 So. 2d 488, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 277 (Miss. 1944).

4. —Overt act requirement.

The offense is complete without showing an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy. Davis v. State, 485 So. 2d 1055, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2778 (Miss. 1986).

Neither at common law nor under this section is an overt act pursuant to the conspiracy necessary for the completion of the crime. Moore v. State, 290 So. 2d 603, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1705 (Miss. 1974).

Neither at common law nor under this section [Code 1942, § 2056] is an overt act pursuant to a conspiracy necessary for the completion of the crime. Martin v. State, 197 Miss. 96, 19 So. 2d 488, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 277 (Miss. 1944).

5. Relation to underlying crime.

Because the offenses of possession under Miss. Code Ann. §41-29-313 and conspiracy were considered separate criminal violations separately punishable, no double jeopardy principle was violated. Hunt v. State, 863 So. 2d 990, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 13 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Although a substantive offense and a conspiracy to commit are 2 separate offenses, where there is a common nucleus of operative facts existing in both indictments, and where the ultimate fact has been determined in a prior acquittal of the substantive offense by a final judgment, a conspiracy trial is barred thereafter under the constitutional double jeopardy provision. Griffin v. State, 545 So. 2d 729, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1989), limited, State v. Thomas, 645 So. 2d 931, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 554 (Miss. 1994).

The prosecution will not be permitted to convict an accused under the guise of a conspiracy charge where it could not proceed on, and convict for, the completed act, because of the entrapment defense. Barnes v. State, 493 So. 2d 313, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2515 (Miss. 1986).

Conspiracy is a complete offense in itself, distinct from the commission of the crime contemplated by the conspiracy, and does not become merged with that crime. Davis v. State, 485 So. 2d 1055, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2778 (Miss. 1986).

One who “conspires” with himself or with another who by law is precluded from coconspirator status is not guilty of crime of conspiracy in Mississippi; person who hires middleman to secure services of third person to commit murder, and middleman, may be convicted of conspiracy on basis of agreement with each other even though third person hired to actually carry out murder is in fact police confidential informant lacking coconspirator status. James v. State, 481 So. 2d 805, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2358 (Miss. 1985).

Where one of 2 persons who conspired to do an illegal act is an officer who acted in the discharge of his duties, or is an informer for the state who entered into the conspiracy for the purpose of informing on the other party, such other person cannot be convicted of conspiracy. Moore v. State, 290 So. 2d 603, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1705 (Miss. 1974).

Since a conspiracy to commit a crime is different from the crime that is the object of the conspiracy, the first necessarily involves joint action while the other does not. Moore v. State, 290 So. 2d 603, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1705 (Miss. 1974).

6. Relation to accessory before, after, fact.

Use of the word “conspiracy” to label certain criminal conduct does not preclude use of the verb “to conspire” and the noun “conspiracy” to connote the sort of participation and involvement in the planning of a crime which is at least in part requisite to being guilty as an accessory before the fact. Malone v. State, 486 So. 2d 360, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2419 (Miss. 1986).

Although defendant may very well have been an accessory after the fact under §97-1-5, the state never made a jury issue that he was engaged in a conspiracy under this section, where he had been trying to extricate his brother and a very good friend when he violated the law by possessing and transporting marijuana. Kennedy v. State, 454 So. 2d 495, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 2091 (Miss. 1984).

7. Entrapment.

Defendant who was charged with drug offenses following reverse sting operation wherein narcotics officers sold drugs owned by State was not entrapped as matter of law, as drug conspiracy in which defendant was allegedly involved was complete upon an agreement, between defendant and unindicted coconspirator, prior to involvement by law enforcement. Morgan v. State, 703 So. 2d 832, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 260 (Miss. 1997).

Adverse sale or reverse undercover operation, in which narcotics officers attempted to sell or furnish marijuana owned by the state to defendant and his colleagues, constituted entrapment, since the predisposition to commit the crime was instigated by the narcotics officers, and the defense of entrapment could be interposed to the charge of conspiracy to possess marijuana without the defendant taking the stand to testify. Barnes v. State, 493 So. 2d 313, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2515 (Miss. 1986).

The prosecution will not be permitted to convict an accused under the guise of a conspiracy charge where it could not proceed on, and convict for, the completed act, because of the entrapment defense. Barnes v. State, 493 So. 2d 313, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2515 (Miss. 1986).

8. Indictment.

Although defendant asserted that the indictment was fatally defective for failure to specify the contraband that defendant conspired to possess in a correctional facility, the two count indictment included the essential statutory elements of the charges against defendant and provided sufficient notice so that defendant suffered no prejudice in preparing a defense. Furthermore, defendant was procedurally barred from arguing an objection to a multi-count indictment on appeal because defendant failed to raise the objection at trial. Graham v. State, 204 So.3d 329, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 113 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Indictment charging defendant conspiracy to posses precursors was not insufficient for failing to include the language “with the intent to unlawfully manufacture a controlled substance” because the crime of conspiracy and the crime of possession of precursors were inherently different and the crime of conspiracy did not merge with the crime of possession of precursors. While the State was required to inform a defendant of the underlying crime to which he conspired, the State did not have to prove every element of the underlying crime in order to prevail on a conspiracy charge; therefore, the indictment did not have to include language that defendant possessed precursors with the intent to manufacture a controlled substance or with knowledge that the precursor chemicals would be used to unlawfully manufacturer a controlled substance. Berry v. State, 996 So. 2d 782, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 604 (Miss. 2008).

Count I of the indictment charged defendant with conspiring to possess precursor chemicals which were not named or otherwise identified, but it did not charge him with conspiring to possess those unidentified precursors with either the intent to manufacture a controlled substance or with knowledge, or under circumstances where he reasonably should have known, that the precursor chemicals would be used to unlawfully manufacture a controlled substance, and thus the wording used in Count I failed to place defendant on notice as to whether he was being charged with conspiring to commit the crime specified in either Miss. Code Ann. §41-29-313(1)(a)(i), (1)(a)(ii), or (2)(c)(i); therefore, Count I of the indictment was defective because it failed to allege a crime, and the appellate court had to reverse and render defendant’s conviction in Count I. Berry v. State, 996 So. 2d 793, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 422 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), rev'd, 996 So. 2d 782, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 604 (Miss. 2008).

Conspiracy count of the indictment was fatally defective where no crime was charged; in an assault case, the victim had to be identified in some manner as an essential fact describing the crime. Sanderson v. State, 881 So. 2d 878, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 35 (Miss. Ct. App.), aff'd in part and rev'd in part, 883 So. 2d 558, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1199 (Miss. 2004).

It is not necessary that an indictment charging conspiracy include the penalty sections of the code applicable to the underlying crime in order to trigger the conspiracy provisions of this section, and to properly charge a felony. Gardner v. State, 531 So. 2d 805, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 481 (Miss. 1988).

Allegation of an overt act pursuant to a conspiracy, in a conspiracy indictment, does not convert the indictment into one for the commission of the crime contemplated by the conspiracy, even though the overt act charged is commission of the crime contemplated by it. Martin v. State, 197 Miss. 96, 19 So. 2d 488, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 277 (Miss. 1944).

An indictment charging two defendants with defrauding and conspiring to defraud the state out of the title to tax forfeited public lands by illegally purchasing such lands for a corporation in violation of the public policy of the state as exemplified by Code of 1930, § 6027, while not charging an offense under Code of 1930, § 833, was sufficient to charge a misdemeanor under this section [Code 1942, § 2056], the word “feloniously” in the indictment being mere surplusage. State v. Russell, 185 Miss. 13, 187 So. 540, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 1939).

An indictment charging the defendant with defrauding and conspiring to defraud the state out of tax forfeited public lands by illegally purchasing such lands for a corporation in violation of § 6027 of the Code of 1930, did not charge an offense under this section [Code 1942, § 2056], the words “shall conspire to defraud the state of Mississippi, or any department or political subdivision thereof, in any manner, or for any purpose,” under the rule of ejusdem generis limited their application to the specific acts made offenses under the statute which did not include that charged in the indictment. State v. Russell, 185 Miss. 13, 187 So. 540, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 1939).

9. Evidence.

Defendants’ conspiracy convictions were proper where the trial court did not err in admitting a letter to the first defendant, pursuant to Miss. R. Evid. 401 and 402, because the critical fact at issue was whether the first defendant was engaged in a conspiracy, and that letter was evidence that tended to make that fact more probable or less probable than without the evidence. Farris v. State, 906 So. 2d 113, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1126 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Where the victim claimed that defendant and his accomplice held her down, beat her in the face, and raped her, the trial court properly convicted defendant of two counts of sexual battery and one count of conspiracy to batter. Norris v. State, 893 So. 2d 1071, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 893 So. 2d 1061, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 122 (Miss. 2005).

In a case where defendant father and defendant adopted son were convicted of conspiracy to commit sexual battery, Miss. Code Ann. §§97-1-1 and97-3-95(1)(d), sexual battery, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-95(1)(d), and contributing to the delinquency of a minor, Miss. Code Ann. §97-5-39(1), none of the issues raised by defendant father rose to the level of reversible error either standing alone or when considered together as the evidence supported the finding that defendant father was the ringleader of the abominable enterprise and he failed to demonstrate any procedural or substantive errors that warranted reversal; thus, defendant father’s convictions and sentences were affirmed. King v. State, 857 So. 2d 702, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 450 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant picked up drugs at a house, defendant in truck was stopped by the trooper, the trooper discovered the cocaine under the seat, and the truck belonged to defendant; thus, the evidence showed that defendant constructively possessed the drugs, that defendant was guilty of conspiracy to possess cocaine and of possession of cocaine with intent to sell, and that the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or motion for new trial. Smith v. State, 839 So. 2d 489, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 65 (Miss. 2003).

10. —Admissibility.

Defendant’s convictions for capital murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e), aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), and conspiracy to commit aggravated assault were appropriate because the victim’s autopsy photographs were admissible since their probative value was not outweighed by any danger of undue prejudice and since there was a meaningful evidentiary purpose. Williams v. State, 3 So.3d 105, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 68 (Miss. 2009).

Evidence of an alleged assault on a police officer which occurred during a chase across state lines subsequent to the robbery of a store, was admissible in the ensuing prosecution for robbery and conspiracy to commit robbery, even though the assault charge was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, since the assault was so interrelated with the events at the store that it constituted a single occurrence. Jones v. State, 567 So. 2d 1189, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 559 (Miss. 1990).

Statements made by co-conspirators after the objectives of the conspiracy have either succeeded or failed are inadmissible. Nixon v. State, 533 So. 2d 1078, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2917 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1102, 109 S. Ct. 2458, 104 L. Ed. 2d 1012, 1989 U.S. LEXIS 2745 (U.S. 1989), overruled, Wharton v. State, 734 So. 2d 985, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 576 (Miss. 1998).

At the joint trial of 2 defendants charged with conspiracy to commit murder, admission, in prosecution’s case-in-chief, of co-conspirators’ post-arrest statements, wherein each co-defendant pointed a finger at the other, was reversible error, where these statements fell outside the co-conspirator’s exemption from the hearsay rule, did not interlock in substantial particulars, and were not attended by other indicia of reliability sufficient to satisfy the conspirators’ rights under the confrontation of witnesses clauses of federal and state constitutions. Mitchell v. State, 495 So. 2d 5, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2659 (Miss. 1986), overruled in part, Smith v. State, 986 So. 2d 290, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 2008).

Threats made by conspirator out of presence of accused inadmissible before conspiracy is established. Rich v. State, 124 Miss. 272, 86 So. 770, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 506 (Miss. 1920).

11. —Circumstantial.

Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to establish the existence of a conspiracy. Watson v. State, 722 So. 2d 475, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 459 (Miss. 1998).

Existence of conspiracy, and defendant’s membership in it, may be proved entirely by circumstantial evidence. Franklin v. State, 676 So. 2d 287, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 308 (Miss. 1996).

The trial judge is given great discretion in receiving circumstantial evidence where a defendant is on trial for conspiracy. Peoples v. State, 501 So. 2d 424, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2284 (Miss. 1987).

Conspiracy may be shown by circumstantial evidence. Pickett v. State, 139 Miss. 529, 104 So. 358, 1925 Miss. LEXIS 174 (Miss. 1925).

Criminal conspiracy may be proved by the acts of parties, or by circumstances as well as by their agreement. Osborne v. State, 99 Miss. 410, 55 So. 52, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 33 (Miss. 1910).

12. —Hearsay.

Statements made by a coconspirator of a party during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy are not hearsay, but are factual elements of the criminal offense and not mere statements. Ponthieux v. State, 532 So. 2d 1239, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 483 (Miss. 1988).

13. —Proof of subsequent offense.

Subsequent offense may be proved, to show criminal knowledge or intent. King v. State, 123 Miss. 532, 86 So. 339, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 54 (Miss. 1920).

14. —Sufficiency.

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of conspiracy to commit robbery because it showed that he was not only present during the commission of the robbery but he also helped bring it about by knocking on the window of the victim’s bedroom to buy drugs, saw the shoe box where the victim kept drugs and money, he returned a second time, he was armed, and did nothing to stop the robbery. Defendant was later seen sorting the money and drugs from the shoe box at a friend’s house. Story v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 539 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 5, 2019), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. LEXIS 223 (Miss. 2020).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit armed robbery because a reasonable juror could accept defendant’s confession that he conspired with his brother to rob the restaurant but still reject his claim that no gun was contemplated as a self-serving attempt to minimize his culpability the jury could go on to infer that an armed robbery was agreed as the brother did, in fact, bring a gun into the restaurant and use it in the robbery. Allen v. State, 212 So.3d 98, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 718 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to possess marijuana because defendant confessed to ownership of marijuana that defendant had sent to a house for defendant to sell. Furthermore, the recipient of the package at the house said the recipient was expecting a package, the recipient used a false name to sign for the package, the recipient threw the package to the ground when the recipient spotted officers observing the recipient, defendant came to the house to get the package, and defendant admitted ownership of the package. Jefferson v. State, 214 So.3d 1071, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 705 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. dismissed, 229 So.3d 118, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 396 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction of conspiracy to possess a controlled substance inside a correctional facility because (1) an officer observed defendant and another inmate stand by the exterior door to a jail’s yard, bend down, and retrieve items from underneath the door; (2) an officer found a small opening that could allow someone to slip an item through the door; and (3) officers found marijuana in envelopes in a blanket that defendant tried to pass to the other inmate when the inmates were searched as they reentered the jail. Graham v. State, 204 So.3d 329, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 113 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Evidence supported defendant’s conspiracy to commit armed robbery conviction because, after defendant lost money to the victim in a dice game, defendant got in a truck with the victim, while defendant’s coconspirators followed close behind as they planned on getting some money and dope from the victim, and, when the victim stopped in a driveway, a coconspirator pulled out a gun and demanded the victim’s money. After the victim was shot in a struggle, one of the coconspirator’s fled with some cash, which the coconspirators later split. Thomas v. State, 180 So.3d 756, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 609 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Sufficient evidence existed that defendant did more than merely talk about killing the victim, and instead entered into an agreement that she would be killed; although the jury rejected a murder conviction, another defendant’s testimony supported a reasonable inference that this defendant had entered into a common plan to kill the victim and knowingly intended to further that plan’s purpose, and thus the evidence was sufficient to support his conviction of conspiracy to commit murder, and the conviction was not against the weight of the evidence. Hartfield v. State, 161 So.3d 125, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 125 (Miss. 2015).

Sufficient circumstantial evidence supported defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to distribute under Miss. Code Ann. §§97-1-1 (Supp. 2010) and41-29-139 (Rev. 2009) as the evidence showed that a witness had purchased marijuana at defendant’s house, that a large quantity of it was found in multiple locations throughout the house, that the house smelled strongly of it, and that digital scales and packaging materials were also found. Further, defendant admitted that the marijuana belonged to him. Jackson v. State, 73 So.3d 1176, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 296 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 73 So.3d 1168, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 523 (Miss. 2011).

Verdict finding defendant guilty of selling cocaine in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §41-29-139(a)(1) and conspiracy to sell cocaine in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1(a)(1) was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence as there was testimony from several witnesses, including an accomplice, a narcotics agent, and a police officer, that defendant was involved in the drug sale. In addition, the jury was permitted to watch a video showing defendant’s physical behavior during the drug sale negotiations in which defendant was shown talking to the accomplice with his hand over his mouth as the accomplice negotiated with an informant about the price of the cocaine. Foriest v. State, 4 So.3d 385, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 36 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction for conspiracy to commit armed robbery because defendant disguised himself as a woman, entered the bank with his co-defendants, and shuffled around nervously as another defendant attempted to hold up the teller with a handgun, all the while shielding his face from view. Thereafter, defendant was caught attempting to escape from the abandoned safe house and he was still wearing the same women’s skirt that he wore during the attempted robbery. Glenn v. State, 996 So. 2d 148, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 584 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

There was sufficient evidence to uphold a conviction for conspiracy to commit armed robbery under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1 where the evidence showed that defendant was in a casino with the other perpetrators, he stood behind one of them as a robbery took place, he ran out with them, and he received a portion of stolen money. Quawrells v. State, 938 So. 2d 370, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 689 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Where defendant’s accomplice cooperated with police and stated in a recorded conversation that defendant had come to Mississippi “to pick up drugs,” the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to distribute marijuana. Police found twenty-seven pounds of marijuana that had been transferred to defendant’s vehicle. Walker v. State, 911 So. 2d 998, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 698 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Where defendant and a conspirator hid their car, attempted to remove tires from a vehicle in a car lot at two o’clock in the morning, and tried to escape when confronted by authorities, the evidence supported his conviction for conspiracy to commit grand larceny. A jury could reasonably infer that defendant lacked consent to remove the tires; the State was not required to present direct testimony that defendant lacked consent. Brownlee v. State, 912 So. 2d 1000, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 187 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Court properly denied defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict after he was convicted of conspiracy to commit armed robbery because there was nothing to indicate an insufficiency of evidence for fair-minded jurors to convict him of conspiracy pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1(a)-(h). One witness offered direct testimony as to having seen defendant place a stocking over his face before the commission of the crime; store clerk also identified defendant as one of her assailants. Young v. State, 910 So. 2d 26, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 5 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

There was sufficient evidence to support defendant’s conviction under Miss. Code Ann. §41-29-313 and for conspiracy given that defendant had purchased an unusually large number of pseudoephedrine packages, defendant attempted to conceal the packages from police, and defendant admitted that defendant was requested to purchase the packages by another individual in return for cash when defendant knew that the individual had been involved in the manufacturer of methamphetamine. Hunt v. State, 863 So. 2d 990, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 13 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Although a witness was unable to testify about the correct color of a get-away car, there was sufficient evidence to support convictions for armed robbery and conspiracy to commit armed robbery based on the identification of witnesses and the testimony of another perpetrator. Quinn v. State, 873 So. 2d 1033, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 1006 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 873 So. 2d 1032, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 597 (Miss. 2004).

Defendant and the first co-defendant entered the car, the first co-defendant took the victim’s money at gunpoint which was divided equally, a second co-defendant then shot and killed the victim with the gun defendant had brought, and defendant and the first co-defendant testified that they had planned the robbery, thus, the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions for conspiracy to commit robbery with a deadly weapon, robbery with a deadly weapon, and manslaughter. Harrington v. State, 859 So. 2d 1054, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 1084 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Defendant picked up drugs at a house, defendant in truck was stopped by the trooper, the trooper discovered the cocaine under the seat, and the truck belonged to defendant; thus, the evidence showed that defendant constructively possessed the drugs, that defendant was guilty of conspiracy to possess cocaine and of possession of cocaine with intent to sell, and that the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or motion for new trial. Smith v. State, 839 So. 2d 489, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 65 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence that the defendant gave a gun to another man who had said he wanted to shoot the victim, told the man the victim was outside, was in the alley with the man who shot the victim when the victim was shot, was seen running from the alley with the other man after the shooting while they both carried guns, and asked the other man “Did you get him?” was sufficient to support a conviction for conspiracy to commit murder. Brown v. State, 796 So. 2d 223, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 176 (Miss. 2001).

Evidence was sufficient to establish a conspiracy to commit murder where a witness testified that (1) before the shooting, while he, the defendant, and a coconspirator were together, the coconspirator asked the defendant, “Are you going to do that?” and the defendant responded, “Yeah, I’m fixing to do that,” and (2) after the shooting, the coconspirator asked “‘did you do that?” and the defendant responded “Yeah, I got that m*****f*****.” Ellis v. State, 778 So. 2d 114, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 242 (Miss. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to establish a conspiracy to sell cocaine where (1) a confidential informant testified that upon entering the coconspirator’s residence, he was directed to a bedroom, where he found the defendant and the coconspirator, (2) the coconspirator then asked the informant what he wanted, and the informant responded that he wanted to purchase two rocks of crack cocaine, (3) the defendant then retrieved a matchbox and directed the coconspirator to “serve” him, (4) the informant then purchased two rocks of cocaine for $25, and (5) a police officer listened to the transaction over a radio transmitter with which the informant had been equipped and testified to the events. Hervey v. State, 764 So. 2d 457, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 95 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Testimony of a co-conspirator was not too late to establish the conspiracy where there was sufficient prior evidence of the existence of a conspiracy based on the testimony of the victims, the arresting officer’s investigation, and defendant’s own statement. Applewhite v. State, 753 So. 2d 1039, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 1 (Miss. 2000).

Conviction reversed where evidence was insufficient to show a recognition on the part of the two sets of conspirators that they were entering into a common plan, knowingly intending to further its common purpose. Lee v. State, 756 So. 2d 744, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 382 (Miss. 1999).

Evidence was sufficient to establish a conspiracy to defraud a conservatorship where (1) the defendant and others received what appeared to be an excessive and unreasonable amount of money from the conservatorship, (2) the defendant’s decisions with regard to expenditures for security were not warranted, especially as paying family and friends $25 per hour for questionable security was not justified, and (3) an attorney drafted and submitted petitions and orders for the defendant’s unjustifiable expenditures, and a chancellor with whom the defendant had a close personal relationship placed his stamp of approval and the appearance of legality on these conservatorship expenditures by signing the orders. Morgan v. State, 741 So. 2d 246, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 256 (Miss. 1999).

Evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for conspiracy to sell a controlled substance arising from the introduction by the defendant’s alleged coconspirator of a confidential informant to the defendant and negotiations for a sale of marijuana since one cannot be convicted of conspiring with a confidential informant and since there simply was no evidence that the defendant knew that his alleged coconspirator would bring potential customers to him in order to facilitate the sale of illegal drugs. McDougle v. State, 721 So. 2d 660, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1128 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

As long as the defendant was furnishing the capital for the acquisition of illegal drugs and the drugs were being purchased at her specific direction or request, she came into constructive possession of the drugs at the time of purchase and was the “owner” of the drugs for purposes of analysis of whether she conspired to commit a crime. Martin v. State, 726 So. 2d 1210, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1124 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

Evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for conspiracy to sell a controlled substance where a witness admitted that he knew that a third party wanted to buy marijuana and that the defendant was in the business of selling marijuana, but there was no evidence that the defendant knew that the witness would bring potential customers to him in order to facilitate a sale of marijuana. McDougle v. State, 721 So. 2d 660, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1128 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

Defendant’s convictions for sale of controlled substance and conspiracy to sell controlled substance were supported by evidence that defendant sold two rocks of crack cocaine to undercover informant and that defendant conspired with relative to sell, and did sell, two rocks of crack cocaine to undercover officer next day. Herring v. State, 691 So. 2d 948, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 37 (Miss. 1997).

Sole evidence of conspiracy, that juvenile defendants went with other boys to “mess with” victim, was insufficient to support their convictions for conspiracy to commit murder; during period defendants and others threw rocks at victim and kicked him, one of boys in group left and returned with gun, with which he shot victim, and he thereafter pointed gun at one of defendants and another boy because “he knew [they were] gon’ to tell it.” Franklin v. State, 676 So. 2d 287, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 308 (Miss. 1996).

The evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for conspiracy to sell cocaine where the defendant directed the buyer to the seller’s house, accompanied the buyer to the door, knocked on the door, told the seller that they wanted to purchase cocaine, and remained with the buyer and seller while the sale took place, but there was no evidence that the seller knew that the defendant would bring the buyer to his home; although an agreement to sell cocaine could possibly be inferred, there was insufficient evidence of the alleged conspirators’ recognition that they were “entering into a common plan and knowingly intended to further its common purpose.” Johnson v. State, 642 So. 2d 924, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 443 (Miss. 1994).

The uncorroborated testimony of an alleged accomplice was insufficient to support a conviction for conspiracy to manufacture marijuana where the accomplice contradicted himself concerning payments allegedly made to him by the defendant, and another witness’ testimony substantially impeached that of the accomplice; although the other witness had reasons for bias and a fair-minded juror could reject his testimony as unconvincing, it could not be discarded so completely as to eliminate reasonable doubt, particularly when combined with the accomplice’s self-contradictory statements. Flanagan v. State, 605 So. 2d 753, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 449 (Miss. 1992).

Evidence that a police officer, while standing outside an apartment door, overheard a conversation between 3 people inside the apartment concerning a sale of cocaine, was insufficient to support a conviction for conspiracy to distribute the cocaine where the statements overheard by the officer were not identified as coming from any particular person. Mickel v. State, 602 So. 2d 1160, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 203 (Miss. 1992).

The evidence was insufficient to support a conviction of conspiracy with the intent to distribute cocaine where the only evidence of an agreement were statements made by unidentified occupants of an apartment–“pass me the pipe,” “we have got to get this stuff sold-I need the money,” and “there is plenty more where that came from”–which were heard by a police detective just before he entered the apartment, since this evidence did not prove that the defendant himself was engaged in a conspiracy to distribute cocaine, so that only surmise of a criminal conspiracy existed. Thomas v. State, 591 So. 2d 837, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 971 (Miss. 1991).

The evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of conspiracy to commit perjury with respect to the death of an infant at the defendant’s apartment, where there was testimony that the defendant stated that he didn’t want the police to know that he and a friend had been at the apartment, the defendant’s daughter, who also resided at the apartment, did not reveal to the police that the defendant had been at the apartment, the daughter stated that she had agreed to stick to that story and she continued in that agreement when she testified before the grand jury, the other resident of the apartment testified that the defendant did not want the police to know that he and a friend had been at the apartment, she did not tell the police that they had been there, and she understood that she and the others had an agreement not to mention that the defendant and his friend had been at the apartment after the baby’s death had been discovered. Smallwood v. State, 584 So. 2d 733, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 405 (Miss. 1991).

The evidence was insufficient to support a finding that the defendant conspired with her sister to sell cocaine where the only evidence regarding the sister showed that she was present at the time the police searched a trailer she owned and found residues of cocaine, she screamed when the police entered the trailer, she claimed that money found during the search was hers, and a broken test tube with cocaine residue was found in her purse; none of this evidence established an agreement, nor did it imply an agreement, since evidence that the defendant sold cocaine and that her sister may have possessed cocaine for personal use left too much to the realm of speculation and conjecture. Clayton v. State, 582 So. 2d 1019, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 366 (Miss. 1991).

The evidence was insufficient to support a conspiracy conviction stemming from attempts to influence jurors, where the only evidence which suggested that the defendant was a member of the conspiracy was that she accompanied her husband when he discussed the conspiracy with a coconspirator, and it was possible that the phraseology used was so general that a disinterested or unknowledgeable bystander would not have understood specifically what they were talking about. King v. State, 580 So. 2d 1182, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 319 (Miss. 1991).

The evidence was sufficient to support convictions of conspiracy and bribery stemming from attempts to influence jurors, where the secretary for one of the defendant’s attorneys testified that the defendant did some of the talking when he and his father asked her to type up a list containing the jurors’ names and that the defendant took the list from her and made photocopies of it, a witness testified that the defendant drove his father to the witness’ home where the father discussed the scheme to bribe a juror while the defendant listened, a juror testified that during the trial the defendant and his father entered the store where she worked, though they left without speaking to her, and an investigator testified that he discovered the photocopies of the jury list under the seat of the defendant’s truck. King v. State, 580 So. 2d 1182, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 319 (Miss. 1991).

The evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for conspiracy, in spite of the defendant’s argument that the evidence failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he and the alleged co-conspirator ever agreed to commit a crime or were even acquainted and his suggestion that there was a lack of seriousness in his intentions, where the defendant made substantially incriminating statements to the sheriff, the record included a tape recording of the defendant’s conversations with a friend who was allegedly engaged to kill the victim, and the alleged co-conspirator appeared at the time suggested by the plan to find the victim’s body. Mitchell v. State, 572 So. 2d 865, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 722 (Miss. 1990).

The evidence was insufficient to support a verdict for conspiracy to commit robbery at a convenience store because there was neither proof of common design nor understood purpose to commit a robbery where the evidence showed only that there were 4 people riding in a car, the owner of the car testified that he stopped at the convenience store in order to let one man buy beer and to let the defendant use the rest room, and he testified that there were no conversations among the 4 before stopping at the store. Jones v. State, 567 So. 2d 1189, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 559 (Miss. 1990).

Defendant’s conviction of conspiracy to murder her husband was supported by evidence showing that up to 2 days before her husband disappeared she had been living with an alleged coconspirator; that she had kept letters written to her by the alleged coconspirator stating that he wished the husband could be taken out of the picture; that a couple days before the husband’s death she gave to the alleged coconspirator a gun her husband had bought for her, and had not questioned the coconspirator about the gun after her husband’s disappearance; and on the night when the husband was last seen alive, she had called the husband and told him that her car had stalled at a place not far from where the husband’s body was found 2 days later. Peoples v. State, 501 So. 2d 424, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2284 (Miss. 1987).

Defendant’s conviction of conspiracy to possess heroin was sustained by evidence showing that she had traveled 2,000 miles from San Diego, California to Jackson, Mississippi with codefendant, that a telephone call to her parents’ home notified co-defendant of the arrival of the heroin, that she waited in the car while co-defendant picked up heroin, and that her purse contained a substance used as cutting agent for heroin. Davis v. State, 485 So. 2d 1055, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2778 (Miss. 1986).

15. —Sufficiency; conspiracy.

Sufficient evidence was presented to allow a jury to infer that a conspiracy existed; co-defendant one testified that he, defendant, and co-defendant two had sex with the victim at some point throughout the night and that it happened all at the same time, and the evidence showed the victim’s surprise when learning of the incident, as well as the attempt by defendant and co-defendants to explain and cover-up the incident. Pugh v. State, 270 So.3d 949, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 455 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

State presented sufficient evidence for fair-minded jurors to convict defendant of conspiracy to commit armed robbery because the evidence clearly showed two men working in agreement with each other to rob a store; the men entered the store together, held up the employees at gunpoint, took the money, and ran off at the same time. Lenoir v. State, 224 So.3d 85, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 79 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of conspiracy because one of the co-conspirator’s was seen in defendant’s vehicle armed with a shotgun; she followed the instructions of another co-conspirator instructing her to block the road after the victims entered, ensuring that the victims would be exposed to an attack; she drove one of the co-conspirator’s away from the scene; and she returned later to look for one of the victims while evidencing hostile intent. Hayes v. State, 168 So.3d 1065, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 744 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), cert. denied, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 297 (Miss. June 12, 2014), cert. denied, 140 So.3d 940, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 296 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant’s conspiracy conviction was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because there was strong circumstantial evidence of a prior understanding to kill in the coordinated actions of the participants. Hayes v. State, 168 So.3d 1065, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 744 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), cert. denied, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 297 (Miss. June 12, 2014), cert. denied, 140 So.3d 940, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 296 (Miss. 2014).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit murder, even though there was no express agreement between defendant and two co-defendants, because the evidence showed that defendant and co-defendants, while engaged in different acts, all pursued the common object of the victim’s death, and the State was not required to prove the existence of an express agreement to murder the victim. Graham v. State, 120 So.3d 382, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 2013).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction of conspiracy, as defendant admitted at trial that defendant intended to cook methamphetamine, in a bedroom where defendant’s associates were sleeping police officers found 156 dosage units of pseudoephedrine, and in one associate’s truck officers found a receipt for the purchase of pseudoephedrine. Edmonds v. State, 125 So.3d 98, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 529 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Weight of the evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of conspiracy to commit arson in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1 and attempted arson in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-17-9 because an accomplice’s testimony that he and defendant entered into an agreement for him to burn the victim’s vehicle was uncontradicted; in addition to the testimony of the accomplice was the of other witnesses who provided additional evidence of defendant’s animosity towards the victim. Bradford v. State, 102 So.3d 312, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 505 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of conspiracy to commit arson in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1 and attempted arson in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-17-9 because the jury could conclude from an accomplice’s testimony that he and defendant entered into an agreement for him to burn the victim’s vehicle; the accomplice told the same basic story to the police that he told to the jury, and nothing in the record indicated that the accomplice’s testimony was unreasonable, inconsistent, or impeached. Bradford v. State, 102 So.3d 312, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 505 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012).

Defendant’s conviction for conspiracy under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1(i) was proper because there was direct evidence that defendant and two others walked into the store, while one served as lookout, one took beer, and the other took money. The three argued over who had whose back while robbing the store and later, the three divided the money. Taylor v. State, 62 So.3d 962, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 2011).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1(1)(a), for conspiracy to bring a controlled substance into a jail; defendant’s letters to his girlfriend clearly indicated such a conspiracy and showed that the girlfriend was trying to comply with defendant’s request for the contraband. Green v. State, 25 So.3d 1086, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 3 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Evidence, including the testimony of defendant’s co-conspirator and other witnesses, as well as written statement by defendant and physical evidence, was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of of conspiracy to sell a controlled substance, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1. Anderson v. State, 23 So.3d 1087, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 842 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Defendant’s convictions for uttering a forgery under Miss. Code Ann. §97-21-1 and for conspiracy under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1 were affirmed because there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that defendant possessed the forged checks and attempted to pass these checks off as true and although the co-conspirator was an admitted drug addict, his testimony was not self-contradictory or thoroughly impeached. Nelson v. State, 32 So.3d 534, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 601 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 31 So.3d 1217, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 186 (Miss. 2010).

Evidence was sufficient that defendant possessed and conspired to possess illegal amounts of pseudoephedrine intending to use them in an unlawful manner in violation of Miss. Code Ann. 97-1-1(a) because his passenger had an illegal amount of pseudoephedrine, and defendant admitted that he drove her to purchase pills to sell for the eventual manufacture of methamphetamine. Gales v. State, 29 So.3d 65, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 629 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit capital murder was proper pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1(1)(a) because a witness testified that he scouted the victims’ property, arranged a meeting between defendant and another individual, and participated with that individual in an attempt to murder the victims. Vickers v. State, 994 So. 2d 200, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 208 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 675 (Miss. 2008).

Because there was sufficient evidence to support a conviction on the conspiracy to possess marijuana with intent to sell more than five kilograms of marijuana, the necessary nexus existed to link defendant to the possession of the 25 pounds of marijuana bricks found in the co-conspirator’s vehicle; thus, there was sufficient evidence to support her conviction for possession of more than five kilograms of marijuana. Williams v. State, 984 So. 2d 989, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 376 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. dismissed, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 332 (Miss. June 26, 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of conspiracy to possess marijuana with intent to sell more than five kilograms of marijuana under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1(a) because a co-conspirator’s vehicle contained more than 25 pounds of marijuana, the mere amount of marijuana was sufficient to support a charge of possession with intent to transfer, sell, or distribute more than five kilograms of marijuana, and defendant blocked a deputy’s attempt to pull over a co-conspirator’s vehicle. Williams v. State, 984 So. 2d 989, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 376 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. dismissed, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 332 (Miss. June 26, 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of conspiracy where witness testimony indicated that defendant and another person formed a union of the minds intent on selling cocaine to the agent, and defendant’s conduct amounted to circumstantial evidence of an agreement with the other person to sell cocaine. Dear v. State, 960 So. 2d 542, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 931 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 959 So. 2d 1051, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 396 (Miss. 2007).

State’s theory of the case was that defendant and the driver of the car that pulled into the victim’s driveway had engaged in a prior conspiracy to steal the victim’s truck rims, but there was no evidence of a “union of the minds” of defendant and the driver because the evidence showed that (1) when the car pulled into the driveway, defendant ran and hid behind the house and, clearly, if the two parties had been acting in concert defendant would have recognized his co-conspirator and not hid; (2) defendant left on foot and not in the car, even though the car was still in the driveway; and (3) although the rims were removed from the truck, defendant made no attempt to put them into the car that was in the driveway; thus, although the appearance of the car in the victim’s driveway was somewhat puzzling, a finding that its appearance was due to the furtherance of a conspiracy to steal the rims off of the truck would be an impermissible stretch. Therefore, the evidence was insufficient to support defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit grand larceny. Smith v. State, 881 So. 2d 908, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 401 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

16. —Other.

Evidence against defendant did not preponderate so heavily against the verdict that the failure to grant a new trial would sanction an unconscionable injustice because the weight of the evidence suggested that store employees should have recognized defendant’s voice during the commission of the robbery; though the employees knew defendant from prior encounters, the robber alleged to be defendant wore a hooded sweatshirt partially covering his face when he entered the dimly lit store. Lenoir v. State, 224 So.3d 85, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 79 (Miss. 2017).

Conviction of conspiracy was not supported by evidence which, although raising strong suspicions that defendant and others were illegally involved in drug related activities, failed to show that they had intended or agreed to sell, barter, transfer, and distribute marijuana. McCray v. State, 486 So. 2d 1247, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2888 (Miss. 1986).

17. Practice and procedure; trial.

Issue was never framed for the jury to determine appellant’s guilt or lack thereof as to the charge of conspiracy. Appellant’s contention that the crime of conspiracy to commit armed robbery was presented to the jury and subsequently dismissed by the jury in his first trial such that double jeopardy and collateral estoppel would attach was unfounded. Newell v. State, 180 So.3d 701, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 236 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Defendants were properly convicted of conspiracy to commit armed robbery because defendant’s did not fail to receive a fair and impartial trial due to juror misconduct. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Defendants were properly convicted of conspiracy to commit armed robbery because the form of the verdict constituted an intelligent answer to the issues submitted to the jury and allowed the jury’s intent to be understood in a reasonably clear manner. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Trial court had jurisdiction over conspiracy charge, although defendant allegedly agreed with coconspirator to rob victim while they were in Louisiana, where victim was robbed in Mississippi. Taylor v. State, 682 So. 2d 359, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 532 (Miss. 1996).

In a prosecution for capital murder and conspiracy to commit capital murder, the trial court committed reversible error in failing to place the initial burden on the State to establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination in the defendant’s use of his peremptory challenges, before concluding that the defendant failed to offer a race-neutral reason for challenging one of the jurors, since the defendant was arbitrarily and erroneously denied the use of one of his peremptory challenges, and the composition of the jury was directly altered as a result. Colosimo v. Senatobia Motor Inn, 662 So. 2d 552, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 479 (Miss. 1995).

Since conspiracy and burglary are separate and distinct crimes requiring proof of different elements, a defendant did not have a double jeopardy claim based on the prosecution of these 2 crimes arising from the same incident, despite the fact that the prosecution chose to prosecute the defendant for these crimes at separate trials. House v. State, 645 So. 2d 931, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 537 (Miss. 1994).

At trial of charge of conspiracy to distribute cocaine, a series of questions posed by the prosecutor on cross-examination of defendant as to his involvement with selling cocaine did not require the trial court to grant a mistrial on its own motion, where the prosecutor stayed within the latitude allowed for cross-examination and the trial was conducted in conformity with the law. Temple v. State, 498 So. 2d 379, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2834 (Miss. 1986).

In an action to enjoin enforcement of the statute, the court, in lieu of injunctive relief, declared the rights of complainants to the use of public facilities. Clark v. Thompson, 206 F. Supp. 539, 1962 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3769 (S.D. Miss. 1962), aff'd, 313 F.2d 637, 1963 U.S. App. LEXIS 5965 (5th Cir. Miss. 1963).

In an action for an injunction restraining defendants from enforcing or executing subsection (1) of Code 1942, § 2046.5, subsection (7) of this section [Code 1942, § 2056] and Code 1942, § 4065.3 against the plaintiffs by preventing them from using public recreational facilities on an integrated and equal basis solely on the ground of race and color, the federal three-judge statutory court would be dissolved and the case left for decision of a single federal district judge, where it appeared that what plaintiffs actually sought was to attack a pattern or practice rather than the constitutional validity of a statute or actions under it. Clark v. Thompson, 204 F. Supp. 30, 1962 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3102 (S.D. Miss. 1962).

18. —Jury instructions.

Because the record provided evidence corroborating an accomplice’s testimony, the trial court was not required to instruct the jury to regard the accomplice’s testimony with great caution and suspicion. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Trial court properly refused a requested instruction because, reading all the given instructions together, the jury was fairly, fully, and accurately instructed regarding its duty to consider and weigh the credibility of witness testimony. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Trial court did not err by refusing a proposed theory-of-the-case instruction because the instruction was redundant. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

In a prosecution for conspiracy to commit grand larceny involving the stealing of a portable generator, a requested instruction, which stated that before the defendant could be found guilty of conspiracy, the evidence had to show that the defendants “did willfully, unlawfully and feloniously conspire, confederate and agree together and with each other to unlawfully commit grand larceny by stealing a generator . . . ” was properly denied since it misstated the law in that it stated that the defendant must have agreed to steal the generator by a more formal agreement than is required. Rose v. State, 556 So. 2d 728, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 37 (Miss. 1990).

On trial of felony charge of conspiring to distribute more than one kilogram of marijuana, giving of instructions which would allow the jury to find defendants guilty based on acts in furtherance of the conspiracy without requiring a separate finding that they knowingly became a part of the agreement to commit the crime, while erroneous, did not require reversal, where defendants failed to object, and the deficiency of the instructions was cured by other instructions given. Gray v. State, 487 So. 2d 1304, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2441 (Miss. 1986).

Giving of conspiracy instruction which allows jury to convict alleged conspirator upon finding that conspirator has conspired only with person legally precluded from coconspirator status, rather than with coconspirator, is reversible error. James v. State, 481 So. 2d 805, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2358 (Miss. 1985).

Where evidence also shows an assault and battery, an instruction permitting a conviction thereon is error. King v. State, 123 Miss. 532, 86 So. 339, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 54 (Miss. 1920).

19. Penalties.

Circuit court erred when it found that a truck had been forfeited, when defendant and a codefendant had cocaine in their possession while they were traveling in the truck, because the forfeiture of the truck was an excessive and grossly disproportionate fine for the non-adjudicated offense of conspiracy to possess cocaine, as neither the instrumentality test, nor the proportionality test favored forfeiture. One (1) 2011 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 v. Panola County Narcotics Task Force, 169 So.3d 967, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 682 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), cert. denied, 168 So.3d 962, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 370 (Miss. 2015).

In a case where defendant father and defendant adopted son were convicted of conspiracy to commit sexual battery, Miss. Code Ann. §§97-1-1 and97-3-95(1)(d), sexual battery, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-95(1)(d), and contributing to the delinquency of a minor, Miss. Code Ann. §97-5-39(1), defendant father was sentenced to five years and a $ 5,000 fine on the conspiracy count; 30 years and a $ 10,000 fine on the sexual battery count; and one year and a $ 1,000 fine on the contributing to the delinquency of a minor charge and the trial court ordered that the prison time be served consecutively; however, nothing in the record or presented by defendant father warranted reversal or reduction of his sentence because his sentence was within the statutory limits and it was a just punishment for the despicable crimes for which he was found guilty by a fair and impartial jury. King v. State, 857 So. 2d 702, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 450 (Miss. 2003).

Sentences of 20 years for conspiracy to sell controlled substance and 30 years on each of two counts of sale of controlled substance, all to run consecutively, did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment, given defendant’s extensive juvenile record that began when he was ten years old. Herring v. State, 691 So. 2d 948, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 37 (Miss. 1997).

No minimum sentence exists for crime of conspiracy. Simpson v. State, 678 So. 2d 712, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 413 (Miss. 1996).

Defendant could not be sentenced to greater penalty than 5 years and/or $5,000 fine as allowed under general conspiracy statutory provision, and could not be sentenced for conspiracy as first-offender to sell greater than one ounce but less than one kilogram of marijuana, despite defendant’s involvement in sale of more than one ounce but less than one kilogram of marijuana, where indictment as to charged conspiracy was silent as to quantity of marijuana involved. Clubb v. State, 672 So. 2d 1201, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 143 (Miss. 1996).

Section41-29-139(a)(1) is merely the provision that defines the prohibitive acts and §41-29-139(b)(1) is the sentencing provision for subsection (a); the penalty section for a violation of section (a)(1) is in section (b)(1). The discrepancy in the code section is due to the fact that the conspiracy statute section dealing with enhanced sentencing for controlled substances–this section–directly refers to the sentencing provision under §41-29-139. Thus, a sentence of 20 years imprisonment with 5 years suspended and a fine of $10,658.50 did not exceed that provided for in this section where the defendant was convicted of conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to sell, barter, transfer or distribute, since this section provides for a fine not to exceed $500,000 and/or imprisonment for not more than 20 years where the crime conspired to be committed is a violation of §41-29-139(b)(1). Lane v. State, 562 So. 2d 1235, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 234 (Miss. 1990).

Trial court’s imposition of 10 year prison sentence and a $10,000 fine on a defendant convicted of conspiracy to sell cocaine, who contended that he had had an opportunity to plead guilty to the charge for which he was convicted, and in return receive a recommendation for a 3 year sentence with no fine, was not a proscribed enhancement of sentence because defendant exercised his right to a jury trial where the record reflected that the trial judge, who was unaware of the guilty plea negotiation, remained circumspect and unbiased. Temple v. State, 498 So. 2d 379, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2834 (Miss. 1986).

20. Sentencing.

In a case where defendant was convicted of several crimes relating to the arson and burglary of a residence, his double jeopardy rights were not violated due to the fact that some of the elements of the crimes overlapped; each of the crimes involved required proof of an additional fact that the other did not. McCollins v. State, 952 So. 2d 305, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 167 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Trial court did not err by imposing sentences of five years for conspiracy, 25 years for burglary of a dwelling, five years for grand larceny, and 20 years for first degree arson, as these were all the maximum sentences allowed for these crimes. McCollins v. State, 952 So. 2d 305, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 167 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Appellate court affirmed the denial of an inmate’s motion for post-conviction relief on the grounds that her sentences were excessive as the sentences imposed for her conviction for Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-1 were within the statutory range. Lee v. State, 918 So. 2d 87, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 23 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Where defendant was convicted for conspiracy to commit grand larceny based on evidence that he and a conspirator attempted to remove tires from a vehicle in a car lot at two o’clock in the morning, the trial court properly sentenced defendant to five years, with three suspended. His sentence was clearly within statutory limits and not disproportionate to the crimes for which he was convicted. Brownlee v. State, 912 So. 2d 1000, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 187 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Where appellant pled guilty to the armed robbery of a fast food restaurant, and his accomplice pled guilty to conspiracy to commit armed robbery for driving the “getaway car;” the trial court did not err in sentencing appellant to seven years while his accomplice only received an effective sentence of one year. The men performed different tasks in the crime. Edmond v. State, 906 So. 2d 798, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1135 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Maximum sentence allowed by law for conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine is 20 years in prison and a fine of $ 500,000. Hence, defendant’s sentence of 20 years in prison, with 12 years suspended and five years of post-release supervision, upon his plea of guilty to conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine, did not exceed the statutory minimum punishment. Sweat v. State, 910 So. 2d 12, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1110 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), aff'd in part and rev'd in part, 912 So. 2d 458, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 661 (Miss. 2005).

Defendant’s sentence after pleading guilty to one count of sale of a controlled substance and one count of conspiracy was proper where his sentence was only one-fifth of the maximum permitted, Miss. Code Ann. §§41-29-139(b)(1),97-1-1(h); further, he failed to object to the sentence imposed upon him by the trial court and was attempting to attack his conspiracy and sale convictions in one post-conviction filing that was not permitted, Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-9(2), therefore, his claim was not properly presented and was procedurally barred. McMinn v. State, 867 So. 2d 268, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 187 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Criminal conspiracy between spouses. 46 A.L.R.2d 1275.

Conviction or acquittal of attempt to commit particular crime as bar to prosecution for conspiracy to commit same crime, or vice versa. 53 A.L.R.2d 622.

When does statute of limitations begin to run against civil action or criminal prosecution for conspiracy. 62 A.L.R.2d 1369.

Criminal conspiracies as to gambling. 91 A.L.R.2d 1148.

Admissibility of statements of coconspirators made after termination of conspiracy and outside accused’s presence. 4 A.L.R.3d 671.

Jurisdiction to prosecute conspirator who was not in state at time of substantive criminal act, for offense committed pursuant to conspiracy. 5 A.L.R.3d 887.

Impossibility of consummation of substantive crime as defense in criminal prosecution for conspiracy or attempt to commit crime. 37 A.L.R.3d 375.

Necessity and sufficiency of independent evidence of conspiracy to allow admission of extrajudicial statements of coconspirators. 46 A.L.R.3d 1148.

Criminal conspiracy between spouses. 74 A.L.R.3d 838.

When statute of limitations begins to run on charge of obstructing justice or of conspiring to do so. 77 A.L.R.3d 725.

Antagonistic defenses as ground for separate trials of codefendants in criminal case. 82 A.L.R.3d 245.

Right of defendants in prosecution for criminal conspiracy to separate trials. 82 A.L.R.3d 366.

Prosecution or conviction of one conspirator as affected by disposition of case against coconspirators. 19 A.L.R.4th 192.

Criminal liability under state laws in connection with application for, or receipt of, public welfare payments. 22 A.L.R.4th 534.

Adverse presumption or inference based on failure to produce or examine codefendant or accomplice who is not on trial–modern criminal cases. 76 A.L.R.4th 812.

Criminality of act of directing to, or recommending, source from which illegal drugs may be purchased. 34 A.L.R.5th 125.

Am. Jur.

16 Am. Jur. 2d, Conspiracy §§ 1, 2, 3, 5.

7 Am. Jur. Pl & Pr Forms (Rev), Conspiracy, Forms 1 et seq. (general); Forms 11 et seq. (particular conspiracies).

8 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d, Withdrawal from or Abandonment of Criminal Enterprise, §§ 6 et seq. (proof of defendant’s withdrawal from and abandonment of criminal enterprise).

49 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 473, Civil Conspiracy to Deny First-Party Insurance Benefits.

50 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 455, Tortious Interference with Employment Relationship.

20 Am. Jur. Trials, handling the defense in a conspiracy prosecution, §§ 1 et seq.

CJS.

15A C.J.S., Conspiracy §§ 94-96, 98-102, 104.

Practice References.

Paul Marcus, Prosecution and Defense of Criminal Conspiracy Cases (Matthew Bender).

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

Cross References —

Requirements of certain contracts being in writing, see §15-3-1.

Person acting as agent in effecting sale of liquor, see §97-31-29.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

2. Misdemeanors.

3. Participation.

4. Defenses.

5. Evidence.

6. Instructions.

7. Conviction.

1. In general.

Whether defendant was classified as an accessory before the fact or an aider and abettor to the gunman was irrelevant where his role was tantamount to that of the principal; therefore, there was no error in the sentence that was given based on his guilty plea for murder. Walton v. State, 752 So. 2d 452, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 692 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Defendant’s role in murder was the same as role of principal, whether he was accessory before the fact or accomplice, aiding and abetting principal. Pleasant v. State, 701 So. 2d 799, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 534 (Miss. 1997).

Adequate, credible, and substantial evidence supported defendant’s capital murder conviction; there was substantial, credible evidence defendants intended to rob convenience store, even if jury found there was not enough evidence to prove underlying crime of armed robbery, jury was instructed on lesser-included offense of simple murder, and defendant could be convicted as a principal whether characterized as accessory before the fact or accomplice. Pleasant v. State, 701 So. 2d 799, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 534 (Miss. 1997).

Accessory to any felony before the fact is a principal and may be convicted as principal in indictment charging him or her as principal. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

The primary distinction between an accessory-before-the-fact and an aider and abettor is the actual or constructive presence of the party. If a person was actually or constructively present at the offense, due to his or her participation he or she is an aider and abettor. If he or she was not present, he or she is an accessory-before-the-fact. Sayles v. State, 552 So. 2d 1383, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 472 (Miss. 1989).

One of the critical distinctions between being an accessory before and after the fact is whether the felony is complete at the time assistance is rendered. One is an accessory before the fact when assistance is rendered the principal before the felony is completed in order to help the principal in the commission or completion of the offense; this would include entering into a pre-arranged plan for escape of the principals. An accessory before the fact necessarily participates in the design of the felony while an accessory after the fact is a person assisting one, who has completed the commission of a felony, to avoid being apprehended, arrested, convicted, etc. Gangl v. State, 539 So. 2d 132, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 93 (Miss. 1989).

The requirements of this section, were not incorporated into former §23-9-703 but, instead, former §23-9-703 created a separate offense of vote fraud. Van Buren v. State, 498 So. 2d 1224, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2858 (Miss. 1986).

A defendant who was not indicted for aiding and abetting the crime of vote fraud but, rather, was indicted for vote fraud for aiding, abetting or assisting or causing a named voter to violate the provisions of former §23-9-605(2), was indicted as a principal. Van Buren v. State, 498 So. 2d 1224, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2858 (Miss. 1986).

Status as either accessory before fact or principal to crime is distinction without difference. State v. Peoples, 481 So. 2d 1069, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2337 (Miss. 1986).

In a prosecution for sale of marijuana, the trial court properly permitted the state to try the case as a “conspiracy” without stating that word in the indictment, where it was clear from the indictment that all three indictees were indicted as principals in the offense, within the meaning of this section, and where it was clear from the record that there was sufficient evidence to convict all three co-indictees as principals in the crime. Sanders v. State, 439 So. 2d 1271, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2979 (Miss. 1983).

In a prosecution for false pretenses, the trial court properly refused to quash the indictment, despite defendant’s contention that the indictment charged only conspiracy, a crime not excepted from the two year statute of limitations, and that the prosecution was thus barred; conspiracy is a complete offense in itself and does not merge with the underlying crime, and the fact that a conspiracy is committed along with the crime does not change the nature of the offense nor lessen exposure to punishment. Furthermore, the prosecution was not time barred even though defendant was charged with being an accessory only, which is a separate crime not excepted from the statute, since an accessory before the fact to an excepted felony is treated as a principal. Harrigill v. State, 381 So. 2d 619, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 1887 (Miss.), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 939, 100 S. Ct. 2159, 64 L. Ed. 2d 792, 1980 U.S. LEXIS 1596 (U.S. 1980).

A man who agreed to purchase goods which others intended to steal, who supplied a tractor to be used during the theft, who was not present during the commission of the crime, but who received stolen goods, could be convicted both as an accessory before the fact and as a receiver of stolen property. Knowles v. State, 341 So. 2d 913, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 2283 (Miss. 1977).

Where three teenagers were actively engaged in committing the felony of stealing guns, and where their sole purpose at the time of the accidental shooting of one of them was to finish the job by hiding the guns, the three were jointly and collectively engaged in the commission of a criminal act and all had to bear equal responsibility for what happened, so that the injured one could not recover in damages from the other two, each being a principal to the act. Parkinson v. Williamson, 262 So. 2d 777, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1324 (Miss. 1972).

To convict under this section [Code 1942, § 1995] it is necessary to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the alleged crime has actually been committed and that accused aided and abetted its commission. Smith v. State, 237 Miss. 498, 115 So. 2d 318, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 496 (Miss. 1959).

In prosecution for grand larceny of articles which accused alleged to have been given them by wife of victim so that they could assist her in eloping, whether it was crime for wife to steal from husband held immaterial, since accused if they assisted in theft were principals and not accessories, regardless of whether other person was responsible. Tatum v. State, 171 Miss. 336, 157 So. 892, 1934 Miss. LEXIS 263 (Miss. 1934).

What constitutes “aiding and abetting” in commission of crime stated. Crawford v. State, 133 Miss. 147, 97 So. 534, 1923 Miss. LEXIS 124 (Miss. 1923).

Party actually committing felony must be proved guilty before evidence of guilt of accessories admissible. Osborne v. State, 99 Miss. 410, 55 So. 52, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 33 (Miss. 1910).

One aiding and abetting offense is indictable as principal. Kittrell v. State, 89 Miss. 666, 42 So. 609, 1906 Miss. LEXIS 66 (Miss. 1906).

One who aids, assists and encourages a murder is a principal and not an accessory, and his guilt in no wise depends upon the guilt or innocence, the conviction or acquittal of any other alleged participant in the crime. Dean v. State, 85 Miss. 40, 37 So. 501, 1904 Miss. LEXIS 133 (Miss. 1904).

2. Misdemeanors.

In misdemeanors, all who aid, incite, participate or abet the commission of such crime, as well as those who perpetrate the crime are guilty as principals and it is not necessary that a person convicted of such misdemeanor be present at the commission of the crime. State v. Labella, 232 So. 2d 354, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1620 (Miss. 1970).

There are no accessories in misdemeanors, but all who aid in and incite their commission are principals. Johns v. State, 78 Miss. 663, 29 So. 401, 1900 Miss. LEXIS 153 (Miss. 1900); State v. Treweilder, 103 Miss. 859, 60 So. 1015, 1912 Miss. LEXIS 241 (Miss. 1912).

3. Participation.

Defendant’s actions in referring the deceased for silicone injections for a buttocks enhancement were inconsistent with putting defendant on the path of conscious and wanton or reckless disregard of the possibilities of fatal consequences to others as the result of the willful creation of an unreasonable risk, as she did not jointly engage in administering the silicone injections, and thus, defendant was not an accessory before the fact. Stewart v. State, 211 So.3d 724, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 344 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. denied, 209 So.3d 431, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 48 (Miss. 2017).

If the jury believed all of the testimony offered by the first witness, including defendant’s confession to which she testified, then there was sufficient evidence to support a finding that defendant was the principal in the robbery and murder of the victim; if the jury chose to disregard the confession and believe only the testimony of the second witness regarding the bloody clothes and the testimony of the first witness regarding what she overheard about the planning of the crime, then the evidence was sufficient to support an accomplice jury instruction and defendant’s conviction for capital murder as a principal under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-3. Johnson v. State, 956 So. 2d 358, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 333 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Where the victim testified that defendant directed the victim’s attackers away from the victim’s brother-in-law and towards the victim and that after the attack the victim heard, one of the attackers ask defendant for payment, there was sufficient evidence to find that defendant was an accessory before the fact under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-3. Brown v. State, 864 So. 2d 1009, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 55 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant was indicted as a principal on a charge of capital murder where defendant provided the gun and discussed robbing the taxi driver before the fact, and as an indicted principal, defendant faced the same possible punishment as the person who did the actual killing; had defendant gone to trial on the capital murder charge, defendant would have faced the potential imposition of a death penalty. Bolton v. State, 831 So. 2d 1184, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 693 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

Defendant who willingly participated in a bank robbery by driving the robbers to the bank, waiting outside while the robbery was committed, and serving as the get-away driver was properly sentenced for armed robbery pursuant to defendant’s guilty plea and did not have to be sentenced as an accessory. McCuiston v. State, 791 So. 2d 315, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 291 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

One who is an accessory before the fact or one who aids and abets necessarily enters into an agreement that an unlawful act will be done; he participates in the design of the crime. Malone v. State, 486 So. 2d 360, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2419 (Miss. 1986).

Defendant was properly convicted of selling more than one kilogram of marijuana to an undercover agent, even though he did not personally deliver the marijuana to the agent, where the proof showed his participation as an accessory before the fact, thus rendering him subject to indictment and punishment as a principal. McGowan v. State, 375 So. 2d 987, 1979 Miss. LEXIS 2415 (Miss. 1979).

Appellant was properly convicted of rape where the evidence showed that while he did not himself commit the sex act, he was armed with a gun and was effectively instrumental in forcing the prosecutrix to submit to the advances of another and thereby aided, assisted and abetted the commission of the rape. Pilcher v. State, 296 So. 2d 682, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1527 (Miss. 1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 938, 95 S. Ct. 1149, 43 L. Ed. 2d 415, 1975 U.S. LEXIS 702 (U.S. 1975).

Where the evidence proved a combination or conspiracy entered into by the defendant and others to commit armed robbery, and the victim was thereafter shot to death by a codefendant at a time when all conspirators were present and each was doing his or her assigned part in the conspiracy to rob, the defendant became an accessory to armed robbery before the fact, and under the specific provisions of Code 1942, § 1995 was deemed and considered a principal so that every essential element of the crime of murder listed in Code 1942, § 2215 was proved by the state against the defendant. Alexander v. State, 250 So. 2d 629, 1971 Miss. LEXIS 1185 (Miss. 1971).

A defendant who was shown by testimony to have induced another to forge the name of the payee on a check, was not entitled to acquittal of the forgery charged in the indictment on the theory that the indictment did not inform the defendant that he was being tried as an accessory before the fact of forgery, since, as an accessory before the fact, the defendant was considered a principal under Code 1942, § 1995. Bell v. State, 255 So. 2d 325, 1971 Miss. LEXIS 1288 (Miss. 1971).

One who instigates a theft of specific property on his behalf, though not present, is liable as a principal. James v. State, 248 Miss. 777, 160 So. 2d 695, 1964 Miss. LEXIS 303 (Miss. 1964).

One who was present and initiated the pointing of a gun at another was a principal. Hathorn v. State, 246 Miss. 135, 149 So. 2d 845, 1963 Miss. LEXIS 429 (Miss. 1963).

A father pursued by a patrolman because of driving without lights is properly convicted of negligent manslaughter where he instructed his 16-year-old son to drive as fast as possible and not stop, and the car struck another. Griffin v. State, 242 Miss. 376, 135 So. 2d 198, 1961 Miss. LEXIS 572 (Miss. 1961).

One may be convicted as accessory to a burglary at which he was not present, if he was party to a design to commit it. Kennard v. State, 242 Miss. 691, 128 So. 2d 572, 1961 Miss. LEXIS 596 (Miss.), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 869, 82 S. Ct. 111, 7 L. Ed. 2d 66, 1961 U.S. LEXIS 791 (U.S. 1961).

Aiding and abetting involves some participation in the criminal act and this may be evidenced by some word, act or deed. West v. State, 233 Miss. 730, 103 So. 2d 437, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss. 1958).

Where the accused was present at the taking and participated in the asportation and where he was in the company of his co-indictees practically all the night of the larceny, he was an accessory. Hollis v. State, 221 Miss. 677, 74 So. 2d 747, 1954 Miss. LEXIS 577 (Miss. 1954).

Where two or more persons act in concert to accomplish the common purpose of robbery, the act of one in taking the property is the act of all. Noble v. State, 221 Miss. 339, 72 So. 2d 687, 1954 Miss. LEXIS 543 (Miss. 1954).

In order to be guilty of robbery, one need not necessarily be present at the commission of the crime, and persons absent from the scene of the robbery may be liable to prosecution therefore if they were particeps criminis before or after the commission of robbery. Noble v. State, 221 Miss. 339, 72 So. 2d 687, 1954 Miss. LEXIS 543 (Miss. 1954).

Where the indictment charged burglary but the evidence, chiefly circumstantial, indicated that the defendant was at least an accessory, the defendant was liable as principal. Wages v. State, 210 Miss. 187, 49 So. 2d 246, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 335 (Miss. 1950).

One who drives his car to seed house door, after midnight, and assists in loading fertilizer in car after two other persons have unlocked door, entered seed house and brought fertilizer to door, is actually present, aiding, abetting, and participating in theft of fertilizer and is principally guilty of larceny and not of receiving stolen property. Thomas v. State, 205 Miss. 653, 39 So. 2d 272, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 456 (Miss. 1949).

A taxicab driver who, without knowledge of the larcenous intent of his passengers, drove them to the scene of their burglary and drove them away after being advised of their true completed mission was not an accessory before the fact. Mullen v. State, 202 Miss. 795, 32 So. 2d 874, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 341 (Miss. 1947).

Under statutes, assistance rendered principal before felony is completed to avoid arrest therefor makes person rendering assistance an “accessory before and not after the fact.” Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Accessory before fact to robbery is indictable and punishable as principal in county wherein robbery was consummated, though not in such county at time. Watson v. State, 166 Miss. 194, 146 So. 122, 1933 Miss. LEXIS 335 (Miss. 1933).

Each person present consenting to and doing any act leading to commission of crime is principal. Moore v. State, 91 Miss. 250, 44 So. 817, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 148 (Miss. 1907).

4. Defenses.

A defendant was not immune from prosecution under §97-3-99 for a sexual battery on his wife committed by another person, even though he may have been immune from prosecution had he alone committed the battery; §97-3-99 did not give the defendant immunity since the sexual battery was committed by someone else and the defendant had aided and abetted its commission. Davis v. State, 611 So. 2d 906, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 802 (Miss. 1992).

5. Evidence.

Evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault because rational jurors could find that defendant acted in concert with his father to commit the assault; though defendant never specifically admitted that he encouraged or asked the father to shoot the victim, the evidence permitted a reasonable inference that he encouraged the father to do so, and the evidence indicated that defendant personally continued the assault and ultimately stabbed the victim to death. Pointer v. State, 202 So.3d 210, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 567 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Evidence was sufficient to establish defendant’s guilt of conspiracy because the evidence showed that defendant – knowing of the plan to rob the bank – drove the co-defendant’s to the bank, waited for them outside, and then served as the getaway driver. Glenn v. State, 996 So. 2d 148, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 584 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Defendant’s claim that the State had failed to prove that he had acted as an aider and abetter was without merit where the law was clear that any person who was present at the commission of a criminal offense and aided, counseled, or encouraged another in the commission of that offense was an aider and a better and was equally guilty with the principal offender; the State presented evidence that defendant was present during the commission of the crime and actively assisted codefendant in the commission of the crime. Schankin v. State, 910 So. 2d 1113, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 169 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 920 So. 2d 1008, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 566 (Miss. 2005).

A murder defendant’s actions met the requirements for aiding and abetting, and therefore her conviction for murder would be affirmed, where she was present when her boyfriend shot the victim, she arranged for the victim to be at the location of the killing, she testified that she suspected trouble when she saw her boyfriend arrive with a gun, she admitted that she did nothing while her boyfriend stood talking with the victim for approximately 30 minutes, and there was testimony that she knew of the plan to kill the victim. Swinford v. State, 653 So. 2d 912, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 1995).

The evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of accessory before the fact of sale of cocaine where the defendant approached a vehicle that an undercover agent and an informant were driving, and told them that they were late and the cocaine had been “sent back,” but to wait and someone would “take care” of them. It was not necessary for the prosecution to prove that the defendant exercised dominion and control over the cocaine or that he personally profited from its sale. Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 1340, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 832 (Miss. 1990).

The evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for armed robbery as an accessory before the fact where none of the witnesses who testified at trial saw the defendant prior to or during the armed robbery, the first time anyone saw the defendant was approximately 20 minutes after the commission of the armed robbery, and there was no evidence showing that the defendant was aware of his companions’ activities prior to the actual commission of the armed robbery and no reasonable inference from other evidence to show any such knowledge by the defendant. Gangl v. State, 612 So. 2d 333, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 562 (Miss. 1992).

The evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of the defendant for aiding and abetting his brother in the sale of cocaine, despite the defendant’s defense that he had no idea what was happening though he was present during the sale, where the defendant drove his brother to meet a confidential informant and 2 undercover narcotics agents for the purpose of making the sale of cocaine, the defendant then drove his brother to another location where he remained with the informant and the two agents while his brother went to get the cocaine, and the defendant was present when his brother returned and completed the sale. Gowdy v. State, 592 So. 2d 29, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 841 (Miss. 1991).

Jury verdict finding defendant guilty of armed robbery as an accessory before the fact was amply supported by testimony of state’s principal witness, the person who actually assaulted and wrestled jewels from the victim, that defendant masterminded the crime, which testimony was corroborated by another witness, and by testimony of the defendant placing himself with the co-defendants before the fact and with the stolen jewels on the evening of the crime. Malone v. State, 486 So. 2d 360, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2419 (Miss. 1986).

Evidence that defendant was aware of possibility that future sale of narcotics would be made is insufficient to render defendant criminally accountable as principal in sale of substance. Clemons v. State, 482 So. 2d 1102, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2356 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence in the record that established that the defendant participated in the advance planning of the robbery of the victim, furnished codefendant the knife used in the murder, and that, after the victim had been killed, he took charge of dividing the “take” and assisted in disposing of the body, was sufficient to support a conviction under this section. Fairchild v. State, 459 So. 2d 793, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1983 (Miss. 1984).

Although defendant may very well have been an accessory after the fact under §97-1-5, the state never made a jury issue that he was engaged in a conspiracy under §97-1-1, where he had been trying to extricate his brother and a very good friend when he violated the law by possessing and transporting marijuana. Kennedy v. State, 454 So. 2d 495, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 2091 (Miss. 1984).

Evidence that the defendant in a prosecution for robbery of a jewelry store had accompanied the principal when he robbed the store and that, upon the return of an employee to the store, the defendant had stated “there she is”, established the defendant’s participation as a full-fledged accessory in the crime despite her contention that she had not exhibited a pistol, made any threats, or participated in tying up the employees. Sanders v. State, 403 So. 2d 1288, 1981 Miss. LEXIS 2191 (Miss. 1981).

Within the purview of this section defendant was at least an accessory before the fact to murder and as such was subject to indictment and punishment as a principal where defendant had given two confessions, revealing that he had been drinking alcoholic beverages at the time of the murder, admitting going in the murder victim’s house, and giving conflicting statements as to whether anyone else had accompanied him and as to whether or not he had shot the victims. Lee v. State, 338 So. 2d 395, 1976 Miss. LEXIS 1623 (Miss. 1976).

In a prosecution for murder growing out of a shootout between police officers and the defendant and others, evidence that the defendant had an opportunity to give himself up but chose not to do so and that he fired upon the officers was sufficient to bring defendant within the purview of this section [Code 1972, §97-1-3]. James v. State, 307 So. 2d 549, 1975 Miss. LEXIS 1823 (Miss.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 848, 96 S. Ct. 88, 46 L. Ed. 2d 70, 1975 U.S. LEXIS 2560 (U.S. 1975).

In a prosecution for setting fire to a field, where the defendant was tried as a principal on a theory that he was an accessory before the fact, but the only evidence of his participation in the crime consisted in the fact that he was observed sitting with another in an automobile stopped adjacent to a field which two other men were in the act of firing, and when someone gave an order to put out the fire, the two young men returned to defendant’s car and he drove away, such evidence, while sufficient for submission of the case to the jury, left the defendant’s guilt in such serious doubt that he would be granted a new trial. Russell v. Ralston Purina Co., 234 So. 2d 50, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1398 (Miss. 1970).

Where it was shown that the defendant was an accessory before the fact, and as such, a principal, evidence as to the act of his companion at the time the victim was shot was admissible against the defendant in a prosecution for intentionally pointing and aiming a pistol and wounding the victim. Blackwell v. State, 231 So. 2d 790, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1608 (Miss.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 848, 91 S. Ct. 43, 27 L. Ed. 2d 86, 1970 U.S. LEXIS 1188 (U.S. 1970).

Where an accused admitted that he drove three companions in his automobile to a service station, and then drove the car away after the companions broke into the station and took several cartons of cigarettes and other items, the evidence was sufficient to support his conviction of burglary, since any person acting with others in the commission of a crime and aiding and abetting therein is responsible as a principal for the offense. Bass v. State, 231 So. 2d 495, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1594 (Miss. 1970).

6. Instructions.

Circuit court could have reasonably held that its accessory before the fact instruction was supported by portions of defendant’s statement to the police and his trial testimony since the jury could reject any or all parts of a witness’s testimony; defendant’s own statement provided an adequate evidentiary basis for the instruction, and it would not have been unreasonable to find him guilty of two murders as an accessory before the fact. Taylor v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 176 (Miss. Ct. App. May 12, 2020).

Defendant was not erroneously convicted of aggravated assault because the evidence supported the giving by the trial judge of an accomplice-liability jury instruction, given the conflicting testimony as to whether defendant or another person with defendant shot the victim, and the instruction did not constructively amend the indictment. Moreover, the trial judge did abuse the judge’s discretion in additionally giving a cautionary instruction as to accomplice testimony. Jones v. State, 238 So.3d 1235, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 408 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. denied, 237 So.3d 1269, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 148 (Miss. 2018).

At defendant’s trial for capital murder during the commission of a robbery, defendant was not entitled to a lesser-offense instruction of accessory-after-the-fact; the proposed instruction lacked an evidentiary basis. Defendant said that he became uncomfortable about the incident only later that evening, but remained unaware that any felony had been committed; therefore, he could not be an accessory under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-3. Dampier v. State, 973 So. 2d 221, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 57 (Miss. 2008).

Three defendants’ capital-murder convictions were appropriate because, although a limiting instruction given to the jury regarding confessions by defendants was not sufficient, no prejudice or manifest injustice resulted as to any defendant; each of the defendants gave sufficient evidence of his individual participation in the robbery of a gun store in his separate statements to support a capital-murder charge. Anderson v. State, 5 So.3d 1088, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 677 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 171 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 184 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 177 (Miss. 2009).

Language of Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-3, as well as the holdings of the appellate court and the supreme court interpreting and applying that provision, provide sufficient notice to felony defendants that although they may be indicted as a principal, a jury instruction based on accomplice liability is proper provided that the evidence presented supports the instruction given; thus, defendant could not claim prejudice by a jury instruction that properly instructed the jury in accordance with Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-3 simply because the indictment did not contain any allegations regarding accomplice liability. Johnson v. State, 956 So. 2d 358, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 333 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Where defendant was charged as a principal in a drug charge and the evidence showed that defendant had acted as an accessory before the fact, a jury instruction for accessory was properly given under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-3, even though defendant was not charged as an accessory. Pratt v. State, 870 So. 2d 1241, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 273 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Jury instruction stating that “each person present at the time of, or consenting to and encouraging, aiding or assisting in any material manner in the commission of a crime, or knowingly and wilfully doing any act which is an ingredient in the crime, is . . . a principal” did not deem mere knowledge or unknowing assistance sufficient to find one guilty; phrase “knowingly and wilfully” contemplated that accused acted with knowledge and deliberation, and assistance in commission of crime had to be major. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

In a prosecution for accessory before the fact of sale of cocaine, an instruction was sufficient to advise the jury that, before it could find the defendant guilty as an accessory before the fact, it also had to find the fact, where the instruction stated that the jury was required to find that the defendant arranged for the sale of cocaine “and that this occurred in Lauderdale County, Mississippi”; although the quoted language intended to address the point of venue, it sufficiently informed the jury that, before convicting, it was required to find that the sale had occurred in fact. Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 1340, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 832 (Miss. 1990).

A jury instruction on accessory before the fact was inadequate where it did not instruct the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the crime was actually committed, but only instructed the jury to determine whether the defendant was an accessory before the fact, leaving them to assume that the occurrence of the crime was an established fact. Wilson v. State, 592 So. 2d 993, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 962 (Miss. 1991).

An instruction in a murder prosecution, in which the defendant was tried as an accessory before the fact, stating that “even if the defendant was frightened, coerced, or forced, such is not to be considered by you and is no defense in this case” was erroneous. To be convicted as an accessory, the defendant must possess the mens rea for the commission of the crime, and the precise state of mind of the defendant has great significance in determining the degree of his or her guilt; an accomplice may be convicted of accomplice liability only for those crimes as to which he or she personally has the requisite mental state. The cumulative effect of the instruction was that the defendant was guilty of murder regardless of his mental state; the instruction affirmatively negated the mens rea requirement and should not have been given. Welch v. State, 566 So. 2d 680, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 152 (Miss. 1990).

In a prosecution for being an accessory before the fact of armed robbery, use of terms usually associated with “conspiracy” in one of the state’s instructions was not fatal, especially where any alleged deficiency in the matter of advising the jury of the concepts of aiding and abetting and specific intent was cured by 2 other instructions, as the reviewing court does not examine jury instructions in isolation but, rather, reads all instructions as a whole to determine whether the jury has been correctly instructed. Malone v. State, 486 So. 2d 360, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2419 (Miss. 1986).

Use of the word “conspiracy” to label certain criminal conduct does not preclude use of the verb “to conspire” and the noun “conspiracy” to connote the sort of participation and involvement in the planning of a crime which is at least in part requisite to being guilty as an accessory before the fact. Malone v. State, 486 So. 2d 360, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2419 (Miss. 1986).

Where there was testimony showing that three persons including the accused, acted in concert in committing a robbery, each was responsible and accountable for the wrongful actions of the other two, including the use of a knife during the armed robbery by one of the codefendants, and the trial court was justified in refusing an unarmed robbery instruction requested by the defendant, who did not himself use a knife during the incident. Ivey v. State, 232 So. 2d 368, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1626 (Miss. 1970).

In a prosecution for intentionally pointing and aiming a pistol and wounding the victim, an instruction was proper which permitted the jury to convict the defendant if they should find that he himself fired the shot that wounded the victim, or if the shot was fired by the defendant’s companion at that time, where the defendant was an accessory before the fact and, as such, a principal. Blackwell v. State, 231 So. 2d 790, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1608 (Miss.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 848, 91 S. Ct. 43, 27 L. Ed. 2d 86, 1970 U.S. LEXIS 1188 (U.S. 1970).

Where the accused was prosecuted under an indictment charging him, jointly with two others, with murder, accused’s tendered instruction that since he was charged by the indictment with the killing of the deceased with malice aforethought with a certain gun, unless the state had proved the charge beyond all reasonable doubt, the jury should find the defendant not guilty, was properly refused, since it was not supported by the evidence and was contrary to the provisions of this section Code 1942, § 1995. West v. State, 233 Miss. 730, 103 So. 2d 437, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss. 1958).

Where accused was prosecuted under an indictment charging him, jointly with two others, with murder, state’s instruction that if one of the others murdered the deceased, and accused, without being forced or coerced, transported the others in his automobile to where they obtained rifles, knowing full well that the others intended to murder deceased, and aided, assisted and encouraged them therein, the accused was guilty as charged, was not erroneous. West v. State, 233 Miss. 730, 103 So. 2d 437, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss. 1958).

In a prosecution for grand larceny an instruction to the jury that if the woman and the accused conspired together to steal money and then, pursuant to said conspiracy or agreement, the woman stole the money, then the accused was guilty of grand larceny, was proper. Shedd v. State, 228 Miss. 381, 87 So. 2d 898, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 524 (Miss.), cert. denied, 352 U.S. 944, 77 S. Ct. 262, 1 L. Ed. 2d 237, 1956 U.S. LEXIS 60 (U.S. 1956).

In murder prosecution instruction for state that if jury believe from evidence beyond reasonable doubt that defendant did wilfully, unlawfully, feloniously and of his malice aforethought shoot deceased with pistol at time deceased received wounds that caused his death, jury should find defendant guilty even though jury believed that another person was at same time shooting at deceased and jury do not know which person fired shot or shots that actually killed deceased is not objectionable as assuming a conspiracy when evidence shows that defendant was a principal since he was present, aiding and abetting others and evidence is adequate to show defendant guilty individually. Merrell v. State, 39 So. 2d 306 (Miss. 1949); Porter v. State, 39 So. 2d 307 (Miss. 1949).

An instruction in a prosecution for unlawful possession of whiskey, which based defendant’s responsibility upon the relation of master and servant did not misapply the civil doctrine of respondeat superior, but properly recognized that in criminal cases such relationship may constitute both as principals. Grantham v. State, 190 Miss. 887, 2 So. 2d 150, 1941 Miss. LEXIS 106 (Miss. 1941).

Refusal of peremptory instruction and of instruction ignoring law authorizing punishment of persons who are accessories to felony was not error, where evidence showed defendant furnished still used in unlawful manufacture of liquor. Bailey v. State, 143 Miss. 210, 108 So. 497, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 257 (Miss. 1926).

Defendant not present could only be convicted as accessory before the fact; instruction should define accessory before the fact. Williams v. State, 128 Miss. 271, 90 So. 886, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 113 (Miss. 1922).

7. Conviction.

In a prosecution for armed robbery, the defendant was properly convicted as a principal where he had aided and abetted the person who actually robbed the bank in question. Anderson v. State, 397 So. 2d 81, 1981 Miss. LEXIS 1988 (Miss. 1981).

Where the defendants falsely represented to seller of paint that they were working for a certain person and wanted paint purchased charged to his account, the defendants by implication falsely represented that they were authorized to have the paint so charged and where after receiving the paint they deposited it as a security for a loan thereby establishing an intent to defraud, this was sufficient to support conviction of obtaining property by false pretenses. Fortenberry v. State, 213 Miss. 116, 56 So. 2d 56, 1952 Miss. LEXIS 338 (Miss. 1952).

One who steals property, or who is accessory before fact to grand larceny cannot be convicted of receiving, concealing, or aiding in concealing, the property stolen. Thomas v. State, 205 Miss. 653, 39 So. 2d 272, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 456 (Miss. 1949).

Accused indicted as principal may be convicted as accessory before fact. Goss v. State, 205 Miss. 177, 38 So. 2d 700, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 424 (Miss. 1949).

Accessory before the fact may be convicted of higher degree than was party who actually committed the felony, if latter, on trial of former, is shown guilty of higher degree. Fleming v. State, 142 Miss. 872, 108 So. 143, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 1926).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Who other than actor if liable for manslaughter. 95 A.L.R.2d 175.

Criminality of act of directing to, or recommending, source from which illicit drugs may be purchased. 42 A.L.R.3d 1072.

Offense of aiding and abetting illegal possession of drugs or narcotics. 47 A.L.R.3d 1239.

Acquittal of principal, or his conviction of lesser degree of offense, as affecting prosecution of accessory, or aider and abettor. 9 A.L.R.4th 972.

Adverse presumption or inference based on failure to produce or examine codefendant or accomplice who is not on trial–modern criminal cases. 76 A.L.R.4th 812.

Criminality of act of directing to, or recommending, source from which illegal drugs may be purchased. 34 A.L.R.5th 125.

Criminal responsibility under 18 USCS § 2(b) of one who lacks capacity to commit an offense but who causes another to do so. 52 A.L.R. Fed. 769.

Am. Jur.

21 Am. Jur. 2d, Criminal Law § 169.

CJS.

22 C.J.S., Criminal Law §§ 176-178.

Law Reviews.

1979 Mississippi Supreme Court Review: Criminal Law and Procedure. 50 Miss. L. J. 763, December, 1979.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

Amendment Notes —

The 2012 amendment added “custody of the Department of Corrections as follows:” at the end of (1); added (1)(a) and (2); added “of an offense under this section” following “prosecution” at the beginning of (3).

Cross References —

Imposition of standard state assessment in addition to all court imposed fines or other penalties for any felony violation, see §99-19-73.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

2. Evidence; generally.

3. —Sufficiency.

4. Instructions.

1. In general.

Defendant was properly convicted of attempted accessory after the fact and hindering the prosecution because she knew that her passenger had a gun, heard him say that he planned on killing the police officers who had pulled their car over, and when the passenger shot one of the officers, defendant offered him a means of escape, she later gave a false description of the passenger to law enforcement and maintained that she did know his name or whereabouts. Calloway v. State, 281 So.3d 909, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 85 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Because the coconspirator asserted that she had assisted a plea-bargaining defendant involved in this case with covering up the crime, the coconspirator confessed to some elements of acting as an accessory after the fact, but her confession indicated duress, and if true, this asserted a defense to liability; her letters were nothing more than an attempt to exonerate herself from her pending murder charge and place blame elsewhere, and the fact that she may also have implicated herself in a much lesser crime was of no consequence, her statements were not against her penal interest, and they were not admissible. Hartfield v. State, 161 So.3d 125, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 125 (Miss. 2015).

By defendant’s own admission, corroborated by testimony, defendant was a principal to the crime of murder and thus he could not have been at the same time an accessory after the fact under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-5 and defendant was not entitled to an instruction on such. Williams v. State, 994 So. 2d 808, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 183 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 665 (Miss. 2008).

Attorney’s disbarment was appropriate pursuant to Miss. R. Disc. St. Bar 6 because the attorney had pled guilty to the crime of accessory after the fact in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-5 and she had been ordered to voluntarily surrender her license to practice law; all procedural prerequisites had been met and disbarment was required. Miss. Bar v. Smith-Miller, 962 So. 2d 545, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 185 (Miss. 2007).

Where there was a conflict between the sentencing order and the commitment order, the sentencing order that stated that the inmate was to serve three years in prison and two years on supervised release controlled; thus, the five year sentence was valid under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-5 for his conviction of accessory after the fact to murder. Fuller v. State, 914 So. 2d 1230, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 858 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

The indictment for accessory-after-the-fact properly charged defendant with the completed crime for which she was convicted, rather than an attempted crime, because the indictment tracked the language of Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-5 and the use of the language “in an attempt to assist” her son described the mental state required for a conviction of accessory-after-the fact, which was that the defendant acted with “intent to enable” a felon to escape or avoid arrest, trial, conviction or punishment as provided in §97-1-5. There was overwhelming evidence that defendant’s son had committed a felony, that defendant knew her son was wanted by authorities, and that defendant aided her son in evading justice by harboring him and concealing him from law enforcement. Young v. State, 908 So. 2d 819, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 445 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

One cannot be both a principal in the crime and an accessory after the fact. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

One of the critical distinctions between being an accessory before and after the fact is whether the felony is complete at the time assistance is rendered. One is an accessory before the fact when assistance is rendered the principal before the felony is completed in order to help the principal in the commission or completion of the offense; this would include entering into a pre-arranged plan for escape of the principals. An accessory before the fact necessarily participates in the design of the felony while an accessory after the fact is a person assisting one, who has completed the commission of a felony, to avoid being apprehended, arrested, convicted, etc. Gangl v. State, 539 So. 2d 132, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 93 (Miss. 1989).

Under this section, the state must prove (1) that a completed felony has been committed; (2) that the accused concealed, received, relieved, aided or assisted a felon, knowing that such person had committed a felony; and (3) that such aid or assistance was rendered with intent to enable such felon to escape or to avoid arrest, trial, conviction or punishment after the commission of such felony. Redevelopment Authority of Kosciusko v. Sewell, 290 So. 2d 924, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1719 (Miss. 1974).

When one is accused of aiding a felon after the commission of a felony, such felon should be identified, either by name or in some other manner, so the accused might know with certainty the person he is charged with aiding or assisting, and such identity should be set forth in the indictment and proved. Redevelopment Authority of Kosciusko v. Sewell, 290 So. 2d 924, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1719 (Miss. 1974).

Owner of automobile who loaned his automobile to killer and his brother in county of owner’s residence, adjoining county in which killing took place, was not subject to prosecution as an accessory after the fact in county in which killing occurred because killer and his brother, who drove the automobile, thereafter drove through such county on the way to the killer’s home, where, although defendant was aware of the crime, he had no connection therewith, and killer’s brother, in driving the automobile, was not the agent of the owner. Washington v. State, 196 Miss. 293, 17 So. 2d 203, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 189 (Miss. 1944).

A person cannot be both a principal and an accessory after the fact. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Assistance rendered principal before felony is completed to avoid arrest therefor makes person rendering assistance an “accessory before and not after the fact.” Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

One indicted as a participant in or accessory before the fact to a murder cannot be convicted as an accessory after the fact. Harper v. State, 83 Miss. 402, 35 So. 572, 1903 Miss. LEXIS 59 (Miss. 1903).

2. Evidence; generally.

Defendant’s 20-year sentence for attempted accessory after the fact did not create an inference of gross disproportionality under the Eighth Amendment because it clearly fell within the statutory limits and she failed to make a threshold comparison of the crime committed to the sentence imposed. Calloway v. State, 281 So.3d 909, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 85 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Defendant pointed out that he had not taken the victim’s money, rather, that it was a co-defendant who took it, and that the State’s evidence did not introduce him on the scene of the robbery until after it had been completed by his co-defendant. He also argued that the State had failed to prove that the victim had been kidnapped before he was killed, and therefore, the State had failed to prove the corpus delicti of kidnapping; however, considering all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict with respect to the accessory to armed robbery and kidnapping charges, as defendant assisted his co-defendant by holding a gun on the victim’s friend and prevented that friend from assisting the victim or escaping to obtain assistance before the victim was transferred to another location and then repeatedly shot by his co-defendant. Parks v. State, 884 So. 2d 738, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1165 (Miss. 2004).

Defendant pointed out that he had not taken the victim’s money, rather, that it was a co-defendant who took it, and that the State’s evidence did not introduce him on the scene of the robbery until after it had been completed by his co-defendant. He also argued that the State had failed to prove that the victim had been kidnapped before he was killed, and therefore, the State had failed to prove the corpus delicti of kidnapping; however, considering all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict with respect to the accessory to armed robbery and kidnapping charges, as defendant assisted his co-defendant by holding a gun on the victim’s friend and prevented that friend from assisting the victim or escaping to obtain assistance before the victim was transferred to another location and then repeatedly shot by his co-defendant. Parks v. State, 884 So. 2d 738, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1165 (Miss. 2004).

Indictment charging making of lewd suggestion by defendant to victim and violent making of attack or assault upon victim properly charges attempted rape under §97-3-65, rather than assault with intent to rape under §97-3-71, where indictment accurately tracks §97-3-65 by omitting mention of “previous chaste character” and affirmatively asserts “carnally know,” and where, at trial, at specific request of defendant, defendant is informed that prosecution is under § 97-3-65 and defendant makes no objection to being tried under that statute. Harden v. State, 465 So. 2d 321, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1959 (Miss. 1985).

Although defendant may very well have been an accessory after the fact under this section, the state never made a jury issue that he was engaged in a conspiracy under §97-1-1, where he had been trying to extricate his brother and a very good friend when he violated the law by possessing and transporting marijuana. Kennedy v. State, 454 So. 2d 495, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 2091 (Miss. 1984).

In a prosecution for conspiracy to sell heroin, the trial court properly overruled defendant’s plea in bar based on the two year statute of limitations, where defendant was shown to be a conspirator in a drug-selling ring, and where the proof showed that a co-conspirator, tried jointly with defendant, had illegally sold heroin to a narcotics agent within the two-year span prior to the indictment of defendant; once a defendant is established as being a conspirator, he remains a part of the conspiracy until he has extricated himself therefrom by communicating his abandonment in a manner reasonably expected to reach his co-conspirators. Norman v. State, 381 So. 2d 1024, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 1922 (Miss. 1980).

Evidence that defendant was himself a principal in the felonious killing of the woman was not admissible. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Evidence that defendant procured pistol with which woman was killed without knowledge or consent of its owner and gave it to murderer, and that defendant, with knowledge that murderer had killed woman, surreptitiously returned pistol to the place from which he had procured it, was competent as bearing on defendant’s knowledge that murderer had killed woman with the pistol. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Evidence that defendant knew when he gave pistol to murderer that murderer intended to kill woman with pistol was admissible. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Admission of defendant’s confession that he concealed pistol was not error, in view of evidence as to concealment of pistol. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Admission of evidence as to defendant’s burning of overalls worn by murderer at time of killing was not error. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Proof of murder by alleged principal as original proposition, was not error, notwithstanding defendant’s admission of murder by alleged principal. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Evidence that defendant at first denied any knowledge of murder when questioned by police shortly thereafter, and that he subsequently admitted that he was present and saw the murder, was not admissible where defendant was charged with the homicide at time of questioning. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

3. —Sufficiency.

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of being an accessory after the fact to the murder of the victim and the conviction was not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence because defendant assisted two individuals to avoid arrest after the commission of a felony, at a time when she well knew that the individuals had committed the crime of murder, by transporting the individuals to locations outside of the county to a safe location with the intent to enable them to avoid arrest and prosecution for the murder of the victim; and an investigator told the jury that defendant gave no aid to the police throughout the entirety of their investigation. Thompson v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 97 (Miss. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2020).

Defendant’s conviction for being an accessory after the fact to her husband’s crime of statutory rape by assisting her daughter in obtaining an abortion was appropriate because defendant had concealed, received, relieved, aided, or assisted her husband and those actions were sufficient under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-5 to support the conviction. Sherron v. State, 959 So. 2d 30, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 832 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 958 So. 2d 1232, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 375 (Miss. 2007).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for accessory-after-the-fact of the crime of possession of marijuana with intent to distribute pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-5 where the evidence showed that defendant failed to call police as she had been instructed if her son, who was wanted on a marijuana conviction, returned to her home, and she failed to answer the door when police came back to the house and found defendant’s son inside. There was overwhelming evidence that defendant’s son had committed a felony, that defendant knew her son was wanted by authorities, and that defendant aided her son in evading justice by harboring him and concealing him from law enforcement. Young v. State, 908 So. 2d 819, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 445 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Because the evidence showed that defendant accompanied others in retrieving stolen property and disposing of it, there was sufficient evidence to support defendant’s conviction of accessory after the fact to burglary. Martin v. State, 834 So. 2d 727, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 7 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

The evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of accessory after the fact of robbery where the defendant was a part of the robbery plans in the beginning, she kept and provided the get-away automobile after the bank was robbed but before the active robbers had completed their flight, and she gave orders to her confederates after all of them were apprehended. Harrell v. State, 583 So. 2d 963, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 457 (Miss. 1991).

A jury would have been warranted in finding the defendant guilty as an accessory after the fact to burglary or larceny, but not as a principal to burglary, where the defendant was present at the time of the burglary of a store but neither assisted nor encouraged the perpetrator of the burglary by any word or act to commit the crime. Smith v. State, 523 So. 2d 1028, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 190 (Miss. 1988).

Evidence was sufficient to support guilty verdict of accessory after the fact of larceny where defendant assisted in disposition of items of personal property taken in course of burglary. Buckley v. State, 511 So. 2d 1354, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2646 (Miss. 1987).

Facts and circumstances known to accused at time of his arrest while aiding in transportation of stolen tires, were insufficient to support conclusion that he knew a felony had been committed or that he was assisting the felon (whoever he might have been) dispose of tires. Redevelopment Authority of Kosciusko v. Sewell, 290 So. 2d 924, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1719 (Miss. 1974).

State must prove that the alleged principal feloniously killed the woman and that thereafter the defendant, with actual knowledge thereof, committed specific acts with intent thereby to enable the alleged principal to escape or to avoid arrest, trial, conviction, or punishment. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

Whether murder by alleged principal should be proved as original proposition in prosecution for statutory offense of being accessory after the fact to a murder, wherein defendant admitted murder by alleged principal, rested in trial court’s sound discretion, which would not be interfered with in absence of manifest abuse. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

4. Instructions.

Circuit court did not err when it refused a proposed accessory after the fact instruction because there was no evidence that defendant acted to help an accomplice avoid being punished for killing the victim as the accomplice testified that defendant shot the victim twice in the back, but defendant chose not to testify. Leagea v. State, 138 So.3d 184, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 692 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), cert. denied, 139 So.3d 74, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 251 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant juvenile was not entitled to an accessory-after-the-fact instruction since defendant’s involvement in the underlying robbery began earlier in the day when the group decided to go “hit a lick” and headed to the gas station where the victim was killed. Hye v. State, 162 So.3d 818, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 292 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), aff'd in part, vacated in part, 162 So.3d 750, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 69 (Miss. 2015).

Trial judge did not err in denying defendant’s request for lesser offense instructions on accessory after the fact and/or receiving stolen goods, Miss. Code Ann. §§97-17-70 and97-1-5, as these lesser offenses were separate and distinct from those charged, and there was no evidentiary basis to support the requisite knowledge element for either instruction. Brazzle v. State, 13 So.3d 810, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 2009).

Trial court did not err by refusing to give defendant’s requested accessory-after-the-fact jury instruction because considering the evidence in the light most favorable to defendant, a reasonable jury could not have found defendant guilty as an accessory after the fact. There was no evidence that defendant acted with the intent to enable the man with the crooked eye to escape or avoid arrest, trial, conviction, or punishment for the victim’s murder. Brown v. State, 19 So.3d 85, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 789 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 19 So.3d 82, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 489 (Miss. 2009).

At defendant’s trial for capital murder during the commission of a robbery, defendant was not entitled to a lesser-offense instruction of accessory-after-the-fact under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-5. The proposed instruction lacked an evidentiary basis; defendant said that he became uncomfortable about the incident only later that evening, but remained unaware that any felony had been committed. Dampier v. State, 973 So. 2d 221, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 57 (Miss. 2008).

In a capital murder case, the trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s requested jury instruction concerning accessory after the fact as the evidence clearly demonstrated defendant’s involvement prior to the crime, that she was the mastermind of the plot to kill her husband, that she gave incriminating statements to law enforcement that described her conversations with a co-conspirator and others regarding having her husband killed, and her son’s statement revealed that defendant told him where his father had hidden the pistol that was used to kill him. Byrom v. State, 863 So. 2d 836, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 535 (Miss. 2003), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 826, 125 S. Ct. 71, 160 L. Ed. 2d 40, 2004 U.S. LEXIS 5754 (U.S. 2004).

In a prosecution for capital murder, the trial court properly refused to instruct the jury regarding accessory after the fact where the defendant’s two coperpetrators both testified that the defendant took part in designing the attempted robbery and escape and one of them placed the defendant as the “getaway” driver, and the only contrary evidence was the defendant’s own in which he claimed that he was never involved in planning any crime and that he never assisted either coperpetrator afterwards in any way. Mangum v. State, 762 So. 2d 337, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 163 (Miss. 2000).

An indispensable element of the crime of concealing, receiving, or relieving a felon, or aiding or assisting a felon, with the intent to enable such felon to escape or to avoid arrest, trial, conviction, or punishment after the commission of a felony, is guilty knowledge on the part of the one charged with the crime. Matula v. State, 220 So. 2d 833, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1480 (Miss. 1969).

From the mere fact that the defendant traveled with the perpetrator of an attempted burglary, it could not be inferred that the defendant had committed the offense of feloniously concealing, receiving, or relieving a felon, or aiding or assisting him in the attempted burglary with the intent to enable such felon to escape or to avoid indictment, trial, conviction, or punishment. Matula v. State, 220 So. 2d 833, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1480 (Miss. 1969).

In prosecution for statutory offense of being an accessory after the fact to the murder of a woman, instruction that principal in commission of felony cannot thereafter become an accessory after the fact, and that defendant could not be convicted of being an accessory after the fact if he himself murdered woman or assisted another so to do, should have been granted. Crosby v. State, 179 Miss. 149, 175 So. 180, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1937).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Offense of aiding and abetting illegal possession of drugs or narcotics. 47 A.L.R.3d 1239.

Acquittal of principal, or his conviction of lesser degree of offense, as affecting prosecution of accessory, or aider and abettor. 9 A.L.R.4th 972.

Adverse presumption or inference based on failure to produce or examine codefendant or accomplice who is not on trial–modern criminal cases. 76 A.L.R.4th 812.

Am. Jur.

21 Am. Jur. 2d, Criminal Law § 170.

CJS.

22 C.J.S., Criminal Law §§ 179-181.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. Evidence sufficient to sustain conviction.

2. Evidence insufficient to sustain a conviction.

1. Evidence sufficient to sustain conviction.

The evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction under the statute where one of his coperpetrators, who was under 17 years of age, testified that the defendant planned the crime and that he would not have committed the crime if the defendant had not planned it, and where the evidence showed that the coperpetrator actually assisted in the crime. Mamon v. State, 724 So. 2d 878, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 602 (Miss. 1998).

2. Evidence insufficient to sustain a conviction.

Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-6 pertains to persons over the age of seventeen and not persons who are seventeen at the time a crime is committed. Therefore, a conviction for directing or causing a minor to commit a felony was based on insufficient evidence because appellant was only 17 when a crime was committed; moreover, the jury instructions failed to include the necessary language that appellant be over seventeen at the time of the crime. Armstead v. State, 80 So.3d 112, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 365 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011), cert. denied, 80 So.3d 111, 2012 Miss. LEXIS 77 (Miss. 2012).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Validity, Construction, and Application of 18 U.S.C.S. 373, Proscribing Solicitation to Commit Crime of Violence. 49 A.L.R. Fed 2d 333.

Amendment Notes —

The 2013 amendment in (1), inserted “other specific” preceding “provision is made by law for the punishment of,” substituted “the attempt” for “such offense,” substituted “by imprisonment and fine” for “as follows: If the offense attempted to be committed be capital, such offense shall be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary not exceeding ten years; if the offense attempted be punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary, or by fine and imprisonment in the county jail, then the attempt to commit such offense shall be punished”; added (2); and made minor stylistic changes.

Cross References —

Murder, as provided in subsection (2) of this section, defined as crime of violence, see §97-3-2.

Mandatory reporting of offense under this section relating to the attempt to commit any of the offenses listed in §97-5-51(1) when committed by an adult against a minor under the age of sixteen, see §97-5-51.

Arrests without warrant, see §99-3-7.

An insane person charged with crime, see §99-13-3.

Conviction of attempt as constituent of offense charged, see §99-19-15.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

2. Indictment.

3. Particular offenses.

4. —Burglary.

5. —Embezzlement.

6. —False pretenses.

7. —Homicide.

8. —Sexual offenses.

9. — —Evidence.

10. — Miscellaneous.

11. Sentence.

12. Instructions

1. In general.

Defendant was properly convicted of attempted accessory after the fact and hindering the prosecution because she knew that her passenger had a gun, heard him say that he planned on killing the police officers who had pulled their car over, and when the passenger shot one of the officers, defendant offered him a means of escape, she later gave a false description of the passenger to law enforcement and maintained that she did know his name or whereabouts. Calloway v. State, 281 So.3d 909, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 85 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Defendant was wrongly convicted of attempted aggravated assault because the doctrine of transferred intent was not applicable as defendant deliberately shot and killed the intended victim, but the unintended victim was unharmed when the bullet landed near the unintended victim. Defendant had no intention to harm the unintended victim, defendant was not aware of the unintended victim’s presence, and there was no evidence that the unintended victim was in any fear of harm. Craig v. State, 201 So.3d 1108, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 598 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Defendant’s right against double-jeopardy was not violated because, while the counts for fondling, under Miss. Code Ann. §97-5-23(1), and the attempted-sexual-battery, under Miss. Code. Ann. §97-1-7, stemmed from the same encounter, the elements of the crimes were not the same as each count contained an element not contained in the other. Attempted sexual battery did not contain the element of gratification of lust, while fondling did not require the element of penetration. Moore v. State, 112 So.3d 1084, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 207 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Defendant was not entitled to instruction on abandonment as a defense to a charge of attempted carjacking where defendant ceased effort to steal a sports utility vehicle only after defendant’s efforts to unlock the vehicle’s doors were thwarted by a passenger sitting inside the vehicle. Kizart v. State, 795 So. 2d 582, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 366 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

Generally, attempt to commit a crime is an indictable offense, which is separate and distinct from the crime itself. Eakes v. State, 665 So. 2d 852, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 555 (Miss. 1995).

In general, this section requires a showing of 3 elements: (1) an attempt to commit a particular crime, (2) a direct ineffectual act done toward its commission, and (3) the failure to consummate its commission. McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 180 (Miss. 1989).

In order to prove abandonment as a defense to the crime of attempt, the defendant must prove that he voluntarily abandoned his intent and did not have his intent frustrated by the resistance of the victim or the intervention of a third party. Pruitt v. State, 528 So. 2d 828, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 1988).

The 3 elements of an attempt to commit a specific crime are an intent to commit the crime, a direct ineffectual act done towards its commission, and the failure to consummate its commission. Edwards v. State, 500 So. 2d 967, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2775 (Miss. 1986).

An attempt is an offense separate from the completed offense and it is indictable and punishable as such. McCullum v. State, 487 So. 2d 1335, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2457 (Miss. 1986).

An attempt to commit a crime is an indictable offense separate and distinct from the crime itself, and failure to commit the target crime is an essential element of an attempt; accordingly, it was error to prosecute defendant on the charge of attempted armed robbery where there was conclusive proof that the robbery had been consummated. Mason v. State, 430 So. 2d 857, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2612 (Miss. 1983).

Mere acts of preparation do not constitute an attempt; there must be some overt act which goes beyond mere preparation or planning. Smith v. State, 279 So. 2d 652, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1491 (Miss. 1973).

The gravamen of the offense of an attempt to commit a crime is fixed by the statutory requirement that the defendant must do an overt act toward the commission thereof and be prevented from its consummation. State v. Lindsey, 202 Miss. 896, 32 So. 2d 876, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 353 (Miss. 1947).

Under the attempt statute no greater punishment may be administered than that prescribed for the actual commission of the offense attempted. Grillis v. State, 196 Miss. 576, 17 So. 2d 525, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 237 (Miss. 1944).

Whenever the design of a person to commit crime is clearly shown, slight acts done in furtherance will constitute an attempt. Dill v. State, 149 Miss. 167, 115 So. 203, 1928 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss. 1928).

In prosecution for attempt to commit offense, state must charge and prove overt act. Dill v. State, 149 Miss. 167, 115 So. 203, 1928 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss. 1928).

Necessary elements constituting crime are, intent to commit, and overt act. Miller v. State, 130 Miss. 730, 95 So. 83, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 255 (Miss. 1922).

The rule that the act attempted must be a possibility has no application where it merely becomes impossible for the crime to be committed. Stokes v. State, 92 Miss. 415, 46 So. 627, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 245 (Miss. 1908).

2. Indictment.

Defendant’s 20-year sentence for attempted accessory after the fact did not create an inference of gross disproportionality under the Eighth Amendment because it clearly fell within the statutory limits and she failed to make a threshold comparison of the crime committed to the sentence imposed. Calloway v. State, 281 So.3d 909, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 85 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Amended indictment sufficiently charged the essential elements of attempted murder because the indictment charged that defendant attempted to kill and murder the victim; there was no need for the indictment to also specify that defendant failed or were prevented from completing the act. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

Amendment to the indictment reflected the language used at trial and did not prejudice the defense because the amendment did not change the nature of the charges and thus, did not deprive defendants of a fair opportunity to present their defense; defendants could not claim unfair surprise, as they knew at all times that the victim was not actually shot, only shot at, and that was the basis for the charges of attempted murder. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

Defendant’s indictment sufficiently notified him of the charge against him of attempted murder, given that the indictment used the word attempt and contained the language that the crime, if accomplished, would have constituted an offense of murder, which indicated the incompleteness of the attempted crime. Morton v. State, 246 So.3d 895, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 649 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, 246 So.3d 886, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 2018).

Variance between the indictment and the jury instructions did not substantially alter the elements of proof necessary for a conviction, as the jury was charged that to convict defendant of attempted murder, it had to find that he intended to commit murder, attempted to do so, and failed to do so, and thus the jury was instructed on all the elements of proof necessary for a conviction. Morton v. State, 246 So.3d 895, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 649 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, 246 So.3d 886, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 2018).

Indictment was not defective for failing to include the third element of attempted burglary: the failure to consummate its commission. The use of the word “attempt” gave defendant sufficient notice that the State would prove that the crime was not successfully committed. Spearman v. State, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 107 (Miss. Ct. App. Mar. 2, 2010), rev'd, 58 So.3d 30, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 277 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Indictment was not defective for failing to include the third element of attempted burglary: the failure to consummate its commission. The use of the word “attempt” gave defendant sufficient notice that the State would prove that the crime was not successfully committed. Spearman v. State, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 107 (Miss. Ct. App. Mar. 2, 2010), rev'd, 58 So.3d 30, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 277 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Indictment for aggravated assault, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7 (Rev. 2006), was not fatally defective because it did not need to specify an overt act of attempt where defendant was not indicted under the general attempt statute, Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7 (Rev. 2006). Thus, the previous decision in Joshua v. State, 445 So. 2d 221 (Miss. 1984), which held that that the separate elements of attempt had to be set out in a criminal indictment for aggravated assault, was expressly overruled. Brooks v. State, 18 So.3d 833, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 471 (Miss. 2009).

Indictment against defendant described the charge of attempted burglary by citing the burglary statute, providing the details of the alleged attempted burglary, and supplying the details concerning the failure to complete the burglary; thus, the indictment against defendant stated the essential facts, and fully notified him of the nature and cause of the charges brought against him, and therefore the trial court did not err in denying the motion to quash the indictment. Brown v. State, 961 So. 2d 720, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 13 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Defendant was originally indicted for attempted breaking and entering, but the indictment was properly amended when the amendment was one of form, not substance, and defendant had notice, and the indictment never made reference to Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7; had the original indictment stated “Attempted Burglary, Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7” or failed to provide “Burglary of a Dwelling, Miss. Code Ann. §97-17-23,” then unquestionably the amendment would have been one of substance rather than form, and the supreme court would have been compelled to reverse the trial court’s conviction and sentence. This indictment, however, was styled and read “Burglary of a Dwelling, Miss. Code Ann. §97-17-23.” Spears v. State, 942 So. 2d 772, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 656 (Miss. 2006).

Because the information did not sufficiently charge defendant with armed robbery, as it did not charge the overt act as the display of a weapon by another perpetrator and then the shooting of the victim, defendant’s armed robbery conviction, the result of a guilty plea, was reversed; however, because there was a sufficient charge of simple robbery, if not for the word “attempt,” the court affirmed a conviction of robbery, and remanded for sentencing on that count. Neal v. State, 936 So. 2d 463, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 589 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Miss. Code Ann. §41-29-313 made possession of precursor chemicals unlawful, and Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7 (the attempt statute), and Miss. Code Ann. §41-29-313, when viewed together, gave the elements of the crime of attempted possession of precursor drugs or chemicals. Thus, where defendant was charged with attempted possession of precursor chemicals, his argument that the trial court had erred in allowing him to plead guilty to a nonexistent statute of attempted possession of precursor chemicals was rejected. Green v. State, 880 So. 2d 377, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 808 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Indictment had to set out with certainty the specific conduct that the State asserted to be the overt act undertaken by the defendant in order to indict for an attempt; the indictment was rendered void where it did not contain a plain, concise and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged because of its failure to set out with any certainty defendant’s overt act intended to aid the felon’s escape. White v. State, 851 So. 2d 400, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 671 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Since the principal offenses of welfare fraud as defined in Mississippi Code §97-19-71 include attempts, an indictment for a principal welfare fraud offense is in no way defective because it employs the word “attempt,” and the state is not limited at trial to proof only of the attempt. McCullum v. State, 487 So. 2d 1335, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2457 (Miss. 1986).

Indictment charging attempted child abuse may be amended to reflect code section under which defendant is charged and need not use precise words of statute. Watson v. State, 483 So. 2d 1326, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2366 (Miss. 1986).

Prior to adoption of Uniform Criminal Rules of Circuit Court Practice, an indictment charging that defendant “did unlawfully, wilfully, feloniously and forcibly attempt to rape and ravage. . . a female above the age of 12 years, without the consent and against the will of. . . ” was insufficient; the defect was not waived by defendant’s failure to demur, and his conviction was reversed. Maxie v. State, 330 So. 2d 277, 1976 Miss. LEXIS 1845 (Miss. 1976).

An indictment which charged the defendant with intent to murder, designating the intended victim as well as charging overt acts of arming himself with a rifle and transporting himself to a point where he expected to find the victim, charged an intent to commit an offense, as well as an overt act toward its commission, and was not demurrable. Ford v. State, 218 So. 2d 731, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1616 (Miss. 1969).

In an indictment charging the accused with the crime of attempting to commit false pretenses or cheats by organizing a group of people who attempted to defraud insurance companies by staging a fake or false wreck with automobiles, a statement that certain named individuals involved in the scheme bought insurance contracts to indemnify themselves from loss arising out of automobile accidents sufficiently described the insurance policies by designation and type and thereby indicated their purport within the meaning of Code 1942, § 2453. Prisock v. State, 244 Miss. 408, 141 So. 2d 711, 1962 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 1962).

Indictment properly charged the offense of an attempt to commit the crime of sodomy. Taurasi v. State, 233 Miss. 330, 102 So. 2d 120, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 385 (Miss. 1958).

An indictment for attempted rape is subject to demurrer where the alleged overt act described could have applied equally to other crimes. State v. Lindsey, 202 Miss. 896, 32 So. 2d 876, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 353 (Miss. 1947).

Indictment charging attempt to obtain money by false pretenses held to charge member of board of supervisors as well as road contractor with false pretenses. State v. Fitzgerald, 151 Miss. 229, 117 So. 517, 1928 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1928).

Indictment charging attempt to obtain money by false pretenses by virtue of contract with county held fatally defective because not setting forth contract. State v. Fitzgerald, 151 Miss. 229, 117 So. 517, 1928 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1928).

Allegation that alleged false account by contractor was prepared, signed and approved and filed with board of supervisors, charged overt act. State v. Fitzgerald, 151 Miss. 229, 117 So. 517, 1928 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1928).

Chastity of female not element of defense and need not be alleged in prosecution for attempt to rape female of previous chaste character; separate offense from assault to rape female not of previous chaste character. Watkins v. State, 134 Miss. 211, 98 So. 537, 1923 Miss. LEXIS 242 (Miss. 1923); Hicks v. State, 130 Miss. 411, 94 So. 218, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 211 (Miss. 1922).

Accused entitled to have particulars alleged to constitute overt act of crime stated in the indictment. Stapleton v. State, 130 Miss. 737, 95 So. 86, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 257 (Miss. 1922).

It is sufficient to charge an attempt to commit a crime, coupled with an act towards it, falling short of the thing intended. State v. Wade, 102 Miss. 711, 59 So. 880, 1912 Miss. LEXIS 110 (Miss. 1912).

3. Particular offenses.

Where defendant confessed that he attacked the victim when she would not lend him money, and then searched the house for money after the victim was dead, sufficient evidence existed, at a minimum, to support a finding of attempted armed robbery, which under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-79, supported a conviction for armed robbery. Carr v. State, 880 So. 2d 1079, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 849 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Victim’s father testified that he had paid between $ 3,000 and $ 4,000 for the truck rims; although this was not direct testimony as to the value of the rims, it circumstantially provided a basis for the jury to infer that the rims were worth at least $ 250; defendant’s conviction for attempt to commit grand larceny was therefore appropriate and the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or in the alternative, a new trial. Smith v. State, 881 So. 2d 908, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 401 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence that defendants broke into a hotel room, assaulted one of the occupants with a gun, but aborted their plans after encountering unexpected resistance, was sufficient to establish that they possessed the requisite intent to commit an armed robbery; a victim’s watch was found on the floor, and the jury could have found that defendants removed the watch with the intent to take it. Broomfield v. State, 878 So. 2d 207, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1182 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 878 So. 2d 66, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 935 (Miss. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed attempted sexual battery, Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7, because the second victim testified that (1) defendant attempted to engage in sexual penetration with the second victim by trying to insert defendant’s penis into the second victim’s mouth; (2) defendant was 24 or more months older than the second victim; and (3) the second victim was under the age of 14 years. Bell v. State, 835 So. 2d 953, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 214 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

4. —Burglary.

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of attempted burglary of a truck because the owner of the truck provided his eyewitness account, stating that he saw defendant trying to get into his truck; an officer testified that, when he arrived, defendant was walking away from the vehicle; the officer arrested defendant based on the incident report; a copy of the owner’s original title was admitted into evidence; and, while defendant stated that he had bought the truck, the owner testified that he had never seen defendant before that day and that his truck was not for sale. Anderson v. State, 201 So.3d 497, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 13 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 203 So.3d 1133, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 431 (Miss. 2016).

Evidence was sufficient to support a guilty verdict for attempted burglary because, inter alia: (1) the victim testified that she heard someone removing the screen from her bedroom window and breathing heavily; (2) once the scene was investigated by the victim and the officers, the screen was found removed from the window; and (3) the victim testified to having seen defendant in her backyard shortly after hearing the window screen tampering; thus, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, his request for a peremptory jury instruction, and his motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Brown v. State, 961 So. 2d 720, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 13 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Indictment for attempted burglary must set forth an overt act toward the commission of the offense and where indictment fails to set forth such, indictment is defective. Durr v. State, 446 So. 2d 1016, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1668 (Miss. 1984).

The overt act of the defendant in moving a display stand and placing it in a position so that he could obtain access to the roof of a drug store was in furtherance of a design and constitutes an attempt to commit burglary under the provisions of this section [Code 1942, § 2017]. Hendrix v. State, 206 So. 2d 328, 1968 Miss. LEXIS 1564 (Miss. 1968).

Attempted burglary of a store building is a felony. McCollum v. State, 197 So. 2d 252, 1967 Miss. LEXIS 1523 (Miss. 1967).

In prosecution for attempt to commit burglary with intent to steal, drunkenness of accused, while no defense, remained a factor in adjudging whether there was present a definite intent to steal. Bullock v. State, 195 Miss. 340, 15 So. 2d 285, 1943 Miss. LEXIS 142 (Miss. 1943).

“Intent” to commit burglary implies purpose only, while “attempt” to do so implies both purpose and actual effort to carry such purpose into effect. Jones v. State, 172 Miss. 597, 161 So. 143, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1935).

Conviction of attempt to commit burglary will be sustained, if method employed was calculated to carry out such unlawful purpose, though not most sensible or usual method. Jones v. State, 172 Miss. 597, 161 So. 143, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1935).

Intent to commit burglary was essential, indispensable element of crime charged by indictment for attempting to break and enter dwelling house by breaking or forcing window thereof, with intent to take, steal, and carry away personal property therein. Jones v. State, 172 Miss. 597, 161 So. 143, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1935).

Mere fact that one charged with attempt to commit burglary rattled window of dwelling “like he was trying to get in” raised no presumption that he intended to commit such crime. Jones v. State, 172 Miss. 597, 161 So. 143, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1935).

Design to effect entrance into dwelling unlawfully may be shown by circumstances in trial for attempt to commit burglary. Jones v. State, 172 Miss. 597, 161 So. 143, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1935).

An act may be sufficient in and of itself to warrant jury in finding that one charged with attempt to commit burglary intended to commit such crime. Jones v. State, 172 Miss. 597, 161 So. 143, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1935).

Evidence, in trial for attempt to commit burglary, that defendant rattled window of dwelling house “like he was trying to get in” and falsely stated that cook thereat had told him to bring some eggs there, held insufficient to sustain conviction. Jones v. State, 172 Miss. 597, 161 So. 143, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1935).

5. —Embezzlement.

The crime of attempted embezzlement is not established where the evidence fails to show an overt act on the part of the defendant to commit the crime charged before he abandoned his alleged purpose. Kern v. Noble, 206 So. 2d 200, 1968 Miss. LEXIS 1557 (Miss. 1968).

6. —False pretenses.

Evidence, including the testimony of eight accomplices who testified for the state, sustained the conviction of an attorney for an attempt to commit the crime of false pretenses or cheats by organizing a group of people who attempted to defraud insurance companies by staging a fake or false wreck with automobiles, after having obtained hospitalization insurance on the participants and liability insurance on the offending vehicle. Prisock v. State, 244 Miss. 408, 141 So. 2d 711, 1962 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 1962).

Attempt to commit false pretenses is indictable offense. State v. Fitzgerald, 151 Miss. 229, 117 So. 517, 1928 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1928).

7. —Homicide.

Evidence supported defendant’s convictions for second degree murder and multiple counts of attempted murder because witnesses to the shooting said that defendant was in a vehicle seated on the passenger side of the vehicle behind a codefendant, two of the victims said defendant shot at them while passing their vehicle, and the driver of the vehicle in which defendant was a passenger said in a statement before the driver’s death that defendant was instrumental in getting rid of the driver’s vehicle after the shooting. Holland v. State, 290 So.3d 754, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 23 (Miss. Ct. App. 2020).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting prior-assault evidence as proof of defendant’s intent because it found the testimony and exhibits showing his wife’s bruises from that prior assault were probative to prove defendant intent, a necessary element of attempted murder; after filtering the evidence, the trial court found it was more probative than prejudicial. Bowman v. State, 283 So.3d 154, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 359 (Miss. 2019).

Jury was correctly instructed on the elements of attempted-murder because defendants’ acts of shooting at the victim with a firearm with the deliberate design to effect his death were acts, which, if accomplished, would constitute first-degree murder; not only did defendants approach the victim with guns drawn, verbally threaten to kill him, and say that they wanted him dead, they fired multiple shots at him as he tried to hide and escape. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

Attempted-murder statute was intended to punish the crimes committed, and no person of common intelligence would have to guess at its meaning or would differ as to its application, nor does the statute encourage arbitrary and erratic arrests; thus, the statute is not unconstitutionally vague. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

Attempted-murder statute was not overly broad, as it did not sweep within its ambit other protected rights. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

Verdicts finding defendants guilty of attempted murder were not against the weight or sufficiency of the evidence because the victim testified defendants fired multiple rounds at him after he exited a garbage truck and that all shots were directed at him; a witness corroborated the testimony, and investigators recovered thirteen shell casings near the garbage truck and discovered eight bullet holes in the hood, side mirror, windshield, and side window. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of the attempted murder of the victim, his wife, as any alleged abandonment by defendant did not bar his conviction because the jury heard testimony that defendant intended to murder the victim, as the victim testified that defendant had told her that he was going to kill her with a machete, and that he took action to carry out the crime, well beyond mere preparation, by repeatedly striking her with the machete; and, even if defendant prevented the victim from succumbing to the wounds he inflicted by calling 911 after he left the home, he completed the crime of attempted murder when he proceeded beyond mere preparation in carrying out his intent to kill the victim. Green v. State, 269 So.3d 75, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 413 (Miss. 2018).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for attempted murder where (1) the defendant tracked his targets, traveled the substantial distance necessary to furnish himself direct access to the victims, and procured the very weapon and abundant ammunition with which to accomplish his deadly mission, and (2) when the victims confronted him as to his purpose for being in Mississippi, he threatened to use the weapon to kill them. Morris v. State, 745 So. 2d 862, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 286 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

The difference between attempted murder and aggravated assault is the specific intent requirement, for the former, and the element of deadly weapon use, for the latter. In many fact scenarios, both charges are established by the same evidence. McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 180 (Miss. 1989).

A defendant who was convicted of aggravated assault and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment was not entitled to a jury instruction on attempted murder which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years imprisonment, even though the evidence would have supported a conviction for either offense, since there was no view of the evidence under which the defendant might have been found guilty of attempted murder and not guilty of aggravated assault. McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 180 (Miss. 1989).

Evidence sustained conviction of attempted murder where defendant had the intent to murder his intended victim, and had committed overt acts toward the consummation of the crime by attempting to forceably enter the victim’s home after arming himself with a deadly weapon, and was prevented from carrying out his intent to murder only because his intended victim shot him first. Ledet v. State, 286 So. 2d 817, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1320 (Miss. 1973).

An instruction to the jury in a prosecution for murder that even if the deceased attempted to have unnatural intercourse with the defendant, but the danger of accomplishment of the crime by the deceased was over and at a time when such danger was not imminent or impending the defendant tied and gagged the deceased, and if the jury finds robbery, then the crime was murder, was proper in presenting defendant’s theory of self-defense and the state’s theory of felony murder. Burns v. State, 228 Miss. 254, 87 So. 2d 681, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 510 (Miss. 1956).

Where it was reported to officers that a man of certain description had attempted to steal an automobile and defendant answered the description and the officers had good ground to believe that a felony had been committed and the defendant was person who committed the crime, and consequently arrested the defendant without warrant and searched him, the evidence obtained incident to the search was admissible in prosecution for murder. Wheeler v. State, 219 Miss. 129, 63 So. 2d 517, 1953 Miss. LEXIS 377 (Miss.), cert. denied, 346 U.S. 852, 74 S. Ct. 67, 98 L. Ed. 367, 1953 U.S. LEXIS 1649 (U.S. 1953).

An indictment charging the defendant with an assault “with the intent and in the attempt to kill and murder,” and the proof in the record charged an offense with intent to kill and murder under Code 1930, § 787 (Code 1942, § 2011), and not an offense under this section [Code 1942, § 2017]. Norwood v. State, 182 Miss. 898, 183 So. 523, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 205 (Miss. 1938).

The distinction between the mere attempt to commit the offense of murder, and the offense with assault with intent to kill and murder, is that in the attempt statute any attempt by overt act to do an act that would, if completed, amount to murder, regardless of the specific intent to kill a specific person, is made out by doing such acts as, if consummated, would amount to murder; such, for instance, as shooting in a public place where there are many people, without specific intent to kill any one of them or to kill anybody; the act being predicated upon recklessness and disregard of social duty, and fatally bent on mischief. Norwood v. State, 182 Miss. 898, 183 So. 523, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 205 (Miss. 1938).

Where defendant attempted to procure R to kill a third party, and in furtherance of the purpose took a gun, loaded it, and started with R to the point where the killing was to occur, but was arrested, the act was an “attempt” within this section [Code 1942, § 2017]. Stokes v. State, 92 Miss. 415, 46 So. 627, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 245 (Miss. 1908).

8. —Sexual offenses.

Trial court did not err in accepting appellant’s guilty plea because the indictment, the prosecutor’s statement, and appellant’s testimony all established a sufficient factual basis for the crimes of kidnapping, armed robbery, and attempted sexual battery; substantial evidence was presented that appellant committed the crimes to which he pleaded guilty. Green v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 73 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2019), cert. denied, 276 So.3d 660, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2019), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 140 S. Ct. 876, 205 L. Ed. 2d 494, 2020 U.S. LEXIS 324 (U.S. 2020).

Trial court did not commit plain error when it gave an instruction on attempted rape because the instruction included the intent to commit the offense of rape, stated the overt acts toward the commission of rape, and dictated that defendant was prevented from consummating the crime of rape; thus, the instruction properly recited the law on attempted rape, and it defined attempt. Scott v. State, 231 So.3d 1024, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 404 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), aff'd, 231 So.3d 995, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 440 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of attempted sexual battery pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7 and Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-95(1)(a) and (d) because, inter alia: (1) there was evidence that defendant intended to penetrate the six-year-old victim’s privates with his privates, which satisfied the definition of penetration under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-97(a); and (2) at the time of the incident, defendant, who was 18, was more than two years older than the victim. Bracken v. State, 939 So. 2d 826, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 742 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Indictment was sufficient to put defendant on notice that he was being charged with attempted rape, and the indictment specifically set forth the conduct which the State planned to use as evidence; defendant failed to complete the crime of rape because he was unable to get an erection, and consequently unable to penetrate the victim’s vagina, so that the record supported a conviction of attempted rape. Purnell v. State, 878 So. 2d 124, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 24 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 878 So. 2d 67, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 938 (Miss. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of attempted sexual battery of a female minor where the victim testified that defendant asked her to get into a car with him and to lie down in the back of the car, and asked her if “he was going to get him some sex,” and when they arrived at a hotel room, defendant announced to other men there that the victim was there to have sex with them. Quarles v. State, 863 So. 2d 987, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 2 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed attempted sexual battery, Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7, because the second victim testified that (1) defendant attempted to engage in sexual penetration with the second victim by trying to insert defendant’s penis into the second victim’s mouth; (2) defendant was 24 or more months older than the second victim; and (3) the second victim was under the age of 14 years. Bell v. State, 835 So. 2d 953, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 214 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

In a prosecution for attempted rape, the court’s instruction to the jury on attempt was insufficient where it did not mention the requirement that the defendant be found either to have failed or was prevented from completing the act. Armstead v. State, 716 So. 2d 576, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 281 (Miss. 1998).

Instruction on attempted sexual battery that required jury to find, as overt act, defendant’s attempt to place his penis into victim’s anus, in combination with instruction that charged jury that “in order to prove an attempt to commit sexual penetration, the State must prove that the intended act was prevented from taking place by resistance or other means,” fully and correctly charged jury on elements of the crime. Eakes v. State, 665 So. 2d 852, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 555 (Miss. 1995).

Conviction for sexual battery and attempted sexual battery was supported by victim’s testimony that described anal and digital penetration, attempted anal penetration, and attempted cunnilingus, victim’s testimony that defendant had threatened to harm other members of her family if she told anyone about the abuse, corroboration by other witnesses, and evidence that immediately after alleged abuse, victim had been treated for gonorrhea and chlamydia. Eakes v. State, 665 So. 2d 852, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 555 (Miss. 1995).

Trial court acted within its discretion by imposing 2 consecutive 20-year sentences for 2 sexual battery convictions and concurrent 20-year sentence for attempted sexual battery conviction. Eakes v. State, 665 So. 2d 852, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 555 (Miss. 1995).

The elements required to prove attempted capital rape are: (1) a design and endeavor to rape one less than 14 years old by one at least 18 years old, (2) an overt act toward the commission of rape, and (3) failure to complete the rape or prevention of completion. Henderson v. State, 660 So. 2d 220, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 390 (Miss. 1995).

A trial court committed reversible error in failing to adequately instruct the jury on the elements of attempted capital rape where the instructions did not mention the element of failure to complete the rape or prevention of completion. Henderson v. State, 660 So. 2d 220, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 390 (Miss. 1995).

At defendant’s trial for attempted rape, admission, over defense’s objections, of alleged victim’s earring, and of testimony concerning earring, constituted reversible error where earring had not been made available to defense for inspection before trial under motion for discovery. Thomas v. State, 488 So. 2d 1343, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2475 (Miss. 1986).

Attempted sexual battery is a criminal offense by virtue of Mississippi Code §97-1-7. Gill v. State, 485 So. 2d 1047, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2378 (Miss. 1986).

Person who attempts to perform anal intercourse on another person but is prevented from doing so when other person flees may be convicted of attempted unnatural intercourse. Haymond v. State, 478 So. 2d 297, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2269 (Miss. 1985).

In a prosecution for attempted rape of a female child under the age of 12 years, the trial court erred in conducting an in-chambers interrogation of a 9-year-old girl to determine her competency as a witness where defendants and their attorneys had not been informed of the examination and did not learn of it until the prosecution offered the child as a rebuttal witness and where the court had refused to allow this same child to testify in a similar case the previous week. Allen v. State, 384 So. 2d 605, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 2020 (Miss. 1980).

An indictment on the charge of attempted rape, charging that defendant attempted to commit such offense by stalking, chasing and running after the female in question, to the extent of almost exhausting her, in a lonesome and secluded place in the country where no one else was present, was demurrable for failure sufficiently to fix the overt act in connection with the crime charged, since under such indictment defendant’s purpose could have equally been a number of other crimes. State v. Lindsey, 202 Miss. 896, 32 So. 2d 876, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 353 (Miss. 1947).

Sentence of accused after indictment, trial, and conviction under the statute (Code 1942, § 2361) providing for punishment of one convicted of an assault with intent to forcibly ravish any female of previous chaste character, was not improper because accused could have been prosecuted and sentenced under this section [Code 1942, § 2017]. Lee v. State, 201 Miss. 423, 29 So. 2d 211, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 402 (Miss. 1947), rev'd, 332 U.S. 742, 68 S. Ct. 300, 92 L. Ed. 330, 1948 U.S. LEXIS 2619 (U.S. 1948).

Where an indictment charged the defendant with an assault with intent to ravish a female of previous chaste character, of the age of 14 years, and was drawn under Code 1930, § 1125 (Code 1942, § 2361), it was error for the trial court to treat the indictment as if drawn under Code 1930, § 793, the attempt statute. John v. State, 191 Miss. 152, 2 So. 2d 800, 1941 Miss. LEXIS 149 (Miss. 1941).

Refusal of instruction that burden was on state to prove that accused attempted to rape prosecutrix as charged held not error, because covered by instruction given at accused’s request. Barnes v. State, 164 Miss. 126, 143 So. 475 (Miss. 1932).

In prosecution for attempt to rape, testimony respecting isolated act of sexual intercourse by prosecutrix held properly excluded as irrelevant. Barnes v. State, 164 Miss. 126, 143 So. 475 (Miss. 1932).

Permitting witness to testify that soon after alleged attempted rape prosecutrix told witness that accused broke into her house held not reversible error. Barnes v. State, 164 Miss. 126, 143 So. 475 (Miss. 1932).

Corroboration of prosecutrix held not required in prosecution for attempt to rape. Barnes v. State, 164 Miss. 126, 143 So. 475 (Miss. 1932).

Instructions to convict for attempt to rape if jury believed from evidence beyond reasonable doubt that defendant committed act specified in instructions held not erroneous as confusing. Barnes v. State, 164 Miss. 126, 143 So. 475 (Miss. 1932).

9. — —Evidence.

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial because the verdict was not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence; the evidence demonstrated that defendant committed the crime of attempted rape because he unlawfully entered the victim’s home, dragged her to her bedroom while making sexual comments, tore at her clothing, and only ceased his attempt to rape the victim in order to obtain money from her. Scott v. State, 231 So.3d 1024, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 404 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), aff'd, 231 So.3d 995, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 440 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to provide the elements of attempted rape because defendant dragged the victim to the bedroom, tore her clothing, and said sexually explicit statements, which demonstrated his intent and constituted an overt act toward the act of rape; defendant only ended his attempt to rape the victim when she told him she would give him money to leave her alone. Scott v. State, 231 So.3d 1024, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 404 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), aff'd, 231 So.3d 995, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 440 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant’s convictions for attempted rape and statutory rape in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §§97-1-7 and97-3-65(1)(b) were proper based on the victim’s testimony and the corroboration of that testimony by defendant’s wife, a physician and a psychologist. Lee v. State, 910 So. 2d 1123, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 216 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Supreme Court of Mississippi overrules Gibby v. State and finds that when a defendant makes an overt act and a reasonable person would believe a deadly weapon is present, there is no requirement that the victim has to actually see the deadly weapon in order to convict for attempted armed robbery pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-79. Therefore, a victim is not required to have “definite knowledge” of a deadly weapon in the sense that the weapon must actually be seen by the victim’s own eyes. Dambrell v. State, 903 So. 2d 681, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 2005).

Court of appelas erred in reversing defendant’s conviction for armed robbery where although the cashier did not actually see the butcher knife before defendant fled, clearly, defendant intended to rob the store, had a deadly weapon, threw down the towel and knife that was in his possession and was only thwarted in his attempt to rob the store. The cashier gained possession of the knife once defendant discarded it and thus, it was clear that defendant had a weapon on entering the store. Dambrell v. State, 903 So. 2d 681, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 2005).

While the Mississippi attempt statute requires that the third element of attempted rape, failure to consummate, result from extraneous causes and not a voluntary cessation, the extraneous cause was met by the struggle over a gun between the defendant and the victim, the shooting of the victim, and the resulting death of the victim. Powers v. State, 883 So. 2d 20, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 850 (Miss. 2003), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1155, 125 S. Ct. 1297, 161 L. Ed. 2d 121, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 1584 (U.S. 2005).

Evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed attempted sexual battery, Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7, because the second victim testified that (1) defendant attempted to engage in sexual penetration with the second victim by trying to insert defendant’s penis into the second victim’s mouth; (2) defendant was 24 or more months older than the second victim; and (3) the second victim was under the age of 14 years. Bell v. State, 835 So. 2d 953, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 214 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to establish attempted sexual battery where (1) the nine-year-old victim was in a check-out line at a store with his mother when the mother sent him back to the appropriate aisle to get a box of cereal, (2) once the victim got to that aisle, the defendant approached him and asked, using the vernacular, if he could engage in fellatio on the victim, (3) simultaneously with the verbal request, the defendant pointed to his own genitals, (4) the victim refused, and the encounter ended, and (5) the defendant never touched the victim or made any effort to restrain him. Ishee v. State, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 412 (Miss. Ct. App. Aug. 29, 2000).

A defendant’s grabbing of the victim by the throat, threatening to beat her up if she did not remove her clothes, and announcing his intent to rape her, constituted an “overt act” for attempted rape. Pruitt v. State, 528 So. 2d 828, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 1988).

In a juvenile delinquency proceeding, evidence that the juvenile had a medium-sized pocketknife, forcibly took the victim behind a woodpile in the backyard, pushed her to the ground, and then voluntarily stopped the assault was insufficient to support a finding of guilty of attempted rape. In Interest of R.T., 520 So. 2d 136, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 124 (Miss. 1988).

Lewd suggestion to victim coupled with physically grabbing victim and attempting to carry her away only to have her break free comes near enough to accomplishment of rape as to constitute crime of attempted rape. Harden v. State, 465 So. 2d 321, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1959 (Miss. 1985).

Undisputed evidence that defendant propositioned victim in lewd manner, exposed himself, seized victim and attempted to drag her away with him, and that lack of success in defendant’s attempt to rape victim resulted from victim’s resistance, not defendant’s abandonment of crime, is sufficient to support conviction for attempted rape. Harden v. State, 465 So. 2d 321, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1959 (Miss. 1985).

In a prosecution for attempted sexual battery in violation of §97-3-95, evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction under this section, where the uncontradicted facts indicated that there was no penetration, as defined by §97-3-97, the prosecution conceded that there was no attempt to penetrate, the defendant had every opportunity to penetrate if he had wished to do so, and his failure was not the product of his victim’s admittedly ineffective resistance or the intervention of extraneous causes. West v. State, 437 So. 2d 1212, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2924 (Miss. 1983).

Evidence, including positive identification of the accused by two residents of the dwelling, was sufficient to sustain a conviction of burglariously breaking and entering a dwelling house with the intent to commit rape. McDole v. State, 229 Miss. 646, 91 So. 2d 738, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 308 (Miss. 1957).

10. — Miscellaneous.

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s attempted kidnapping conviction because it showed that defendant entered the victim’s bedroom, demanded she leave with him, struck her when she refused, and while she was unconscious defendant stole no items from the room. Sullivan v. State, 281 So.3d 1146, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 267 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for attempting to leave the scene of an accident that resulted in an injury because defendant tried to open the door to a car and get in the car after wrecking a car which defendant had taken in a carjacking. The jury was free to infer that defendant did so with the intent to steal the car and then flee the scene of an auto accident in which another motorist was severely injured, but was frustrated by a locked car door or defendant’s own physical condition, not a voluntary abandonment of purpose. Moffett v. State, 287 So.3d 975, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 549 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Trial judge’s decision that a photograph’s content was not too remote in time to be relevant and that the danger of unfair prejudice did not substantially outweigh that probative value was not an abuse of discretion because it was within the trial judge’s discretion to determine that the photograph of handcuffs in defendant’s car was relevant, even though it was taken more than two months after the alleged attempted kidnapping; the presence of the handcuffs in defendant’s car was offered to show that on his trips to “look for women,” defendant was not looking for consensual relationships, and the presence of handcuffs made it more probable that defendant grabbed the victim with the intent to kidnap her. Tucker v. State, 64 So.3d 594, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 324 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was appropriate even though there was no direct proof that defendant intended to cause serious bodily injury to the victim because the existence of such intent could have been logically deduced from the victim’s testimony that he feared for his own safety, along with other testimony that defendant appeared to have come straight at the victim with his vehicle. Commodore v. State, 994 So. 2d 864, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 658 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Defendant’s conviction for attempted kidnapping in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-53 and Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7 was proper where the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction. The evidence established that, among other things, defendant chased the victim down the street and grabbed her. Carter v. State, 932 So. 2d 850, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 77 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 933 So. 2d 303, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 496 (Miss. 2006).

Defendants’ convictions for armed robbery were proper where, at trial, the defense presented no credible evidence tending to demonstrate the innocence of defendants nor a reasonable explanation for their actions; further, the testimony concerning the manner in which defendants entered the room, their subsequent conduct, the fact that they fled and resisted arrest, and that a reasonably supported inference existed that there was an attempt to take one of the victim’s watch all sustained a finding by a reasonable minded jury that defendants committed armed robbery. Broomfield v. State, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 914 (Miss. Ct. App. Oct. 7, 2003), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 878 So. 2d 207, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1182 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Although defendant received the maximum sentence on both counts of attempted robbery, there was no evidence that improper consideration infected the court’s decision, or that the maximum sentences were given in retribution for defendant’s physical outbursts at sentencing. Bolton v. State, 752 So. 2d 480, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 701 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Attempted suicide is unlawful under the statute making criminal attempts unlawful. Nicholson ex rel. Gollott v. State, 672 So. 2d 744, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 146 (Miss. 1996).

Defense of accident to homicide charge was inapplicable if defendant, as he alleged, fatally shot victim while attempting to commit suicide, an unlawful act, and thus defendant was not entitled to requested instruction on accident. Nicholson ex rel. Gollott v. State, 672 So. 2d 744, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 146 (Miss. 1996).

The crime of attempted robbery is a crime of violence within the meaning of §99-19-83. Ashley v. State, 538 So. 2d 1181, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 24 (Miss. 1989).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain conviction for attempted kidnapping where defendant had taken part in attempted kidnapping after failing to follow through with plan to rob grocery store, despite defendant’s contention that he took no part in plan or effort to rob or kidnap grocery store customer. Jenkins v. State, 507 So. 2d 89, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2505 (Miss. 1987).

Notwithstanding that the state failed to prove that a deadly weapon was displayed at the time motel operator was sprayed with mace, defendant’s conviction of an attempt to commit armed robbery of the motel operator was supported by evidence showing that defendant, along with others, planned the armed robbery, armed and transported themselves to the motel site, with the defendant and another hidden in the back seat of the automobile used in the commission of the crime, and by shooting at the motel operator to effectuate and escape. Edwards v. State, 500 So. 2d 967, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2775 (Miss. 1986).

Photographs of injuries of child are admissible, in prosecution of parent for attempted child abuse, on issue of whether fall resulting in injuries was accidental or result of parent’s deliberate act. Watson v. State, 483 So. 2d 1326, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2366 (Miss. 1986).

Defendant’s statement to associate to tell juror who had been summoned to hear defendant’s upcoming murder trial “there might be a reward in the future,” followed by associate’s refusal to convey the offer and actual failure to make such effort was not an overt act as required by Code 1942 § 2017, and conviction of attempting to make and offer a reward or gratuity to a juror, with the intent to influence the juror’s verdict, would be reversed. Smith v. State, 279 So. 2d 652, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1491 (Miss. 1973).

Undisputed showing that the defendant used some force and a great deal of persuasion and maneuvering to get a nine-year-old female child to go with him, and persisted in his efforts to the extent of taking the child about two blocks in one direction from the place from where she had wanted to go, and then, when she had got away from him, he pursued her until she arrived at the door of the place where her mother was, was sufficient to sustain the charge of attempted kidnaping. McGuire v. State, 231 Miss. 375, 95 So. 2d 537, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 522 (Miss. 1957).

Upon conviction of restaurant proprietor of attempt to sell diseased flesh of an animal for human consumption, under indictment bringing offense either under Code 1942, § 2336 or § 2338, but specifically referring to neither section, nor charging that defendant was a butcher or that his occupation might be classified as that of a butcher, sentence should be that imposed by § 2338, under the rule that when the facts which constitute a criminal offense may fall under either of two sections, or when there is substantial doubt as to which of the two is to be applied, the case will be referred to the statute which imposes the lesser punishment, having regard for the rule that under the attempt statute no greater punishment may be administered than that prescribed for the actual commission of the offense attempted. Grillis v. State, 196 Miss. 576, 17 So. 2d 525, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 237 (Miss. 1944).

Firing into house in nighttime with knowledge that house was occupied and that persons were sleeping therein was done in commission of act evincing a reckless disregard for human life, and with intent to injure some person therein, and town marshal living in house had such probable cause to believe that person firing gun had committed felony as would warrant marshal in arresting person without warrant. Lee v. State, 179 Miss. 122, 174 So. 85, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 14 (Miss. 1937).

Penalty for attempt to escape from county jail limited to year’s imprisonment; every person lawfully imprisoned. Floyd v. State, 140 Miss. 884, 105 So. 765, 1925 Miss. LEXIS 319 (Miss. 1925).

Verdict that defendant was preparing to make liquor not sufficient for conviction for attempt. Wiggington v. State, 136 Miss. 825, 101 So. 856, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 187 (Miss. 1924).

11. Sentence.

Attempted-murder statute does not violate the Eight Amendment; the difference in sentencing between the attempted-murder statute and the attempted aggravated assault statute does not violate the Eighth Amendment. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

In a case where defendant was sentenced to eight years in prison with five years of post-release supervision after a guilty plea was entered to the crime of attempted burglary of a dwelling, a post-conviction relief motion was properly dismissed without an evidentiary hearing under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-11(2) because there was no ineffective assistance of counsel where jurisdiction was included in an indictment, the charges were not contradictory, an attempt charge was appropriate, and appellant inmate’s other self-serving arguments were wholly unsupported by the record. Moreover, a sentence was not illegal since a suspended sentence was not required in addition to post-release supervision, the sentence imposed was within the range permitted, and the inmate was not misinformed regarding his appellate rights. McKinney v. State, 7 So.3d 291, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 626 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Appellate court affirmed the denial of an inmate’s motion for post-conviction relief on the grounds that her sentences were excessive as the sentences imposed for her conviction for Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7 were within the statutory range. Lee v. State, 918 So. 2d 87, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 23 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

The defendant was properly sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment for attempted sexual battery, which is a noncapital crime, notwithstanding that the statute permits a maximum 10 years’ imprisonment for an attempted capital crime. Ishee v. State, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 412 (Miss. Ct. App. Aug. 29, 2000).

12. Instructions

Jury instructions accurately followed the requisite elements of attempted murder by charging that defendant had to have (1) intended to murder the victim, (2) attempted to murder the victim, and (3) failed to actually kill the victim. Morton v. State, 246 So.3d 895, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 649 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, 246 So.3d 886, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 2018).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Pregnancy as element of abortion or homicide based thereon. 46 A.L.R.2d 1393.

Conviction or acquittal of attempt to commit particular crime as bar to prosecution for conspiracy to commit same crime, or vice versa. 53 A.L.R.2d 622.

Attempt to commit assault as criminal offense. 79 A.L.R.2d 597.

Attempts to receive stolen property. 85 A.L.R.2d 259.

Attempts to commit offenses of larceny by trick, confidence game, false pretenses, and the like. 6 A.L.R.3d 241.

Impossibility of consummation of substantive crime as defense in criminal prosecution for conspiracy or attempt to commit crime. 37 A.L.R.3d 375.

What constitutes attempted murder. 54 A.L.R.3d 612.

What conduct amounts to an overt act or acts done toward commission of larceny so as to sustain charge of attempt to commit larceny. 76 A.L.R.3d 842.

Construction and application of state statute governing impossibility of consummation as defense to prosecution for attempt to commit crime. 41 A.L.R.4th 588.

Attempt to commit assault as criminal offense. 93 A.L.R.5th 683.

Am. Jur.

21 Am. Jur. 2d, Criminal Law §§ 154 et seq.

8 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d, Withdrawal from or Abandonment of Criminal Enterprise, §§ 6 et seq. (proof of defendant’s withdrawal from and abandonment of criminal enterprise).

CJS.

22 C.J.S., Criminal Law §§ 114, 116-123.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

2. Particular offenses.

1. In general.

Where the State’s proof of penetration was insufficient for a sexual battery charge because the victim was severely retarded and unable to communicate by anything other than grunting or squealing sounds, it was not prohibited from charging defendant with attempt, as the State’s proof of a completed penetration was not more persuasive than an objective analysis showed it to be. Thomas v. State, 824 So. 2d 648, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 457 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

Statute is inapplicable where it is doubtful that offense attempted was completed by accused, and state may in such case elect to prosecute for the attempt. Holley v. State, 175 Miss. 347, 166 So. 924, 1936 Miss. LEXIS 47 (Miss. 1936).

Where crime was actually committed prosecution for an attempt is not proper. Davis v. State, 89 Miss. 21, 42 So. 542, 1906 Miss. LEXIS 52 (Miss. 1906).

2. Particular offenses.

Where defendant was indicted for attempting to burglar a dwelling house, the trial court committed reversible error by allowing the State to amend the indictment to change the charge from “attempt to break and enter” to “break and enter.” Defendant was clearly prejudiced because the defense that he had actually completed the crime was no longer available to him. Spears v. State, 942 So. 2d 812, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 735 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), rev'd, 942 So. 2d 772, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 656 (Miss. 2006).

Where the evidence positively established the completed act of sexual intercourse, it was error to prosecute and convict the appellant of assault with intent to ravish. Young v. State, 317 So. 2d 402, 1975 Miss. LEXIS 1752 (Miss. 1975).

Failure to consummate the crime of robbery is an essential element of proof in a prosecution under an indictment charging assault and battery with intent to rob. Thompson v. State, 226 Miss. 93, 83 So. 2d 761, 1955 Miss. LEXIS 611 (Miss. 1955).

If there had been doubt whether a crime of robbery was completed the state could have elected to prosecute for assault and battery with intent to rob, but this section [Code 1942, § 2018] does not cover a case wherein it is doubtful that the offense attempted was actually completed by the accused. Thompson v. State, 226 Miss. 93, 83 So. 2d 761, 1955 Miss. LEXIS 611 (Miss. 1955).

Where defendant had been indicted, tried and convicted of a crime of assault and battery with intent to rob and the proof showed that the defendant actually completed the robbery, conviction would be reversed and the defendant held for further grand jury action. Thompson v. State, 226 Miss. 93, 83 So. 2d 761, 1955 Miss. LEXIS 611 (Miss. 1955).

Conviction for attempted robbery of defendant indicted on charge of attempted burglary would be reversed, where proof introduced by state showed that offense was completed, since prosecution for attempt is improper under statute where crime is actually committed. Williams v. State, 178 Miss. 899, 174 So. 47, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 240 (Miss. 1937).

Where deceased was killed by shot fired by third party after defendant had fractured deceased’s skull and there was no evidence that fracture would have caused death, defendant could be prosecuted for assault with intent to kill. Holley v. State, 175 Miss. 347, 166 So. 924, 1936 Miss. LEXIS 47 (Miss. 1936).

This section [Code 1942, § 2018] applied to crime of forgery, it being held there could be no conviction for forgery under the facts of the case. Wilson v. State, 85 Miss. 687, 38 So. 46, 1904 Miss. LEXIS 185 (Miss. 1904).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Construction and application of state statute governing impossibility of consummation as defense to prosecution for attempt to commit crime. 41 A.L.R.4th 588.

Am. Jur.

21 Am. Jur. 2d, Criminal Law §§ 154 et seq.

CJS.

22 C.J.S., Criminal Law §§ 148, 150-158.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

Cross References —

Statute of frauds as applicable to marriage contracts, see §15-3-1.

Penal offenses which are crimes against municipalities, see §21-13-19.

Kidnapping, see §§97-3-51,97-3-53.

Statutory rape, see §§97-3-65 et seq.

Seduction of female child, see §§97-3-65,97-3-95,97-3-101,97-5-23, and97-29-55.

Enticing children for prostitution or marriage, see §97-5-5.

Enticing children for employment, see §97-5-7.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

Evidence that defendants who unlawfully took female over age 14, against her will, to another city, so that one of defendants, or some other person, might have sexual intercourse with her, did not intend to bring such sexual intercourse about by force, menace, fraud, deceit, stratagem, or duress, did not warrant conviction of defendants for unlawfully forcing female over age of 14 to be defiled against her will. Tyler v. State, 178 Miss. 340, 173 So. 413, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 219 (Miss. 1937).

To constitute abduction the female must have been taken unlawfully against her will and by force, fraud, deceit, stratagem or duress have been compelled or induced to be defiled. Lampton v. State, 11 So. 656 (Miss. 1892).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Kidnapping by fraud or false pretenses. 95 A.L.R.2d 450.

Am. Jur.

1 Am. Jur. 2d, Abduction and Kidnapping §§ 1, 2.

10 Am. Jur. Pl & Pr Forms (Rev), False Imprisonment, Form 1.1 (complaint, petition, or declaration-false imprisonment imposed by private individual-sexual assault).

45 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 631, Age of Person.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

2. Ex post facto.

3. Constitutionality.

1. In general.

Trial court did not err by finding defendant’s burglary was a crime of violence because that did not violate defendant’s constitutional rights to due process, trial by an impartial jury, or a jury finding guilt on all elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt; the statute is an enhancement that deals solely with parole eligibility and early release. Bowman v. State, 283 So.3d 154, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 359 (Miss. 2019).

Because burglary of a dwelling house was an enumerated crime of violence, defendant could not serve half of his ten-year sentence before being eligible for parole as the trial court believed, but instead, defendant would have to serve the entirety of his ten-year sentence; the trial court was under the erroneous impression that 50 percent parole eligibility applied to all of the statute, including the crimes enumerated in subsection (1). Bowman v. State, 283 So.3d 154, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 359 (Miss. 2019).

Defendant was properly sentenced as a violent habitual offender because, before defendant committed defendant’s latest crime, defendant’s prior conviction for burglary of a dwelling was classified as a crime of violence. Miller v. State, 225 So.3d 12, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 246 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Circuit court properly sentenced defendant to twenty years with five years suspended, followed by five years of post-release supervision, because it did not exceed the statutory maximum for aggravated assault, and the sentence was not grossly disproportionate to defendant’s crime. Darnell v. State, 202 So.3d 281, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 565 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

2. Ex post facto.

Defendant’s habitual-offender sentence was proper because (1) defendant’s sentence for a prior burglary committed before burglary was determined to be a crime of violence was not enhanced, as only defendant’s sentence for a current crime was increased, and (2) sufficient testimony established defendant had previously served more than one year in prison. Moffite v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 581 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 3, 2019).

Defendant’s enhanced sentence as a violent habitual offender based, in part, on a statute classifying defendant’s prior burglary of a dwelling conviction as a violent crime that was enacted after defendant committed that crime, was not an ex post facto violation because the sentence was imposed for defendant’s latest crime, which was aggravated due to being repetitive. Miller v. State, 225 So.3d 12, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 246 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

3. Constitutionality.

Circuit judge erred in classifying defendant’s offense as a “crime of violence” because the judge’s finding that defendant used, attempted to use, or threatened to use physical force increased the minimum sentence that he had to serve and indisputably altered the prescribed range of sentences to which he was exposed, it eliminated defendant’s eligibility for parole and made him ineligible for any type of early release until he had served at least half of his sentence, aggravated the punishment based on judicial fact-finding and Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-2(2) violated defendant’s rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the extent that it permitted the circuit judge to find that an unlisted felony was a “crime of violence.” Fogleman v. State, 276 So.3d 1213, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 460 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018), rev'd, 283 So.3d 685, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 303 (Miss. 2019).

Editor’s Notes —

Laws of 1997, ch. 350, § 4, provides as follows:

“SECTION 4. If any provision, word, phrase or clause of this act or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the provisions, words, phrases, clauses or applications of this act that can be given effect without the invalid provision, word, phrase, clause or application and to this end, the provisions, words, phrases and clauses of this act are declared to be severable.”

Cross References —

Penalty for murder, see §97-3-21.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

I. UNDER CURRENT LAW.

1. Validity.

2. Construction and application.

3.-10. [Reserved for future use.]

II. UNDER FORMER LAW.

11. In general.

I. UNDER CURRENT LAW.

1. Validity.

State’s interest in protecting medical standards within its borders was sufficient to support criminal prosecution of non-physicians who perform abortions. Spears v. Circuit Court, Ninth Judicial Dist., 517 F.2d 360, 1975 U.S. App. LEXIS 13189 (5th Cir. Miss. 1975).

Section 1 of this act, as construed by the Mississippi Supreme Court in Spears v. State, 278 So. 2d 443, is not unconstitutionally overbroad, vague, or indefinite. Spears v. Ellis, 386 F. Supp. 653, 1974 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7449 (S.D. Miss. 1974), aff'd, 423 U.S. 802, 96 S. Ct. 9, 46 L. Ed. 2d 23, 1975 U.S. LEXIS 2208 (U.S. 1975).

Section (1) of Code 1942, § 2223 is constitutional with the exception of subsections (a) and (b). Spears v. State, 278 So. 2d 443, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1444 (Miss. 1973).

Code 1942, § 2223 as amended by Ch. 260, Laws of 1952, making the death of the mother resulting from an illegal abortion a murder is not violative of § 61 of the Mississippi Constitution for omitting to insert the provisions of Code 1942, §§ 2221, 2220, 2215 at length in the amendatory act, for the statute enacted by Ch. 260, Laws of 1952 is complete within itself, required no mention of the manslaughter statutes under which previous prosecution was maintained for the death of a mother as a result of an abortion, and such sections were amended by implication. McCaskill v. State, 227 So. 2d 847, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1374 (Miss. 1969).

2. Construction and application.

The state may not restrict the decision of a pregnant woman and her physician regarding abortion during the first stage of pregnancy. Planned Parenthood v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 96 S. Ct. 2831, 49 L. Ed. 2d 788, 1976 U.S. LEXIS 13 (U.S. 1976).

The art of midwifery does not include the performance of abortions. Spears v. Circuit Court, Ninth Judicial Dist., 517 F.2d 360, 1975 U.S. App. LEXIS 13189 (5th Cir. Miss. 1975).

A state may not require that abortions, prior to the end of the first trimester, be performed only in hospitals. Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 93 S. Ct. 739, 35 L. Ed. 2d 201, 1973 U.S. LEXIS 112 (U.S. 1973).

Prior to the end of the first trimester of pregnancy, an attending physician, in consultation with his patient, is free to determine, without regulation by the state, that in his medical judgment, the patient’s pregnancy should be terminated, and if such a decision is reached, the physician’s judgment may be effectuated by an abortion free of interference by the state. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 1973 U.S. LEXIS 159 (U.S. 1973), overruled in part, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 120 L. Ed. 2d 674, 1992 U.S. LEXIS 4751 (U.S. 1992).

From and after the end of the first trimester of pregnancy, a state may regulate the abortion procedure to the extent that the regulation reasonably relates to the preservation and protection of maternal health. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 1973 U.S. LEXIS 159 (U.S. 1973), overruled in part, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 120 L. Ed. 2d 674, 1992 U.S. LEXIS 4751 (U.S. 1992).

State regulation protective of fetal life after viability has both logical and biological justifications, and if a state is interested in protecting fetal life after viability, it may proscribe abortion during that period except when it is necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 1973 U.S. LEXIS 159 (U.S. 1973), overruled in part, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 120 L. Ed. 2d 674, 1992 U.S. LEXIS 4751 (U.S. 1992).

Where conviction was based on § (1) of Code 1942, § 223 which prohibits all abortions unless performed by a duly licensed, practicing physician, an abortion performed by a nonphysician was a violation of this section. Spears v. State, 278 So. 2d 443, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1444 (Miss. 1973).

In a prosecution for attempted criminal abortion, where the female on whom the abortion was allegedly attempted was a hostile witness for the state, the state was entitled to prove that the witness had made prior inconsistent statements for the purpose of impeaching or discrediting her testimony, but such extra-judicial statements were not competent as substantial evidence of the facts to which they related. Hall v. State, 250 Miss. 253, 165 So. 2d 345, 1964 Miss. LEXIS 461 (Miss. 1964).

Where, in a prosecution for attempted criminal abortion, the accused was the only witness who testified on his behalf as to the facts and circumstances of the alleged crime, it was reversible error for the trial court to give an instruction which, in effect, authorized the jury to throw aside the accused’s testimony as being unworthy of belief because of the strong temptation on his part to swear falsely. Hall v. State, 250 Miss. 253, 165 So. 2d 345, 1964 Miss. LEXIS 461 (Miss. 1964).

In a prosecution for attempted criminal abortion, the trial judge erred in giving an instruction which might have given the jury the impression that, in making up their verdict, they were not to take into consideration the burden of proof and the presumption of innocence. Hall v. State, 250 Miss. 253, 165 So. 2d 345, 1964 Miss. LEXIS 461 (Miss. 1964).

An indictment which charges all elements of the crime, including an averment that the abortion was not necessary for the preservation of the life of the mother, is not insufficient in omitting to add “upon the prior advice, in writing, of two reputable licensed physicians.” Phillips v. State, 239 Miss. 399, 123 So. 2d 449, 1960 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 1960).

A defendant may not object to the admission of a confession of an abortion because of a deletion therefrom of admissions of the performance of other abortions. Phillips v. State, 239 Miss. 399, 123 So. 2d 449, 1960 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 1960).

In a prosecution under this section [Code 1942, § 2223] defendant has no right to cross-examine the prosecutrix as to the paternity of the child. Phillips v. State, 239 Miss. 399, 123 So. 2d 449, 1960 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 1960).

3.-10. [Reserved for future use.]

II. UNDER FORMER LAW.

11. In general.

Accused’s guilt was for the jury in manslaughter prosecution for death of woman who died as a result of injuries inflicted by someone in attempting to produce an abortion, notwithstanding that injuries were inflicted in an inexcusably crude manner and the accused apparently was a physician or surgeon who had been practicing his profession for more than thirty-five years. Johnson v. State, 23 So. 2d 499 (Miss. 1945).

Indictment did not charge offense where it did not charge destruction was not advised by physician. Ladnier v. State, 155 Miss. 348, 124 So. 432, 1929 Miss. LEXIS 299 (Miss. 1929).

Where accused performed an operation on a pregnant woman to procure a miscarriage, and the woman died in consequence thereof, he was guilty of manslaughter. State v. Proctor, 102 Miss. 792, 59 So. 890, 1912 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1912).

An infant in the mother’s womb was not a human being at common law and hence the use by a pregnant woman of substances or instruments to kill such a child is not within this section. [Code 1942, § 2223]. State v. Prude, 76 Miss. 543, 24 So. 871, 1898 Miss. LEXIS 104 (Miss. 1898).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Admissibility, in prosecution based on abortion, of evidence of commission of similar crimes by accused. 15 A.L.R.2d 1080.

Necessity, to warrant conviction of abortion, that fetus be living at time of commission of acts. 16 A.L.R.2d 949.

Pregnancy as element of abortion or homicide based thereon. 46 A.L.R.2d 1393.

Right of action for injury to or death of woman who consented to illegal abortion. 36 A.L.R.3d 630.

Right of minor to have abortion performed without parental consent. 42 A.L.R.3d 1406.

Woman’s right to have abortion without consent of, or against objections of, child’s father. 62 A.L.R.3d 1097.

Medical malpractice in performance of legal abortion. 69 A.L.R.4th 875.

Am. Jur.

1 Am. Jur. 2d, Abortion and Birth Control §§ 1, 116, 117.

40 Am. Jur. 2d, Homicide §§ 8, 9.

1 Am. Jur. Pl & Pr Forms, Rev, Abortion, Form 3.1.

2 Am. Jur. Trials, Investigating Particular Crimes § 64 (abortion).

41 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 1, Trauma in Pregnancy.

49 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 125, Teratogenic Drugs.

Lawyers’ Edition.

Validity, under Federal Constitution, of abortion laws. 28 L. Ed. 2d 1053.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

Cross References —

Imposition of standard state assessment in addition to all court imposed fines or other penalties for any misdemeanor violation, see §99-19-73.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

Health and Human Service regulations limiting ability of Federal Title X fund recipients to engage to abortion related activities were permissible construction of Title X, did not impose viewpoint-discriminatory conditions on government subsidy so as to violate First Amendment free speech rights of either private health care organizations that received Title X funds, their staffs, or their patients, and did not violate women’s rights under due process clause of Fifth Amendment. Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 111 S. Ct. 1759, 114 L. Ed. 2d 233, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2908 (U.S. 1991).

A state statute making it a misdemeanor, by sale or circulation of any publication, to encourage or prompt the procuring of an abortion, unconstitutionally infringes upon the First Amendment rights of free speech and press of a newspaper editor who is prosecuted under that statute for publishing an advertisement of an out-of-state organization which offers services relating to obtaining legal abortions in the state where the organization is located. Bigelow v. Virginia, 421 U.S. 809, 95 S. Ct. 2222, 44 L. Ed. 2d 600, 1975 U.S. LEXIS 73 (U.S. 1975).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

Am. Jur.

10 Am. Jur. Trials, Obscenity Litigation §§ 1 et seq.

CJS.

67 C.J.S., Obscenity §§ 13-15, 28.

Joint Legislative Committee Note —

Section 1 of ch. 425, Laws, 1998, effective July 1, 1998 (approved March 23, 1998), amended this section. Section 1 of ch. 525, Laws, 1998, effective July 1, 1998 (approved April 6, 1998), also amended this section. As set out above, this section reflects the language of Section 1 of ch. 525, Laws, 1998, pursuant to Section 1-3-79 which provides that whenever the same section of law is amended by different bills during the same legislative session, and the effective dates of the amendments are the same, the amendment with the latest approval date shall supersede all other amendments to the same section approved on an earlier date.

Section 1 of ch. 589, Laws, 2006, effective from and after July 1, 2006 (approved April 21, 2006), amended this section. Section 11 of ch. 600, Laws, 2006, effective from and after July 1, 2006 (approved April 24, 2006), also amended this section. As set out above, this section reflects the language of Section 1 of ch. 589, Laws, 2006, which contains language that specifically provides that it supercedes §97-3-7 as amended by Laws, 2006, ch. 600.

Section 2 of ch. 391, Laws of 2008, effective July 1, 2008 (approved March 31, 2008), amended this section. Section 1 of ch. 553, Laws of 2008, effective July 1, 2008 (approved May 10, 2008), also amended this section. As set out above, this section reflects the language of Section 1 of ch. 553, Laws of 2008, which contains language that specifically provides that it supersedes §97-3-7 as amended by Laws of 2008, ch. 391.

Pursuant to Section 1-1-109, the Joint Legislative Committee on Compilation, Revision and Publication of Legislation corrected several typographical errors in subsection (12) by substituting “subsection (3), (4), (5) or (11) of this section” for “subsection (3), (4) (5) or 11 of this section.” The Joint Committee ratified the correction at its July 24, 2014, meeting.

Section 3 of Chapter 332, Laws of 2015, effective from and after July 1, 2015, (approved March 13, 2015), amended this section. Section 1 of Chapter 397, Laws of 2015, effective from and after July 1, 2015 (approved March 23, 2015), also amended this section. As set out above, this section reflects the language of both amendments pursuant to Section 1-1-109, which gives the Joint Legislative Committee on Compilation, Revision and Publication of Legislation authority to integrate amendments so that all versions of the same code section enacted within the same legislative session may become effective. The Joint Committee on Compilation, Revision and Publication of Legislation ratified the integration of these amendments as consistent with the legislative intent at the August 17, 2015, meeting of the Committee.

Editor's Notes —

Laws of 1974, ch. 458, § 3, which chapter amended this section, provides as follows:

“SECTION 3. Nothing in this act shall be construed to defeat or affect in any manner whatsoever the prosecution of any person, association, firm or corporation for the violation of any statute repealed or amended hereby which violation occurred prior to the effective date of this act.”

Amendment Notes —

The 2004 amendment added “child protection specialist” following “social worker” throughout and made minor stylistic changes.

The first 2006 amendment (ch. 589) substituted “social worker or family protection specialist” for “social worker or child protection specialist” and inserted “or family protection worker” throughout (1) and (2); and inserted “municipal” preceding “or youth court or a judge of the Court” in the second sentences of (1) and (2).

The second 2006 amendment (ch. 600) substituted “social worker or family protection specialist” for “social worker or child protection specialist” and inserted “or family protection worker” throughout (1) and (2).

The 2007 amendment inserted “youth detention center personnel, any county or municipal jail officer” everywhere it appears in (1) and (2); added (7), and redesignated former (7) as present (8); and added the last sentence in (8).

The first 2008 amendment (ch. 391), in (3) and (4), inserted “a person living as a spouse or who formerly lived as a spouse with the defendant, other persons related by consanguinity or affinity who reside with or formerly resided with the defendant,” and inserted “or former” preceding “dating relationship”; and in (5), substituted “as defined in Section 93-21-3” for “of a romantic or intimate nature.”

The second 2008 amendment (ch. 553) inserted “training school juvenile care worker” everywhere it appears in (1) and (2); added (c) in the second sentences of (1) and (2); and made minor stylistic changes.

The 2009 amendment inserted “or a child of that person” both times it appears in the first sentence of (3) and (4); and deleted the former last sentence in (7), which read: “In cases in which the investigation results in an arrest, a copy of the offense report shall be provided to the Office of the Attorney General.”

The 2010 amendment rewrote the first paragraph of (4), and added the second paragraph.

The 2011 amendment inserted item (c) in the first sentence in (2) and made a related change.

The 2012 amendment rewrote the first two sentences in (3) and (4); added the last sentence in (7); rewrote the last sentence in (8); and made minor stylistic changes throughout.

The 2013 amendment rewrote (3), (4) and (5) by adding the designators in order to clarify the elements of domestic violence and to revise the punishments.

The 2014 amendment rewrote the section to clarify the sentencing status of a multiple domestic violence offender.

The first 2015 amendment (ch. 332) added the last sentence in (11)(a).

The second 2015 amendment (ch. 397) deleted “if the person is” from the end of (14); in (14)(a), added “When acting within the scope of his duty, office or employment at the time of the assault” at the beginning of the first sentence, and substituted “Division of Youth Services personnel” for “youth detention center personnel; training school juvenile care worker” and substituted “public defender; or utility worker” for “or public defender when or when that person is acting within the scope of his duty, office or employment” at the end.

The 2016 amendment inserted “any member of the Mississippi National Guard or United States Armed Forces” in (14)(a).

The 2019 amendment substituted “sentenced to the custody of the Department of Corrections for not more than” for “in the Penitentiary for not more than” in (2)(a); and in (14)(a), substituted “health care provider” for “health personnel” and inserted “employees of a health care provider or health care facility”; and made gender neutral changes throughout.

Cross References —

Employees of department of corrections having status of law-enforcement officers under this section, see §47-5-54.

Effect of conviction of assault with intent to kill as disqualification for holding office in labor union, etc., see §71-1-49.

Mississippi Protection Order Registry, see §93-21-25.

Aggravated assault, as provided in this section, defined as crime of violence, see §97-3-2.

Homicide, see §97-3-15 et seq.

Mayhem, see §97-3-59.

Applicability of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act to this section, see §97-43-1 et seq.

Arrest of person without warrant for violation of this section, see §99-3-7.

Insulting words being admissible in assault trials, see §99-17-19.

Imposition of standard state assessment in addition to all court imposed fines or other penalties for any felony violation, see §99-19-73.

Additional monetary assessment for violation of this section when committed against a minor to be deposited in Mississippi Children’s Trust Fund, see §99-19-75.

Enhancement of offenses listed in99-19-401(2) if the instrumentality used in the commission of the99-19-401(2) offense was initially obtained in the course of the commission of the crime(s) provided for in this section, see § 99-19-401.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general; definitions and distinctions.

2. Intent; generally.

3. —Sufficiency of.

4. Deadly weapon.

5. Serious bodily harm.

6. Indictment or affidavit; generally.

7. —Sufficiency of.

8. Defenses; generally.

9. — Insanity.

10. — Self-defense.

11. —Civil suit as bar to prosecution.

12. Double jeopardy.

13. Evidence; generally.

14. — Admissibility.

15. — — Nature of injuries.

16. — — Other offenses or conduct.

17. — —Self-defense.

18. — Sufficiency.

19. — — Charge or conviction supportable.

20. — —Charge or conviction unsupportable.

21. —Variance between indictment and proof.

22. Instructions; generally.

23. —Intent.

24. —Deadly weapon.

25. —Self-defense.

26. — Lesser offense.

27. —Defendant as witness.

28. Conviction of lesser crime.

29. Sentence.

30. — Excessive fine.

31. Domestic violence aggravated assault.

32. Miscellaneous.

33. Plea.

1. In general; definitions and distinctions.

Where an altercation begins with a simple assault but as a matter of law escalates in a continuous sequence of events to an aggravated assault, the simple assault is subsumed into the aggravated assault. Downs v. State, 962 So. 2d 1255, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 444 (Miss. 2007).

Under Mississippi law, domestic violence, as defined in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(3), is not a lesser-included offense of kidnapping, a violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-53, because the two are independent crimes with distinct elements; the elements of domestic violence are not among the elements of kidnapping. Busby v. State, 956 So. 2d 1112, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 352 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Defendant, who was convicted of kidnapping, a violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-53, was not entitled to a jury instruction on domestic violence under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(3) as a lesser included offense because the two were independent crimes with distinct elements. Busby v. State, 956 So. 2d 1112, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 352 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Denial of the inmate’s petition for post-conviction relief was proper where it was not necessary under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) that the victim suffer “serious” bodily injury. Mere bodily injury was sufficient as long it was caused with other means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm. Miller v. State, 919 So. 2d 1067, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 457 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

In a juvenile delinquency case, the petition did not give the trial judge the option of an attempt charge in a simple assault case, and the record was devoid of any questions or answers regarding injury caused at the hands of appellant juvenile when he touched the minor victim’s private area; thus, the State failed to prove all the elements of simple assault as charged in the petition, specifically, proof of bodily injury, and appellant was improperly adjudicated a delinquent. In the Interest of C.A., 872 So. 2d 705, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 405 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Where a decedent pointed a loaded gun at officers in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7, refused to lower the gun, backed into his house, and initiated fire at the officers, an officer reasonably believed that his life and the lives of other officers at the scene were in imminent danger; hence, there was no violation of the decedent’s Fourth Amendment rights when the officer followed the decedent into the latter’s home, where the officer returned fire and mortally injured the decedent. Elkins v. McKenzie, 865 So. 2d 1065, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 582 (Miss. 2003).

Finding that a juvenile was a delinquent child after he was convicted of simple assault was proper where it was foreseeable that pushing a person down a hill and over a ledge could cause serious injuries; he acted recklessly and there was sufficient evidence for the trial judge, acting as the jury, to conclude that he was guilty of simple assault, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1). In re G. L. H., 843 So. 2d 109, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 335 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Manslaughter indictment sufficiently alleged that defendant was engaged in the perpetration of a felony, namely aggravated assault pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), that had to be proved in order to show that defendant’s participation in the crime of killing another human being without malice was manslaughter, as the indictment tracked the language of the aggravated assault statute and identified the person upon whom defendant committed the aggravated assault, the person who was killed while defendant committed that felony, and the date and place of the crimes committed. Stevens v. State, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 301 (Miss. Oct. 31, 2001).

Defendant’s conviction for assault of a police officer was affirmed because substantial evidence showed that the victim suffered injury, and the jury rejected the contention that defendant was resisting an unlawful arrest. Johnson v. State, 754 So. 2d 576, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 12 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Police officer’s action in turning onto road despite fact that view of oncoming traffic was blocked by row of hedges, while negligent, did not turn collision with motorist into crime of assault, so as to relieve motorist of having to comply with notice requirements in Tort Claims Act in subsequent personal injury claim against city and officer. City of Jackson v. Lumpkin, 697 So. 2d 1179 (Miss. 1997), overruled in part, Carr v. Town of Shubutu, 733 So. 2d 261 (Miss. 1999), overruled to the extent that these cases characterize the notice requirements set out in §11-46-11 as jurisdictional requirements, Stuart v. Univ. of Miss. Med. Ctr, – So.3d –, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 396 (Miss Aug. 20, 2009). Carr v. Town of Shubuta, 733 So. 2d 261, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 72 (Miss. 1999), overruled in part, Stuart v. Univ. of Miss. Med. Ctr., 21 So.3d 544, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 396 (Miss. 2009).

In aggravated assault prosecution arising from defendant’s stabbing of two victims, evidence was insufficient to warrant lesser included offense instruction on simple assault; multiple stab wounds suffered by victims were serious and life threatening, and there was no evidence that defendant was merely negligent in handling knife. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

The mere pointing of a firearm does not constitute attempt under the aggravated assault statute, this section. Gibson v. State, 660 So. 2d 1268, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 365 (Miss. 1995).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault, the State was not required to prove that the defendant acted “under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life” where the indictment charged only that the defendant “did unlawfully, feloniously, purposely and knowingly cause serious bodily injury” to the victim. Hall v. State, 644 So. 2d 1223, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 513 (Miss. 1994).

Subsection (1) of this section is not unconstitutionally vague on the ground that it does not define “bodily injury”; although there are no degrees of bodily injury stated in the statute, a minor injury is a “bodily injury” even though it may not be a traumatic injury. Reining v. State, 606 So. 2d 1098, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 542 (Miss. 1992).

Subsection (2) of this section is not unconstitutionally vague on the ground that it does not define the term “serious bodily harm,” particularly when applied in a case involving brutal injuries; in more ambiguous cases, prosecutors and trial courts should refer to the definition of “serious bodily injury” set out in § 210.0 of the Model Penal Code. Fleming v. State, 604 So. 2d 280, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 382 (Miss. 1992).

It is not necessary under §97-3-7(2)(b) for the State to prove that the victim suffered “serious” bodily injury; mere “bodily injury” is sufficient so long as it was caused with “other means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm.” Jackson v. State, 594 So. 2d 20, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 46 (Miss. 1992).

While a juvenile’s intentional touching and squeezing of a pregnant woman’s derriere, without permission, amounted to a physical offense, this conduct did not constitute simple assault under §97-3-7(1)(c) where there was no proof of fear of imminent serious bodily harm. Thus, the juvenile’s adjudication of delinquency would be reversed based on the failure to prove an essential element of the crime of simple assault. S.B. v. State, 566 So. 2d 1276, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 553 (Miss. 1990).

The difference between attempted murder and aggravated assault is the specific intent requirement, for the former, and the element of deadly weapon use, for the latter. In many fact scenarios, both charges are established by the same evidence. McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 180 (Miss. 1989).

A fireman who was engaged in rescuing individuals from a wrecked automobile outside of the city and county in which he was employed was nevertheless a “fireman” within the meaning of this section, which sets forth the punishment for simple assault upon a fireman acting within the scope of his duty, since the fireman was authorized under §21-25-5 to act outside his city boundary in “aiding in the rescue of persons” and was not limited to county lines. Cagle v. State, 536 So. 2d 3, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 431 (Miss. 1988).

Person who shoots 4 or 5 bullets at second person, hitting third person with 3 bullets, has committed aggravated assault with respect to third person notwithstanding lack of intent to shoot that person. Davis v. State, 476 So. 2d 608, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2248 (Miss. 1985).

Prosecution for aggravated assault on police officer is not barred by prior prosecution for aggravated assault on another police officer arising out of same incident. Lee v. State, 469 So. 2d 1225, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1900 (Miss. 1985).

A defendant who assaulted three police officers, on the same day and as a part of the same occurrence, was properly subjected to three separate charges of assault, in violation of subsection (1) of this section, and properly sentenced to three consecutive terms, pursuant to §99-19-21, for the three resulting convictions. Ball v. State, 437 So. 2d 423, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2862 (Miss. 1983).

Defendant’s act of pointing a loaded pistol at another came within statutory crime of aggravated assault where it manifested an extreme indifference to the value of human life. Nelson v. State, 361 So. 2d 343, 1978 Miss. LEXIS 2366 (Miss. 1978).

Lands within the area designated as a reservation for the Choctaw Indians residing in central Mississippi were on the basis of the history of the relations between the Mississippi Choctaws and the United States, “Indian country,” as defined in 18 USCS § 1151 and as used in the Major Crimes Act of 1885 ( 18 USCS § 1153); these federal statutes operate to vest exclusive jurisdiction in the federal courts and to preclude the exercise of state criminal jurisdiction over certain offenses committed on these lands, including aggravated assault, even though (1) the Choctaws in Mississippi were merely a remnant of a larger group of Indians, long ago removed from Mississippi, (2) federal supervision over them had not been continuous, and (3) the Treaty at Dancing Rabbit Creek (7 Stat 333) extended state citizenship to Choctaws remaining in Mississippi. United States v. John, 437 U.S. 634, 98 S. Ct. 2541, 57 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1978 U.S. LEXIS 124 (U.S. 1978).

Under this section [Code 1042, § 2013] in order to find that the defendant did unlawfully and feloniously injure the victim, it is not necessary that the state show that the defendant intentionally or willfully discharged the firearm or intentionally or willfully injured the person whom he assaulted. Barnes v. State, 249 So. 2d 383, 1971 Miss. LEXIS 1160 (Miss. 1971).

Many cases of assault and battery, such as a fist fight, are not covered by statute and depend on the common law. Butler v. State, 212 So. 2d 573, 1968 Miss. LEXIS 1289 (Miss. 1968).

Where the accused, pursuant to a plan to kill a bus driver, attached dynamite to a bus in such a manner that it exploded upon the ignition being turned on, and the intended victim was horribly maimed thereby, the offense came within the purview of Code 1942, § 2143, rather than this section [Code 1942, § 2011]. Rogers v. State, 228 Miss. 873, 89 So. 2d 860, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 576 (Miss. 1956).

The means or force must at least be capable of producing death. Blaine v. State, 196 Miss. 603, 17 So. 2d 549, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 240 (Miss. 1944).

Battery with hands and feet may be a means or force “likely to produce death” within the purview of this section [Code 1942, § 2011], depending on the circumstances of each case. Blaine v. State, 196 Miss. 603, 17 So. 2d 549, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 240 (Miss. 1944).

The word “likely” in the statute borrows meaning from both possibility and probability and stands midway between their respective connotations, and, as so defined, the responsibility for adjudging likelihood, in all cases save those speaking absurdity, remains with the jury, which may be left free to give due weight to the parties, the place, the means used, and the degree of force employed. Blaine v. State, 196 Miss. 603, 17 So. 2d 549, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 240 (Miss. 1944).

“Assault” defined. Blankenship v. State, 130 Miss. 725, 95 So. 81, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 254 (Miss. 1922).

Words “point” and “aim” are synonymous and charge but one offense. Coleman v. State, 94 Miss. 860, 48 So. 181, 1909 Miss. LEXIS 338 (Miss. 1909).

Distinction is drawn between assault with intent to kill and murder and assault and battery with same intent. Montgomery v. State, 85 Miss. 330, 37 So. 835, 1904 Miss. LEXIS 158 (Miss. 1904), overruled, Flowers v. State, 101 Miss. 108, 57 So. 226, 1911 Miss. LEXIS 94 (Miss. 1911).

2. Intent; generally.

Defendant kicked the officer, dislocating the officer’s jaw, and although no direct evidence was presented that defendant intended to injure the officer, a juror could reasonably infer the intent from the evidence, and the appellate court could not reverse the verdict because of insufficient evidence. Brown v. State, 852 So. 2d 607, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 10 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Subsection (b) is written in the disjunctive, rather than the conjunctive, with regard to a defendant’s intent, as it requires a showing that the defendant caused serious bodily injury “purposely, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life.” Stegall v. State, 765 So. 2d 606, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 394 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

The indictment of the defendant and instructions to the jury given in his trial erroneously turned on an improper interpretation of the elements of attempted aggravated assault where they both used language pertaining to reckless, rather than intentional, conduct. Morris v. State, 748 So. 2d 143, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 310 (Miss. 1999).

Indictment and jury instructions adequately covered issue of intent with respect to charge of aggravated assault by alleging that defendant caused injury “willfully.” Moore v. State, 676 So. 2d 244, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 328 (Miss. 1996).

One does not have to possess ill will toward, or even know the identity of, a specific individual in order possess the requisite intent to commit an aggravated assault on that person. Blanks v. State, 542 So. 2d 222, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 165 (Miss. 1989).

Person who shoots 4 or 5 bullets at second person, hitting third person with 3 bullets, has committed aggravated assault with respect to third person notwithstanding lack of intent to shoot that person. Davis v. State, 476 So. 2d 608, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2248 (Miss. 1985).

Recklessness or negligence contemplated by this section for conviction of simple assault is in act itself and does not refer to subjective intent of defendant who acts in reckless or negligent belief that he is acting in self defense. Nobles v. State, 464 So. 2d 1151, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1919 (Miss. 1985).

It is necessary for the state to prove intent on the part of the defendant to kill and murder the person named in the indictment. Barnette v. State, 252 Miss. 652, 173 So. 2d 904, 1965 Miss. LEXIS 1136 (Miss. 1965).

The rule of criminal law that where one crime is intended and by mistake another committed the unlawful intent to do one act is transposed to the other does not apply to the statutory crime of assault and battery with intent to kill. Barnette v. State, 252 Miss. 652, 173 So. 2d 904, 1965 Miss. LEXIS 1136 (Miss. 1965).

The intent of the accused is an essential ingredient of the charge of assault and battery with unlawful and felonious intent, with malice aforethought, to kill and murder. Hydrick v. State, 246 Miss. 448, 150 So. 2d 423, 1963 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 1963).

The intent must exist at the time the injury was inflicted. Lindley v. State, 234 Miss. 423, 106 So. 2d 684, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 512 (Miss. 1958).

A felonious intent is necessary to support the charge of assault with intent to kill and murder. Washington v. State, 222 Miss. 782, 77 So. 2d 260, 1955 Miss. LEXIS 663 (Miss. 1955).

The trial court properly limited the jury to a consideration of defendant’s guilt of simple assault and battery in a prosecution under this section, where the element of intent was absent. Markham v. State, 209 Miss. 135, 46 So. 2d 88, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 370 (Miss. 1950).

Test of defendant’s guilt under this section is whether or not the accused intends to kill and murder at time he fires shot or otherwise inflicts wound, and if such intent then exists he is not to be exonerated of felonious charge by what he does or fails to do thereafter. Ceary v. State, 204 Miss. 299, 37 So. 2d 316, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 366 (Miss. 1948).

Under this section [Code 1942, § 2011] both the nature of the means used and the quality of the purpose are essential elements of the crime charged; the weapon must be deadly, or the means likely to produce death, and the intent must be murder. Daniels v. State, 196 Miss. 328, 17 So. 2d 793, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 196 (Miss. 1944).

It is intent with which an assault is committed that raises it from misdemeanor to a felony. Toler v. State, 143 Miss. 96, 108 So. 443, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 246 (Miss. 1926).

3. —Sufficiency of.

Defendant was wrongly convicted of attempted aggravated assault because the doctrine of transferred intent was not applicable as defendant deliberately shot and killed the intended victim, but the unintended victim was unharmed when the bullet landed near the unintended victim. Defendant had no intention to harm the unintended victim, defendant was not aware of the unintended victim’s presence, and there was no evidence that the unintended victim was in any fear of harm. Craig v. State, 201 So.3d 1108, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 598 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial where a jury could have reasonably found from the evidence and testimony at trial that defendant intended or was attempting to cause two officers seriously bodily injury by resisting arrest, lunging on the bed, and reaching for a knife, and that the tasing was an extraneous event that prevent defendant from carrying out the intended aggravated assault on the officers. Hunter v. State, 196 So.3d 998, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 602 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), cert. denied, 202 So.3d 611, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 309 (Miss. 2016).

Defendant’s conviction for burglary of a dwelling, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-17-23(1), was supported by the evidence because defendant crashed through a glass window and advanced briskly upon one victim with hands raised, in what was described as a threatening gesture; hence, the evidence was sufficient to infer that defendant intended to commit an assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1). Walker v. State, 21 So.3d 663, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 182 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 20 So.3d 680, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 578 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for simple assault upon a law enforcement officer pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1)(a) was appropriate because an officer’s testimony that defendant, while resisting arrest, swung the handcuffs at him, supported the inference that she did so purposely and knowingly. There was no evidence concerning the distances involved that would have cast doubt upon the veracity of the officers’ testimonies that defendant swung the handcuffs at the first officer, who ducked, which permitted the handcuffs to strike the other officer in the face. Hitt v. State, 988 So. 2d 939, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 473 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Where defendant, in the process of being arrested for suspicion of driving while under the influence of intoxicants, swung at an officer with a closed fist and landed a “glancing blow,” but the officer did not testify as to undergoing any injury or feeling pain, the Murrell standard was controlling and required new trial. Reynolds v. State, 818 So. 2d 1287, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 337 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

Evidence was insufficient to support a charge of attempt to rape where there was nothing in the record that would distinguish the intent of the defendant to rape his victim from any other particular intent where, during the entire assault, both the defendant and the victim were fully clothed and there was no evidence that the defendant removed or attempted to remove any of victim’s clothes, nor was there evidence that the defendant fondled or caressed his victim or attempted to do so; the evidence merely depicted a somewhat aimless attack wherein the defendant grabbed his victim, pushed her to the floor and held her there. Aikerson v. State, 295 So. 2d 778, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1524 (Miss. 1974).

Argument that defendant did not intend to kill arresting officer because he shot only once, and, although he had the officer’s loaded revolver, he left without killing the officer, and therefore this showed conclusively that he did not intend to kill the officer, was not well taken, inasmuch as the issue as to what the defendant intended at the time he fired the shot was a jury issue. Torrence v. State, 283 So. 2d 595, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1232 (Miss. 1973).

The evidence in a prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill and murder, sufficiently created a jury question as to intent to kill, on the part of a defendant who struck the victim with a stick with such force as to knock the victim to the pavement, and who returned later and struck the victim again while he was unconscious. Thompson v. State, 258 So. 2d 448, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1509 (Miss. 1972).

Conviction of assault with intent to kill is not warranted by a showing merely of intent to do great bodily harm. Lindley v. State, 234 Miss. 423, 106 So. 2d 684, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 512 (Miss. 1958).

The requisite intent is not present where intent to kill is conditioned on happening of an event which may within reason fail to take place, as in the case of a threat to kill if a debt is not paid. Lindley v. State, 234 Miss. 423, 106 So. 2d 684, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 512 (Miss. 1958).

Evidence that four law enforcement officers under the authority of a search warrant for intoxicating liquor went to the accused’s home on a dark night, and upon finding no one at home, gained entrance through a window, and remained therein from 10 o’clock until midnight, without showing any lights, and the accused, who had been advised that someone was in his home, with a companion shot out the windows of the home with a shot gun fired at a distance of 60 feet, using No. 8, or birdshot, was insufficient to support a finding that accused’s intent and purpose was to kill and murder. Smith v. State, 233 Miss. 503, 102 So. 2d 699, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 1958).

Intent is main ingredient of offense under this section, and where facts show that intent to kill was conditioned upon happening of some other event, which may, within reason, fail to take place, real intent to kill and murder does not come into existence. Craddock v. State, 204 Miss. 606, 37 So. 2d 778, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 393 (Miss. 1948).

An intent to murder, the gist of this offense, was not shown where the deceased was shot by his own pistol which he had given to the defendant who apparently for effect drew the pistol during a crap game and it was discharged when one of the participants struck the defendant’s arm. Edgar v. State, 202 Miss. 505, 32 So. 2d 441, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 307 (Miss. 1947).

In assault committed by throwing a pair of pliers from a distance of ten feet, striking prosecuting witness upon the upper lip, the evidence, in view of the circumstances, including the parties, the occasion and the means used, was insufficient to support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that accused’s purpose was to kill and murder. Daniels v. State, 196 Miss. 328, 17 So. 2d 793, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 196 (Miss. 1944).

The statute charging the crime with specific intent to kill and murder a specified person is made out only by proof sufficient to find that the specific intent to kill existed-the specific intent to kill being the gist of the offense, or that which raises it from a mere misdemeanor to a felony. Intent to kill a specified person, accompanied by an overt act constituting an assault, is also, in a sense, an attempt to commit the crime; but there must be an intent accompanied by an overt act, to make out the offense under this section [Code 1942, § 2011]. Norwood v. State, 182 Miss. 898, 183 So. 523, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 205 (Miss. 1938).

Intent to murder may not be inferred from leveling of gun, and the fact that defendant did not shoot, there being nothing to prevent, tends to negative existence of such intent. Toler v. State, 143 Miss. 96, 108 So. 443, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 246 (Miss. 1926).

Intent to kill conditioned on happening of event insufficient, though condition unlawful. Stroud v. State, 131 Miss. 875, 95 So. 738, 1923 Miss. LEXIS 222 (Miss. 1923).

Evidence of conditional threat to kill held insufficient to establish intent. Stroud v. State, 131 Miss. 875, 95 So. 738, 1923 Miss. LEXIS 222 (Miss. 1923).

The intent must be actual, not conditional. Hairston v. State, 54 Miss. 689, 1877 Miss. LEXIS 82 (Miss. 1877).

4. Deadly weapon.

In an aggravated assault case, a trial court did not err by denying motions for a directed verdict or a judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the State was not required to provide defendant’s deoxyribonucleic acid or fingerprints on a knife in order to present sufficient evidence to support his conviction. Further, a police detective testified that he found a knife on the floor, and a doctor testified that the lacerations on the victim’s face were consistent with knife wounds. Ferguson v. State, 137 So.3d 240, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 84 (Miss. 2014).

Assault conviction was affirmed where defendant’s use of hands and fists to strike the victim constituted a means likely to produce serious bodily harm, which was sufficient under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b). Parks v. State, 930 So. 2d 383, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 283 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s challenge to his conviction for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7 on the grounds that the butt of his gun was not a dangerous weapon was without merit because it was within the province of the jury to determine whether or not the use of the gun as a bludgeoning instrument made it a deadly weapon. Beyers v. State, 930 So. 2d 456, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 397 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Where defendant argued that the State failed to prove that the baseball bat used in the attack of the victim was a deadly weapon sufficient to support a conviction of aggravated assault pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7, the claim failed; the bat caused a compound fracture of the victim’s leg, which indicated that the bat certainly could have done more damage even to the point of causing the victim’s death. Brown v. State, 864 So. 2d 1009, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 55 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault–he inflicted the injuries to the victim with a deadly weapon. Harris v. State, 892 So. 2d 830, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 978 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Under the statute, it was unnecessary for the State to prove the victim suffered serious bodily injury, mere bodily injury was sufficient so long as it was caused with other means likely to produce serious bodily harm. Vance v. State, 803 So. 2d 1265, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 14 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

A bottle may be found to be a deadly weapon. Gayle v. State, 743 So. 2d 392, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 197 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Evidence was sufficient to allow a jury to find that the defendant’s use of his fist was a means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm where (1) the force of the defendant’s first blow knocked the victim out of his recliner and onto the fireplace hearth, and (2) the defendant was 19 years old at the time of the crime and struck a much older man in his own home. Harrison v. State, 724 So. 2d 978, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1052 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

While an assault under subsection (2)(b) of this section ordinarily involves the use of a weapon, a violent and aggravated assault committed with one’s fists may constitute a crime under subsection (2)(b) of this section; it is not necessary under subsection (2)(b) of this section that the use of hands and fists constitute the use of a “deadly weapon,” but, rather, it is enough if their use constitutes a “means likely to produce [either] death or serious bodily harm.” Jackson v. State, 594 So. 2d 20, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 46 (Miss. 1992).

Whether closed fists constitute a “means likely to produce serious bodily harm” under subsection (2)(b) of this section involves a question of fact to be decided by the jury in light of the evidence; the responsibility for determining likelihood remains with the jury which may be left free to give due weight to the characteristics of the parties, the place, the manner in which hands and fists were used, and the degree of force employed. Jackson v. State, 594 So. 2d 20, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 46 (Miss. 1992).

The use of a .357 Magnum as a blunt instrument was sufficient to support an aggravated assault charge since the use of the gun as a blunt instrument could have been found by the jury to constitute use of a weapon which could cause bodily injury to another within the meaning of this section. Griffin v. State, 540 So. 2d 17, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 1989).

A reasonable person could determine that a pistol which misfired 3 times was a deadly weapon where there was no proof that the pistol was incapable of firing and the pistol was not available for inspection at trial. The fact that the pistol misfired 3 times does not preclude its capability to fire on the fourth attempt. Davis v. State, 530 So. 2d 694, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 400 (Miss. 1988).

A conviction for aggravated assault upon a state highway patrolman would be affirmed where, although the defendant testified that the gun he had used was a blank starter pistol, the prosecution testimony and inferences to be drawn therefrom were that the gun, which was never found, looked like a real pistol, sounded like a pistol when fired, and had been used in a threatening manner, just as a deadly weapon would be used in similar circumstances, and where at no time prior to trial did the defendant state to any police officer that the weapon used had been a starter pistol. Jackson v. State, 404 So. 2d 543, 1981 Miss. LEXIS 2221 (Miss. 1981).

A defendant was properly convicted of aggravated assault upon a law enforcement officer despite the fact that the gun used in the assault was not loaded. Wilson v. State, 395 So. 2d 957, 1981 Miss. LEXIS 1945 (Miss. 1981).

While the use of feet and fists ordinarily would not constitute the use of a deadly weapon, they can constitute a deadly weapon if used with means of force likely to produce death. Pulliam v. State, 298 So. 2d 711, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1571 (Miss. 1974).

The question as to whether or not the instrument used is a deadly weapon the force used as likely to produce death are questions of fact for determination of the jury. Shanklin v. State, 290 So. 2d 625, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1714 (Miss. 1974).

Testimony introduced by the state was ample and from which jury properly determined that the iron pipe used by the defendant was a deadly weapon, and that the force and manner in which it was used proved the intent of the defendant to kill and murder his victim. Shanklin v. State, 290 So. 2d 625, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1714 (Miss. 1974).

Where a defendant held a gun that was incapable of being fired and made no attempt to use the gun as a club to strike the sheriff, and did not strike the sheriff with his hands or feet, he could not properly be convicted of assault and battery with intent to kill the sheriff. Corley v. State, 264 So. 2d 384, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1354 (Miss. 1972).

In itself, a “shoe clad foot” is not a deadly weapon in the conventional sense, but whether in a given case it is a means or force likely to produce death, within the meaning of the section [Code 1942, § 2011], is a matter for the jury’s determination in the light of evidence as to how and in what manner it was employed. Johnson v. State, 230 So. 2d 810, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1572 (Miss. 1970).

One may not be convicted of assault with intent to kill because he advanced with a shotgun which was so jammed that it could not be fired. Woodall v. State, 234 Miss. 759, 107 So. 2d 598, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 548 (Miss. 1958).

Since a handsaw is not enumerated as a deadly weapon in this section [Code 1942, § 2011], it was a question for the jury to determine whether a handsaw used in an assault upon another was a deadly weapon. Cobb v. State, 233 Miss. 54, 101 So. 2d 110, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 356 (Miss. 1958).

What is a deadly weapon is a question of fact for the jury. Batteast v. State, 215 Miss. 337, 60 So. 2d 814, 1952 Miss. LEXIS 570 (Miss. 1952).

Assailant is guilty only of an assault and battery, and not assault and battery with intent to kill and murder, when he deliberately uses a weapon, which is ordinarily capable of producing death, in such fashion as would not ordinarily be calculated to produce such result. Griffin v. State, 196 Miss. 528, 18 So. 2d 437, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 226 (Miss. 1944).

Assailant who deliberately struck victim on temple with closed pocket-knife, although he had ample opportunity to open the knife and to use it in a manner to kill, is guilty only of assault and battery, and not assault and battery with intent to kill and murder. Griffin v. State, 196 Miss. 528, 18 So. 2d 437, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 226 (Miss. 1944).

Under this section [Code 1942, § 2011] both the nature of the means used and the quality of the purpose are essential elements of the crime charged; the weapon must be deadly, or the means likely to produce death, and the intent must be murder. Daniels v. State, 196 Miss. 328, 17 So. 2d 793, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 196 (Miss. 1944).

In assault committed by throwing a pair of pliers from a distance of ten feet, striking prosecuting witness upon the upper lip, the evidence, in view of the circumstances, including the parties, the occasion and the means used, was insufficient to support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that accused’s purpose was to kill and murder. Daniels v. State, 196 Miss. 328, 17 So. 2d 793, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 196 (Miss. 1944).

5. Serious bodily harm.

Defendant’s appellate claim that insufficient evidence proved aggravated assault for failure to show serious bodily injury failed because (1) defendant did not raise the objection at trial, and (2) the victim’s broken ribs were sufficient. Griffin v. State, 269 So.3d 337, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 187 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018), cert. denied, 260 So.3d 796, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 6 (Miss. 2019).

In connection with defendant’s conviction of aggravated assault, any error in the modification of the instruction defining serious bodily injury was harmless; no juror could have characterized the victim’s injuries as less than serious, since they included broken bones and loss of consciousness. 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 647.

Jury could have reasonably determined that defendant’s use of teeth was sufficient to cause serious bodily harm, as the injury sustained when defendant bit off a piece of the victim’s ear was a “sharp trauma.” Shaw v. State, 139 So.3d 79, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 662 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

6. Indictment or affidavit; generally.

In an indictment alleging defendant committed aggravated domestic assault, the trial judge erred by allowing the amendment to the indictment to remove the word “serious” as related to bodily injury because the belated amendment unfairly surprised defendant by materially altering the allegations after evidence was closed and altered a defense under the original indictment. Bell v. State, 287 So.3d 944, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 316 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. LEXIS 135 (Miss. 2020).

Defendant’s claim that his aggravated assault indictments were defective because they did not specify “serious” bodily injury failed, where both indictments stated that defendant caused bodily injury with a deadly weapon (specifically, a pistol). Terrell Patrick Corvette Hopper v. State, 220 So.3d 224, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 176 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 28 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 29 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 32 (Miss. 2018).

Argument that there was a change to the material elements of the indictment by a substantive amendment from aggravated assault to attempted aggravated assault was rejected because defendant was on notice that he could have been convicted of attempt; by virtue of this statute, defendant was clearly and fully informed that causing or attempting to cause bodily injury to another, either with a deadly weapon or by some other means likely to produce death or serious injury, constituted the crime of aggravated assault. Holmes v. State, 201 So.3d 491, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 668 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Trial court did not err in amending an indictment, months before defendant’s trial commenced, because the State of Mississippi sought to amend the indictment to correct a scrivener’s error as it was clear from the indictment’s title and its statutory citation that the intended charge was domestic aggravated assault, rather than aggravated assault as originally stated in the indictment. Moreover, the indictment was amended as to form, rather than the substance of the offense charged. Hoskins v. State, 186 So.3d 898, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 424 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), cert. denied, 186 So.3d 854, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 120 (Miss. 2016).

Circuit court erred by allowing the prosecution to proceed on an indictment that specifically charged defendant with aggravated assault under subsection (2)(a) because the indictment did not accuse defendant of causing serious bodily injury to the victim but only “bodily injury”; because the prosecution specifically indicted defendant under subsection (2)(a), it was obligated to prove that he caused serious bodily injury purposely, knowingly, or recklessly. Snowden v. State, 131 So.3d 1251, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 59 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Where an indictment charged appellant with violating former Miss Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), but the intent language in the indictment was that of former §97-3-7(2)(a), that the trial court allowed the State to amend the indictment did not entitle appellant to post-conviction relief because 1) he was given fair notice of the crimes with which he was charged; 2) he did not object to the amendments; 3) they were of form and not substance; 4) they did not prejudice him; and 5) his valid guilty plea waived any defects of form in the indictment. Montalto v. State, 119 So.3d 1087, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 227 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, 127 So.3d 1115, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 635 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7 was proper where his actions plainly, clearly, and obviously would have qualified as aggravated assault under §97-3-7(2)(a) or (b) because he used a deadly weapon and caused serious bodily injury through recklessness. While the indictment used phraseology from §97-3-7(2)(a) and (b), that blending should not have been classified necessarily as a “defect.” Johnson v. State, 910 So. 2d 1174, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 404 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Indictment properly stated the elements of the crime of aggravated assault, even though they were not in the order defendant would have preferred. The indictment in question read that “defendant. .. as part of a common plan or scheme or as part of the same transactions or occurrence did knowingly or purposely, attempt to cause bodily injury to a police officer with a deadly weapon, an automobile. Stanley v. State, 904 So. 2d 1127, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 973 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

When the grand jury returned an indictment under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), requiring purposeful and willful and knowing actions, this stated the charge upon which defendant could be tried; when the proposed amendment was offered to allow the jury to convict under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a) to include recklessly causing serious bodily injury under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life, there was a change of substance, prejudicing defendant, and requiring a reversal, and remand, for a new trial. McLarty v. State, 842 So. 2d 590, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 295 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Attempted assault falls within the meaning of assault, and in the context of defendant’s variance argument between the indictment and the proof, whether defendant’s indictment read “assault” or “attempted assault” made no difference as it was the same crime; moreover, the indictment cited Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1), the applicable statute. Brown v. State, 852 So. 2d 607, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 10 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Where the defendant was indicted for aggravated assault under subsection (2) of this section, but neither paragraph (a) nor (b) was specified, the statutory language was wholly included by reference in the indictment and the indictment was not narrowly drawn to preclude the state from arguing a pool stick was used as a deadly weapon. Rushing v. State, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 350 (Miss. Ct. App. June 22, 1999).

An indictment properly charged the defendant with simple assault under this section, even though the indictment contained the word “feloniously” which does not appear in the statute. Reining v. State, 606 So. 2d 1098, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 542 (Miss. 1992).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under this section, the defendant’s conviction would be reversed where the grand jury returned the indictment under subsection (2)(b) of this section, which requires purposeful, willful and knowing actions, on the morning of the trial the State moved to amend the indictment to allow the jury to convict under subsection (2)(a) of this section, which requires only that the defendant recklessly cause serious bodily injury under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life, and, though there was no order allowing the amendment, the jury instructions clearly reflected the new element which was not contained in the original indictment and it was apparently that part of the instruction upon which the jury returned its verdict. The proposed amendment was a change of substance, rather than form, and therefore the court had no power to amend the indictment without the concurrence of the grand jury. Quick v. State, 569 So. 2d 1197, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 662 (Miss. 1990).

A multiple-count indictment, charging murder and aggravated assault, was permissible where both the murder and the aggravated assault arose from a single fusillade, the defendant presented the same self-defense defense to the 2 charges, almost all of the evidence admissible against the defendant on the murder count was also admissible against him on the assault count and visa-versa, and no legally cognizable prejudice could be said to have resulted from the consolidation at trial of the 2 charges. Blanks v. State, 542 So. 2d 222, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 165 (Miss. 1989).

A court committed reversible error in permitting the State to amend an indictment charging aggravated assault at the close of the State’s case, at a time when the defendant had indicated his desire to file a motion for a directed verdict, from the charge “by shooting the [victim] in the head” to that of “a pistol, a means likely to produce serious bodily harm.” Had the court not permitted the amendment of the indictment, the defendant would have been entitled to a directed verdict of not guilty on the aggravated assault charge of shooting the victim in the head with the pistol since the evidence was uncontradicted that the gun accidentally fired and that the victim was not wounded by the firing of the weapon. Griffin v. State, 540 So. 2d 17, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 1989).

Indictment labeled “aggravated assault” which charges that defendant caused “serious bodily injury” and that defendant beat victim in manner likely to cause “serious bodily injury” and which includes correct section number (subsection (2)(a) of this section) for aggravated assault sufficiently affords defendant and defendant’s attorney notice in fact that defendant is being prosecuted for aggravated assault. Harbin v. State, 478 So. 2d 796, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2261 (Miss. 1985).

Though an indictment for simple assault contained some language from the portion of the statute defining aggravated assault, the indictment was not duplicitous where the language was not sufficient to charge any offense under the aggravated assault provisions and thus only one offense was charged. Toliver v. State, 337 So. 2d 1274, 1976 Miss. LEXIS 1616 (Miss. 1976).

In a prosecution for resisting arrest, an indictment charging that the defendant assaulted a deputy sheriff, resisted the execution of legal process upon himself by the deputy sheriff, and shot the deputy sheriff while the latter was attempting to arrest the defendant, did not charge separate and distinct offenses; each action described in the indictment was but a part of a single episode. Maroone v. State, 317 So. 2d 25, 1975 Miss. LEXIS 1722 (Miss. 1975).

An indictment is not defective because it does not state definitely the time at which the offense was committed. Washington v. State, 222 Miss. 782, 77 So. 2d 260, 1955 Miss. LEXIS 663 (Miss. 1955).

An indictment which stated that the defendant committed assault and battery upon a minor child of the age of nine years, with force and means likely to have produced death by beating and striking her with a cowhide belt and with a large switch or stick, and by pulling her hair out by the roots, and by burning her leg with cigarette lighter, and by holding her by her feet and by striking her head against the floor and wall, and by mashing or snapping her head with his feet, was not demurrable upon the ground that the several acts of violence alleged constituted separate and distinct offenses. McNally v. State, 213 Miss. 356, 56 So. 2d 834, 1952 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 1952).

Where name of victim is used in indictment, it is unnecessary to allege that he is a human being. Hughes v. State, 207 Miss. 594, 42 So. 2d 805, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 372 (Miss. 1949).

Permitting amendment of indictment charging assault with intent to murder, to charge assault and battery with intent to murder, held not reversible error. Sauer v. State, 166 Miss. 507, 144 So. 225, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 307 (Miss. 1932).

Indictment charging assault with deadly weapon with intent to kill and murder must allege felonious intent. State v. May, 147 Miss. 79, 112 So. 866, 1927 Miss. LEXIS 314 (Miss. 1927).

Indictment in the language of Code 1906, § 1359 cannot be sustained under Code 1892, § 967, relative to assault, etc. Barton v. State, 94 Miss. 375, 47 So. 521, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 12 (Miss. 1908).

Indictment held not objectionable as duplicitous in charging assault and battery in attempt to kill. Jimerson v. State, 93 Miss. 685, 46 So. 948, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 115 (Miss. 1908).

7. —Sufficiency of.

Vacating of defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing was appropriate because defendant was improperly sentenced under a subsection not properly charged in the indictment. Defendant was not on notice that defendant would be convicted and sentenced for simple assault on emergency medical personnel, an aggravating circumstance, but was on notice that defendant was being tried for simple assault on medical personnel. Hawkins v. State, 255 So.3d 1264, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 431 (Miss. 2018).

Indictments for aggravated assault were not defective because defendant was alleged to have used a deadly weapon, a pistol, in each of defendant’s aggravated assaults. That was sufficient as the indictment was not required to have alternatively alleged “or other means likely to produce death or serious bodily injury.” McDonald v. State, 204 So.3d 780, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 583 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 205 So.3d 1085, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 498 (Miss. 2016).

Subsections (1)(a)(i), (ii), and (iii) are not mutually exclusive, and the State is not required to distinguish the subsections in every indictment so long as the indictment is sufficient to inform the defendant of the claims against him or her; if an indictment is not rendered insufficient where it intermingles terms from both the simple and aggravated assault sections, we decline to find that an indictment is insufficient where it intermingles terms from subsections under simple assault only. State v. Hawkins, 145 So.3d 636, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 406 (Miss. 2014).

While the language used in the indictment could have been cleaner, the State was not required to distinguish the subsection under which it brought the charges because subsections (1)(a)(i), (ii), and (iii) were not mutually exclusive; although the indictment mixes the concept of willfulness, or intent, with negligence, the indictment clearly charged defendant with simple assault of a vulnerable person and specified the exact conduct charged. State v. Hawkins, 145 So.3d 636, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 406 (Miss. 2014).

Word “willfully” in the indictment was surplusage because the recitation of the relevant facts showed that defendant’s conduct was negligent; comparing the indictment to the statute, defendant could have determined that the charge was based on her negligence, and she should have been able to prepare her defense adequately. State v. Hawkins, 145 So.3d 636, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 406 (Miss. 2014).

Indictment was sufficient to fully notify defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation against her because it included the essential facts constituting the offense charged, as it described what actions defendant took that led to the victim’s injuries, and the indictment clearly stated that defendant was charged with simple assault of a vulnerable person. State v. Hawkins, 145 So.3d 636, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 406 (Miss. 2014).

In a case involving assault of a law enforcement officer, an argument that the indictment was defective based on a failure to state that the officer was acting within the scope of his duty, office, or employment was rejected; both the heading and the body of the indictment provided that defendant was being charged with aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer and that the maximum prison term for the crime was thirty years. Moreover, the language of the indictment tracked the statutory language, and a reading of the indictment as a whole gave defendant fair notice of the charge against him so he could prepare an adequate defense and avoid unfair surprise or the threat of double jeopardy. Townsend v. State, 188 So.3d 616, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 208 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion for postconviction relief because the fact that indictment set forth Miss. Code Ann. §93-3-7 for count I instead of the statute for aggravated assault upon a law enforcement officer, this section, did not support defendant’s claim that he believed he was pleading guilty to a noncriminal offense under §93-3-7, as his plea petition showed that he acknowledged under oath that he was pleading guilty to aggravated assault. In addition, the trial court correctly informed defendant of the authorized statutory scheme for aggravated assault upon a law enforcement officer. Williams v. State, 152 So.3d 349, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 324 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, 145 So.3d 674, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 458 (Miss. 2014), cert. dismissed, 151 So.3d 1017, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 520 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant’s indictments for culpable-negligence manslaughter and aggravated assault were not deficient because the indictments contained the essential elements of the crimes and fairly informed defendant of the charges to allow defendant to prepare a defense. Hardy v. State, 137 So.3d 289, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 227 (Miss. 2014).

In a 28 U.S.C.S. § 2254 proceeding which a pro se state inmate argued that his indictment was defective because it did not contain the word serious as required by Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a), that claim was examined and rejected by the Mississippi Court of Appeals, and provided no basis for habeas relief. White v. Epps, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33009 (S.D. Miss. Apr. 2, 2010).

Defendant’s argument that his convictions for aggravated assault on law enforcement officers should be reversed and remanded or that he should be resentenced on the lesser charge of simple assault on law enforcement officers was without merit. The heading of defendant’s indictment stated that he was being charged with aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer and the counts stated that statute under which he was charged; thus, it was clear from the indictment that he injured the two police officers with a deadly weapon. Mayers v. State, 42 So.3d 33, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 88 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 42 So.3d 24, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 437 (Miss. 2010).

Indictment for aggravated assault, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7 (Rev. 2006), was not fatally defective because it did not need to specify an overt act of attempt where defendant was not indicted under the general attempt statute, Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-7 (Rev. 2006). Thus, the previous decision in Joshua v. State, 445 So. 2d 221 (Miss. 1984), which held that that the separate elements of attempt had to be set out in a criminal indictment for aggravated assault, was expressly overruled. Brooks v. State, 18 So.3d 833, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 471 (Miss. 2009).

Where the evidence showed that appellant used a deadly weapon to strike his current spouse and to shoot the other victim, the State showed intent to cause bodily injury with a deadly weapon. The indictment charging him with aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) and aggravated domestic violence under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(4) was not defective; defendant pleaded guilty to both counts. McComb v. State, 986 So. 2d 1087, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 410 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. dismissed, 36 So.3d 455, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 285 (Miss. 2010).

Aggravated assault indictment was not defective for failing to allege serious bodily injury because the injury in question was inflicted with a deadly weapon. Crawford v. State, 972 So. 2d 44, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 5 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Motion for post-conviction relief was denied based on an amended indictment in an aggravated assault case because the failure to include the phrase “thereby manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life” was not erroneous since this was not an element of the crime; moreover, all of the requirements for indictments under Miss. Unif. Cir. & Cty. R. 7.06 were met. Nichols v. State, 955 So. 2d 962, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 279 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Indictment against defendant was sufficient as it clearly set out the essential elements of aggravated assault and specifically referred to simple assault as a lesser crime; there was no requirement that the State prove intent to cause serious bodily injury when defendant was charged pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), and the State put forth sufficient evidence that defendant purposefully or knowingly caused bodily injury to the victim with a deadly weapon. Russell v. State, 924 So. 2d 604, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 167 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Indictment alleged that defendant attempted to cause bodily injury to the victim by firing a gun at her, without any legal justification. The indictment tracked the statutory language, and was sufficient to charge defendant with the crime of aggravated assault. Brewer v. State, 920 So. 2d 546, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 79 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant’s indictment charged defendant with aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b); no serious injury was required for a §97-3-7(2)(b) charge, such that the indictment issued against defendant was sufficient. Mason v. State, 867 So. 2d 1058, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 213 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Indictment for aggravated assault properly charged one of the means in which to commit the crime; the failure of the indictment to charge other means was appropriate. Sanderson v. State, 881 So. 2d 878, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 35 (Miss. Ct. App.), aff'd in part and rev'd in part, 883 So. 2d 558, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1199 (Miss. 2004).

State did not fail to prove that defendant’s action in striking one of the police officers attempting to restrain and subdue him was willful and intentional as charged in the indictment; there was nothing in the record to suggest that defendant’s conclusion that he struck the officer as the result of an involuntary reaction to being sprayed with mace was the only reasonable interpretation of evidence that jurors could possibly have drawn. Griffin v. State, 872 So. 2d 90, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 373 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

State did not err in failing to include recklessness language in the indictment because Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a) is written in the disjunctive (either an accused acted purposely and knowingly or he acted recklessly with indifference to the value of human life); by failing to include the recklessness language in the indictment, the State did not err but was limiting itself to proving that defendant had acted purposefully as opposed to recklessly. Parisie v. State, 848 So. 2d 880, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 873 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

An indictment for aggravated assault was sufficient where it included the seven required elements and provided adequate notice of the offenses charged. Holmes v. State, 754 So. 2d 529, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 679 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

An indictment for aggravated assault was insufficient where it asserted that the defendant willfully, unlawfully, knowingly, feloniously, and purposely caused or attempted to cause bodily injury to another with his fist by striking her in violation of subsection (2) of this section; the fact that the state was granted leave to amend the indictment to insert the word “serious” before the phrase “bodily injury” was insufficient to cure the indictment. Hawthorne v. State, 751 So. 2d 1090, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 457 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Indictment which tracks language of aggravated assault statute (this section) is legally sufficient notwithstanding failure to allege overt acts evidencing intent and action required for offense. Ward v. State, 479 So. 2d 713, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2302 (Miss. 1985).

An indictment charging defendant with aggravated assault, apparently in violation of subsection (2) of this section, was substantially defective in that it did not set out any alleged overt act whatsoever regarding defendant’s alleged attempt to cause bodily harm to a patrolman, and, thus, his failure to file a demurrer under the provisions of §99-7-21 did not prevent him from challenging the indictment. Joshua v. State, 445 So. 2d 221, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1582 (Miss. 1984), overruled, Brooks v. State, 18 So.3d 833, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 471 (Miss. 2009).

An indictment charging defendant unlawfully, wilfully, and feloniously caused serious bodily injuries by driving a vehicle recklessly under the circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life sufficiently stated an offense under subsection (2) of this section. Gray v. State, 427 So. 2d 1363, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2351 (Miss. 1983).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault upon a police officer, the indictment was sufficient where it stated facts clearly showing aggravated rather than simple assault and indicated in unambiguous language that the victim was a police officer acting within the course of his employment. Norman v. State, 385 So. 2d 1298, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 2008 (Miss. 1980).

The trial court properly sentenced defendant for a felony following conviction for aggravated assault, notwithstanding the discretion given the court by this section for imprisonment in the county jail or penitentiary; the indictment charging defendant with having knowingly and purposely caused bodily injury to another “with a deadly weapon” clearly categorized the assault as an aggravated assault rather than a simple assault, even though the indictment did not use the word “feloniously”. Mississippi State Tax Com. v. Reynolds, 351 So. 2d 326, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 1927 (Miss. 1977).

Under an indictment alleging aggravated assault upon a police officer acting “within the scope of his duty”, the evidence was sufficient to prove scope of duty, where defendant assaulted a person whom he recognized as a law enforcement officer engaged in assisting the arresting officer in placing defendant into custody, notwithstanding the fact that the initial arrest was without probable cause. Watkins v. State, 350 So. 2d 1384, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 2254 (Miss. 1977).

Indictment charging shooting at another with intent to kill and murder and alleging that shooting was done unlawfully, with malice aforethought, feloniously and wilfully with intent to kill and murder, is sufficient to charge that shooting was done with felonious intent to kill and murder and properly charges an offense of assault and battery with intent to kill and murder. Bone v. State, 207 Miss. 20, 41 So. 2d 347, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 314 (Miss. 1949).

An indictment charging an assault with a deadly weapon “with the intent and in the attempt to kill and murder” charged an offense with the intent to kill and murder under this section [Code 1942, § 2011] and not an offense under Code 1930, § 793 (Code 1942, § 2017). Norwood v. State, 182 Miss. 898, 183 So. 523, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 205 (Miss. 1938).

Indictment charging wilful, unlawful, felonious, and malicious assault and battery upon one in crowd with felonious intent to kill held to sufficiently charge assault and battery with intent to murder, as against contention that it did not charge intent “to kill and murder” some human situated in building, but merely charged intent “to kill.” White v. State, 169 Miss. 332, 153 So. 387, 1934 Miss. LEXIS 63 (Miss. 1934).

Where record indicated defendant was aware he was being prosecuted under statute making robbery, or attempt at robbery, capital offense under certain conditions, indictment, though awkwardly worded, was sufficient. Hall v. State, 166 Miss. 331, 148 So. 793, 1933 Miss. LEXIS 399 (Miss. 1933).

Affidavit charging accused with striking officer in resisting arrest held to sufficiently charge assault and battery. Martin v. Laurel, 106 Miss. 357, 63 So. 670, 1913 Miss. LEXIS 141 (Miss. 1913).

Indictment for attempted rape held to charge an assault with intent to commit felony, constituting a misdemeanor at common law. Moore v. State, 102 Miss. 148, 59 So. 3, 1912 Miss. LEXIS 39 (Miss. 1912).

An indictment charging that defendant assaulted and beat C with “leather bridle reins” while armed with a pistol, with intent to intimidate C and prevent him from defending himself while not good under Code 1906, § 1044, is good as one for common assault and battery. State v. Spigener, 96 Miss. 597, 50 So. 977, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 149 (Miss. 1910).

Held indictment should charge that accused shot into wagon wherein was D and other persons, with felonious intent of killing one or more of them, not caring which and in fact shot D. Gentry v. State, 92 Miss. 141, 45 So. 721, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 26 (Miss. 1907).

Indictment is sufficient if it avers that the assault was committed with a deadly weapon. Canterberry v. State, 90 Miss. 279, 43 So. 678, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 88 (Miss. 1907).

8. Defenses; generally.

In defendant’s trial on a charge of misdemeanor domestic violence, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(3), her defense of necessity failed because defendant did not bite the victim, her husband, to avoid harm, but instead, defendant bit him to free herself to leave the home; there was no evidence to suggest that defendant felt she was in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm to others. Anderson v. State, 102 So.3d 304, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 510 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. dismissed, 105 So.3d 326, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 37 (Miss. 2013).

Action in the heat of passion is not a defense to aggravated assault. Brown v. State, 749 So. 2d 204, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 497 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Consent of the victim is irrelevant in a trial for simple assault. Durr v. State, 722 So. 2d 134, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 439 (Miss. 1998).

A defendant waived and forfeited his right to assert the statute of limitations under §99-1-5 as a defense to a charge of aggravated assault when he failed to assert it in the lower court and thereafter entered a voluntary and counseled plea of guilty to the charge. Conerly v. State, 607 So. 2d 1153, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 585 (Miss. 1992).

Even if an instruction to the effect that if the jury should find that the accused was intoxicated at the time of the difficulty it must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that such intoxication did not incapacitate him from forming a deliberate design to kill the victim should be given where the evidence justifies it, it was properly refused where the accused’s testimony established that he was not drunk at the time of committing an assault and battery with intent to kill. Wixon v. State, 229 Miss. 430, 90 So. 2d 859, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 1956).

State’s instruction that voluntary drunkenness was no excuse or justification for the commission of a crime in that one could not take advantage of a situation in which he had placed himself voluntarily by being drunk or drinking, and if the jury believed beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant, with felonious intent and malice aforethought to kill, shot and wounded the victim, it should find defendant guilty even though they might believe that defendant had been drunk or drinking at the time, was not misleading as assuming that a crime had been committed, nor was it misleading in any other particular. Wixon v. State, 229 Miss. 430, 90 So. 2d 859, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 1956).

The shooting at a twelve-year-old boy by a sheriff and his posse who were seeking generally to take into custody persons whom they believed to have been present when a felony was committed justified the boy’s brother in returning the fire. Craft v. State, 202 Miss. 43, 30 So. 2d 414, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 239 (Miss. 1947).

Husband cannot inflict corporal punishment on wife. Gross v. State, 135 Miss. 624, 100 So. 177, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 50 (Miss. 1924).

9. — Insanity.

Even though counsel was deficient in failing to pursue an insanity defense in an aggravated assault case, defendant was not prejudiced thereby because the M’Naghten test was not satisfied; defendant understood the consequences of his actions. Defendant stated that he shot his stepfather for “messing with his mother’s mind.” Epps v. State, 984 So. 2d 1042, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 111 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

10. — Self-defense.

When defendant was charged with aggravated assault, defendant did not show defendant acted in self-defense because defendant did not explain why defendant (1) feared for defendant’s life, (2) pursued the victim, or (3) fired a shot after a fight ended. Tutwiler v. State, 197 So.3d 418, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 650 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), cert. denied, 202 So.3d 613, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 352 (Miss. 2016).

In defendant’s trial on a charge of misdemeanor domestic violence, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(3), her claim of self-defense failed because there was no evidence to suggest that defendant feared the victim, her husband, would hurt her or cause her some great bodily harm; defendant’s actions were made to escape the victim’s restraint and leave the home and the evidence supported a conclusion that defendant presented a threat of danger and great bodily harm to herself and others. Anderson v. State, 102 So.3d 304, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 510 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. dismissed, 105 So.3d 326, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 37 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) were improper because the evidence indicated that defendant was acting in necessary self-defense when the projectiles from his firearm struck the bystanders. Defendant had no unlawful intent to cause bodily injury to the bystanders with a deadly weapon and he did not act recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life; at that moment in the conflict, defendant was attempting to preserve his own life. Rogers v. State, 994 So. 2d 792, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 170 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 668 (Miss. 2008).

State was not required to prove that defendant was not acting with self defense in order to prove a conviction for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b). Beyers v. State, 930 So. 2d 456, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 397 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

To make an assault justifiable on the grounds of self-defense, danger to the defendant must be either actual, present and urgent, or the defendant must have reasonable grounds to apprehend a design on the part of the victim to kill, or to do him or her some great bodily harm, and there must be imminent danger of such design being accomplished. On the other hand, if a person provokes a difficulty, arming himself or herself in advance, and intending, if necessary, to use the weapon and overcome his or her adversary, that person becomes the aggressor and is deprived of the right of self-defense. Anderson v. State, 571 So. 2d 961, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 717 (Miss. 1990).

Jury instruction was proper where it paralleled statutory language of this section; therefore, jury could have believed all of defendants’ story, but not found self-defense proper in this case where 3 people beat admittedly unarmed man. Johnson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1246, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2703 (Miss.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 968, 108 S. Ct. 462, 98 L. Ed. 2d 402, 1987 U.S. LEXIS 4990 (U.S. 1987), overruled in part, Smith v. State, 986 So. 2d 290, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 2008).

Testimony of aggravated assault defendant, whose sole defense is self defense, as to efforts, prior to alleged assault, to obtain assistance of law enforcement officers in response to threats against defendant by alleged victim are admissible as being highly relevant to defendant’s state of mind leading up to alleged assault. Brown v. State, 464 So. 2d 516, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1925 (Miss. 1985).

In an action for damages which arose when the decedent was shot and killed by a deputy sheriff, the killing would be justifiable under the provisions of the justifiable homicide statute where it was done in self-defense; the shooting was also necessary under the circumstances in order to preserve the peace and to apprehend the decedent, who had fired two rifles at the officers while resisting arrest. Coghlan v. Phillips, 447 F. Supp. 21, 1977 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16951 (S.D. Miss. 1977), aff'd, 567 F.2d 652, 1978 U.S. App. LEXIS 12668 (5th Cir. Miss. 1978).

Trial court’s refusal to grant a continuance to a father, who is charged with shooting a 17-year-old boy for slapping his daughter, was erroneous, where the affidavit in support of the motion for continuance showed that the accused’s wife, a witness to the shooting, was hospitalized and averred that she would testify that the victim was the aggressor to the affray and that the accused shot in apparent self-defense, and it further appeared that as a result of the absence of his wife as a witness, the accused was compelled to testify in his own behalf whether he desired to do so or not, since otherwise the state’s case would have stood undisputed. Ivy v. State, 229 Miss. 491, 91 So. 2d 521, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 630 (Miss. 1956).

Accused was not guilty of assault and battery with intent to kill sheriff were sheriff made an unlawful arrest without warrant by entering accused’s own backyard, the accused did not use any more force than necessary in resisting arrest when she scuffled with the sheriff who as a result sustained a slight cut on arm, and where force used did not prevent the unlawful arrest. Hartfield v. State, 209 Miss. 787, 48 So. 2d 507, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 443 (Miss. 1950).

One being shot at by a sheriff and his posse who were seeking generally to take into custody persons whom they believed to have been present when a felony was committed had a right to return the fire. Craft v. State, 202 Miss. 43, 30 So. 2d 414, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 239 (Miss. 1947).

Acts of Negro in self-defense to an aggression by a white man did not warrant conviction for assault and battery. Nichols v. State, 198 Miss. 821, 24 So. 2d 14, 1945 Miss. LEXIS 253 (Miss. 1945).

If plaintiff approached defendant with menacing looks and drawn fists and defendant struck plaintiff to prevent assault and only struck until he overcame threatened assault, blows were justified. Stamps v. Polk, 143 Miss. 551, 108 So. 729, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 292 (Miss. 1926).

Where accused, in prosecuting for assault and battery, insulted other party who struck first blow, instruction of self-defense was error. Wicker v. State, 107 Miss. 690, 65 So. 885, 1914 Miss. LEXIS 133 (Miss. 1914).

Defendant was not precluded from claiming self-defense because after previous difficulty he had armed himself and sought out his adversary to renew the conflict, where it appeared that the defendant shot and wounded his adversary after the adversary had fired upon him, and the shooting was not in pursuance of an original intent to kill. Garner v. State, 93 Miss. 843, 47 So. 500, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 148 (Miss. 1908).

Held that instruction on self-defense should not be modified by words “without fault in himself in bringing on the difficulty”. Garner v. State, 93 Miss. 843, 47 So. 500, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 148 (Miss. 1908).

11. —Civil suit as bar to prosecution.

The prosecutor in an indictment for an assault with intent to kill, who has commenced a civil suit for the injury, will not be compelled to elect or abandon the civil suit or the prosecution; both may be sustained. Wheatley v. Thorn, 23 Miss. 62, 1851 Miss. LEXIS 5 (Miss. 1851).

12. Double jeopardy.

Double jeopardy barred defendant’s second conviction for aggravated assault because the two convictions arose of the same occurrence, as the striking and strangling of the victim occurred during the same assault. May v. State, 267 So.3d 803, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 632 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018), cert. denied, 267 So.3d 280, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 169 (Miss. 2019).

Trial court did not err in denying petitioner post-conviction relief because he was not subjected to double jeopardy since the two crimes for which petitioner was indicted and to which he pleaded guilty, armed robbery and aggravated assault, required proof of an element which the other did not; petitioner could have been found guilty of armed robbery without having shot the victim, and he could have been found guilty of aggravated assault without taking the victim’s property. Owens v. State, 150 So.3d 114, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 608 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Defendant was not subject to double jeopardy, even though defendant was issued a citation for resisting arrest and was later convicted of simple assault on a law enforcement officer, where a clear reading of the statutes established that the two offenses contained an element that was lacking from the other. Roncali v. State, 980 So. 2d 959, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 223 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Defendant’s claim of double jeopardy, pursuant to the Fifth Amendment, was without merit where application of the Blockburger test revealed that elements of each of the crimes of shooting into a vehicle, Miss. Code Ann. §97-25-47, and aggravated assault, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) were not contained in the other. Graves v. State, 969 So. 2d 845, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 676 (Miss. 2007).

Inmate’s convictions for aggravated assault and aggravated robbery did not violate his Fifth Amendment right to be free from double jeopardy because even though the charges arose from the same set of facts, the two charges had different elements that the State needed to prove and one was not a lesser-included offense of the other. Thomas v. State, 930 So. 2d 1264, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 993 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Where defendant robbed the victim, a store clerk, at gunpoint, and pistol whipped the victim numerous times, the offenses of robbery with the use of a deadly weapon, and aggravated assault, clearly required different elements of proof, and double jeopardy did not apply. Houston v. State, 887 So. 2d 808, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 451 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 888 So. 2d 1177, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1448 (Miss. 2004).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) was not obtained in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause as conviction on that charge required proof of at least one element not present in the resisting arrest charge, Miss. Code Ann. §97-9-73, on which defendant had earlier been convicted. Powell v. State, 806 So. 2d 1069, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 271 (Miss. 2001).

13. Evidence; generally.

Verdict finding defendant guilty of aggravated assault and firearm possession by a felon was not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow it to stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice because the victim testified that when she entered the house, the culprit, whom she identified as defendant, came out of a backroom, pointed a long gun at her, and told her to “hold it”; she heard a click from the gun and ran from the house for help; she testified about the gun he aimed at her and its size; and the jury heard from the police regarding their pursuit and eventual capture of defendant and about the victim’s identification of defendant as the burglar. Johnson v. State, 264 So.3d 822, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 546 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial because the jury did not believe defendant’s version of the attack; even though defendant’s version contained some inconsistencies and contradictions, the weight of the evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the verdict, supported the verdict of guilty for aggravated assault. Kennedy v. State, 236 So.3d 829, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 575 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Verdict in an aggravated assault upon a police officer case was not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow it to stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice because defendant’s intentional actions of hitting and kicking the officer numerous times, which caused bruising, black eyes, and a broken nose, were likely to produce serious bodily harm. Graham v. State, 151 So.3d 268, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 663 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Defendant’s convictions for murder and aggravated assault, under Miss. Code Ann. §§97-3-19(1),97-3-7(2), were not against the weight of the evidence because allowing the verdict to stand would not have sanctioned an unconscionable injustice because there was nothing that would have led an appellate court to disagree with a jury’s assessment of the conflicting testimony with which it was presented. Readus v. State, 997 So. 2d 941, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 249 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 852, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 2009).

Conviction for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) was supported by the weight of the evidence because witnesses testified that defendant was actively engaged in a drunken fight, a friend of defendant’s testified that deadly force was not necessary, defendant admitted wielding a knife, no evidence was presented that the injuries were from another source, and someone observed defendant stab a victim after blinding him with a shirt; therefore, a new trial was not warranted. Lackie v. State, 971 So. 2d 601, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 293 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 683 (Miss. 2007).

Evidence substantially supported defendant’s guilt in a simple assault of a police officer case where defendant did not dispute that the officer was a law enforcement officer who was acting in the scope of his duty on the night of the incident and the officer testified that defendant struck him behind the head with defendant’s fist, while his back was turned to defendant; the officer also testified that he sustained a cut from defendant’s blow. A witness testified that she saw defendant hit the officer toward the back of the neck with his fist or hand after the officer ordered defendant to stand back from the women defendant was pursuing and that the attack was unprovoked. Enlow v. State, 878 So. 2d 1111, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 710 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 888 So. 2d 1177, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1479 (Miss. 2004).

Defendant was properly convicted of aggravated assault where her husband was attacked in the middle of the night in the trailer in which he lived. Favre v. State, 877 So. 2d 554, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 656 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

State’s identification of defendant consisted of the victim’s eyewitness identification from a photo line-up and in-court identification, and a videotape of the robbery which showed the robber; moreover, the trial court instructed the jury to consider Neil v. Biggers to determine whether the identification made by the victim was credible and reliable, and the jury resolved the issue of credibility in favor of the State’s witnesses. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s convictions for robbery with the use of a deadly weapon, and aggravated assault. Houston v. State, 887 So. 2d 808, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 451 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 888 So. 2d 1177, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1448 (Miss. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s aggravated assault conviction where numerous witnesses testified that defendant attacked the victim with a metal object, that the victim was unarmed and did not attempt to fight back, that onlookers attempted to stop defendant, and that defendant continued to beat the victim after he was on the ground. Although defendant attempted to make a case of self-defense, reasonable and fair-minded jurors could have found defendant guilty. Hoye v. State, 867 So. 2d 266, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 168 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for attempted aggravated assault on a police officer where three officers present at the scene testified that defendant had pointed a gun at them and refused demands that he drop it, an officer testified that he saw the gun as it was fired and that defendant was the first one to shoot, and an investigator concluded that the bullets fired from defendant’s gun were shot in an officer’s direction. Stringer v. State, 862 So. 2d 566, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 4 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to convict a defendant of aggravated assault, where his accomplice admitted in his statement for his plea agreement that he called to defendant to assist him while he was fighting with the assault victim, and the victim identified defendant at trial. Wells v. State, 849 So. 2d 1231, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 213 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence that defendant grabbed the victim’s wrists in an aggressive manner was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for simple assault. Griffith v. City of Bay St. Louis, 797 So. 2d 1037, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 302 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

Defendant struck the victim with a mop handle, inflicting pain and injury on her so she would be quiet while he assaulted her; thus, the evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault and the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for directed verdict. Bridges v. State, 790 So. 2d 230, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 276 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

State’s introduction of evidence that defendant in aggravated assault case has previously been in jail does not prejudice jury where reference to jail does not specify any particular offense and court sustains objection of defendant’s attorney and instructs jury to disregard reference. Stringer v. State, 477 So. 2d 1335, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2191 (Miss. 1985).

Prosecution in aggravated assault case may cross-examine defense witness as to whether witness has previously been character witness for defendant. Stringer v. State, 477 So. 2d 1335, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2191 (Miss. 1985).

In prosecution for felonious assault by cutting with knife, attorney who is employed by defendant to represent him in divorce action is competent to testify against him in regard to what occurred since attorney when testifying in criminal case was not divulging any private or confidential communication between himself and his client, but was merely testifying as witness for state to a crime committed in presence of witness and in presence of third party. Ferrell v. State, 208 Miss. 539, 45 So. 2d 127, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 1950).

In prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill, defendant’s prior conviction of drunkenness is competent evidence against him when both sides, without objection, entered upon proof of fact whether he was drunk or drinking on night of crime, and defendant took stand as witness, as his prior conviction of crime was competent as bearing upon weight of his testimony and his credibility as witness. Phillips v. State, 43 So. 2d 208 (Miss. 1949).

On appeal from judgment of conviction on charge of assault with intent to kill, supreme court will accept testimony introduced by state as constituting true account, but, since burden of proof is on state, it will interpret that testimony in favor of defendant when it is manifestly capable of two reasonable interpretations. Craddock v. State, 204 Miss. 606, 37 So. 2d 778, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 393 (Miss. 1948).

In prosecution under this section [Code 1942, § 2011], questions so framed as to impress jury that accused is man of violent and quarrelsome disposition and that he has committed serious assaults upon other persons on different occasions in past, repeatedly asked by prosecuting attorney, objections to which are repeatedly sustained, are improper, and defendant’s motion for mistrial therefor should be sustained. Buchanan v. State, 204 Miss. 304, 37 So. 2d 318, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 367 (Miss. 1948).

14. — Admissibility.

In a case in which strangulation was an element of the crime charged in the indictment, the trial court did not commit plain error by permitting a law enforcement officer to testify to medical causation that the victim’s injuries appeared to be a result of strangulation because defendant failed to object to the testimony at trial and, in fact, emphasized at on cross examination. Kirk v. State, 160 So.3d 685, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 68 (Miss. 2015).

Defendant’s convictions for capital murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e), aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), and conspiracy to commit aggravated assault were appropriate because the victim’s autopsy photographs were admissible since their probative value was not outweighed by any danger of undue prejudice and since there was a meaningful evidentiary purpose. Williams v. State, 3 So.3d 105, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 68 (Miss. 2009).

In a case in which defendant was convicted of violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), the trial judge did not err by not admitting evidence of the victim’s continued intimacy with defendant after the assault. Defendant had argued that such evidence might be relevant in assessing her veracity, but the trial judge would not allow the testimony into evidence finding that any subsequent fraternization between defendant and the victim was irrelevant; the trial judge stated that the crime was committed not only against the victim but also against the laws of the State of Mississippi, and defendant cited no relevant authority for the appellate court to determine otherwise. Carter v. State, 995 So. 2d 847, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 700 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Where defendant was convicted of aggravated assault with a weapon, a violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7, the trial court did not err in admitting a second knife into evidence because a witness testified that after defendant stabbed the victim with a butcher knife, he tried to stab him with a different knife, and the police found defendant with the second knife in his hands when he was arrested, and it was not a butcher knife, thereby corroborating the witness’s testimony. Clark v. State, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 371 (Miss. Ct. App. June 7, 2005), sub. op., op. withdrawn, 928 So. 2d 192, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 135 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Trial court did not err in granting a motion in limine barring any mention of the civil suit pending between the victim and the rescue mission that he and defendant were living in where defendant claimed that had such evidence been allowed the bias and animosity of the victim towards defendant would have been proven and would have supported defendant’s self-defense theory. Notwithstanding the trial court’s ruling, after an examination of the record, the appellate court found that defendant was not prevented from testifying regarding the alleged bias of the prosecution’s witnesses and the jury heard and considered that testimony and found the prosecution’s witnesses more credible. Clark v. State, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 371 (Miss. Ct. App. June 7, 2005), sub. op., op. withdrawn, 928 So. 2d 192, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 135 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Trial court did not err in excluding evidence of defendant’s fear of the victim that defendant claimed was relevant to his self-defense claim because defendant was able to testify about his fears; furthermore, the prosecution offered evidence regarding defendant’s alleged fears; the trial court merely excluded the repetition of such testimony on re-direct. Clark v. State, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 371 (Miss. Ct. App. June 7, 2005), sub. op., op. withdrawn, 928 So. 2d 192, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 135 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7, the trial court did not err in allowing evidence regarding an altercation between defendant and the victim prior to the assault; the altercation, allegedly a prior bad act, was properly admitted to establish motive under Miss. R. Evid. 404(b), and the probative value of the evidence outweighed the prejudice caused under Miss. R. Evid. 403. Brown v. State, 864 So. 2d 1009, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 55 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence of alleged racial slurs made by the defendant were improperly admitted into evidence as race is not an element of a violation of subsection (1)(c) and as the probative value, if any, of the defendant’s alleged racial slurs was clearly substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Tate v. State, 784 So. 2d 208, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 2001).

Prosecutor’s cross-examination of defense witness, concerning reason defendant had so much money in his house in the form of small bills, was entirely irrelevant to charge of aggravated assault and constituted improper attempt to give jury the inference that defendant needed small bills in order to deal narcotics. Cotton v. State, 675 So. 2d 308, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 198 (Miss. 1996).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault, a witness’ rebuttal testimony that the defendant had visited her house 3 days before the assault looking for the victim and that he had a gun in his pocket, did not violate Rule 608(b), Miss. R. Evid. because it was not introduced as a specific instance of conduct to impeach the defendant’s credibility. Additionally, the impeachment was not on a collateral issue since the issue of whether the victim or the defendant had a gun and which one was the aggressor was a central factual issue. The witness’ testimony was not reputation or character evidence but a statement of fact relevant to the merits, and was therefore admissible. Lewis v. State, 580 So. 2d 1279, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 314 (Miss. 1991).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault, evidence of a drug transaction involving the defendant’s husband was properly admitted into evidence where the State contended that the defendant shot 6 nightclub patrons because of a beating her husband received during the drug transaction, the evidence was introduced for the purpose of establishing the defendant’s motive for the shooting, and no evidence was presented to suggest that the defendant was involved in any drug transaction at the nightclub on the night of the shooting. Hogan v. State, 580 So. 2d 1275, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 324 (Miss. 1991).

Although wide latitude should be given in the cross-examination of witnesses, basic fairness requires that, before the State questions the accused as to whether he or she is guilty of a series of crimes unrelated to the charges being prosecuted, it have some basis in fact for such questioning. This would be the case even if the commission of such crimes were admissible evidence. Thus, where the record did not show any evidentiary basis to ask such questions, the State’s conduct in cross-examining the defendant in a sexual battery prosecution about unrelated acts of deviant, sexual conduct with his stepchildren constituted reversible error even though the defense objection was sustained. Hosford v. State, 525 So. 2d 789, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 217 (Miss. 1988).

Admission into evidence of results of blood alcohol test at trial for manslaughter and aggravated assault arising out of a motor vehicle accidents was reversible error, where deputy sheriff who investigated the accident had insufficient probable cause to request a blood alcohol test for defendant driver, in view of deputy’s statement that he smelled no odor of alcohol on defendant either at the accident scene or at the hospital, he observed no whiskey bottles or beer cans in defendant’s car, no aspect of defendant’s speech, appearance or behavior indicated that he was under the influence of alcohol, and deputy admitted that the real reason for requesting the blood alcohol test was because it was sheriff department policy to do so when someone was killed in an automobile accident. Cole v. State, 493 So. 2d 1333, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2641 (Miss. 1986).

Testimony of aggravated assault victim as to victim’s reluctance to testify based on fear for mother, who lives close to defendant, and upon fact that someone had come looking for victim’s address with pistol is admissible on redirect examination where defense counsel has elicited from witness on cross-examination that victim did not want to testify in case. Stringer v. State, 477 So. 2d 1335, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2191 (Miss. 1985).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under subsection (2) of this section, the trial court properly admitted testimony by a witness that he met the automobile driven by defendant approximately one fourth mile from the collision scene and was required to drive off the road in order to prevent a collision. Gray v. State, 427 So. 2d 1363, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2351 (Miss. 1983).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault with an automobile that arose when the victim, who had attempted to intervene in an altercation between defendant and a third person over an automobile collision, was struck by either the open door or the rear of defendant’s car, the trial court did not err in permitting the state to introduce evidence about the collision and altercation where such action on defendant’s part was intimately connected with and related to the crime charged and was relevant to establish defendant’s motive. McGee v. State, 365 So. 2d 302, 1978 Miss. LEXIS 2417 (Miss. 1978).

Confession of defendant, charged with assault and battery with intent to kill his wife, made and signed at a time when the wife was still living, was not inadmissible on the ground that the officers misrepresented the wife’s condition or that it constituted a promise of leniency. Harris v. State, 209 Miss. 102, 46 So. 2d 75, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 364 (Miss. 1950).

General reputation of deceased for peace in murder trial cannot be shown until or unless such reputation is first attacked by defense, and same rule applies to injured party in lesser offense of assault and battery with intent to kill. Hinton v. State, 209 Miss. 608, 45 So. 2d 805, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 420 (Miss.), cert. denied, 340 U.S. 802, 71 S. Ct. 68, 95 L. Ed. 590, 1950 U.S. LEXIS 1573 (U.S. 1950).

Testimony of sheriff that shortly after an alleged assault with intent to murder, he smelled liquor on defendant’s breath is admissible for purpose of showing defendant’s state of mind at time of attack, since no motive therefor was in evidence. Hughes v. State, 207 Miss. 594, 42 So. 2d 805, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 372 (Miss. 1949).

Introduction in evidence of a large stick in a prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill constituted reversible error, where there was no showing that such stick was used in the assault and battery. Henley v. State, 202 Miss. 37, 30 So. 2d 423, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 238 (Miss. 1947).

In prosecution for assault and battery with intent to murder, largely controlled by circumstantial evidence, any circumstances logically tending to show motive held competent. Sauer v. State, 166 Miss. 507, 144 So. 225, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 307 (Miss. 1932).

Threat is admissible, though it be conditional. Cordell v. State, 136 Miss. 293, 101 So. 380, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 130 (Miss. 1924).

Where the evidence is conflicting as to who was aggressor, uncommunicated threats are admissible. Miles v. State, 99 Miss. 165, 54 So. 946, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 29 (Miss. 1910).

Error to exclude obscene postal card alleged by prosecuting witness to have caused assault. De Silva v. State, 91 Miss. 776, 45 So. 611, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 190 (Miss. 1907).

15. — — Nature of injuries.

Trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the prosecution to display the injured child to the jury because: (1) under Miss. Const. Art. 3, § 26A and Miss. Code Ann. §99-43-21 (Rev. 2007), the victim had the right to be present and be heard during the criminal proceedings; (2) the State was required to offer proof of serious bodily injury in order to convict defendant of aggravated assault; and (3) the probative value of the jury’s viewing the child’s injuries was not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice to defendant. Harris v. State, 979 So. 2d 721, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 197 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

In order to prove a conviction for aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), the state was not required to show that the victim suffered serious bodily injury, but was only required to show that defendant’s injurious action was likely to cause such a result. Beyers v. State, 930 So. 2d 456, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 397 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Colored photographs of the victim’s face before and after surgery were admissible in an assault prosecution where the photographs were necessary to aid the jury in its decision of whether the assault with fists constituted aggravated assault or simple assault. Gardner v. State, 573 So. 2d 716, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 813 (Miss. 1990).

It was competent for aggravated assault victim to describe the nature and extent of injuries received as result of being shot by the defendant, since the essence of the offense of aggravated is that the accused has knowingly caused bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon likely to produce death or serious bodily harm. Cooley v. State, 495 So. 2d 1362, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2715 (Miss. 1986).

Admission in evidence of a photograph of aggravated assault victim’s leg wound was not error, since it was relevant to prosecution’s need to show infliction of a wound with a deadly weapon in order to succeed under the indictment, and there was no basis to believe its probative value was substantially outweighed by danger of unfair prejudice. Cooley v. State, 495 So. 2d 1362, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2715 (Miss. 1986).

Admission of evidence as to stabbing victim’s considerable bleeding, his scar, and the nature and size of his wound, was not reversible error, since its inflammatory or prejudicial effect, if any, on jury did not outweigh its relevancy to the issue as to whether the assault upon the victim was an aggravated one. Norris v. State, 490 So. 2d 839, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2477 (Miss. 1986).

16. — — Other offenses or conduct.

Defendant was entitled to a new trial as to an aggravated assault count because a retroactive misjoinder occurred as the admission into evidence by stipulation of defendant’s prior felony conviction regarding a felon in possession of a knife count, when the evidence was insufficient to sustain the felon in possession count, prejudiced defendant’s defense on the aggravated assault count. Williams v. State, 37 So.3d 717, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 301 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

In a case in which defendant appealed his conviction for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a), he unsuccessfully argued that the trial court erred in allowing the victim’s wife to testify about an encounter she and defendant had months after the incident. Defendant contended that the wife’s testimony was not relevant, and its prejudicial effect outweighed its probative value in violation of Miss. R. Evid. 403, but the evidence was offered to show defendant’s state of mind on the day of the assault; the trial court weighed the probative value of the evidence against the potential for undue prejudice. David v. State, 29 So.3d 129, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 112 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

In defendant’s trial on a charge of aggravated assault for stabbing the woman with whom he lived, the trial court erred in permitting the prosecutor to inquire into the details of defendant’s previous conviction for aggravated assault for shooting a woman. The error was not harmless because evidence of defendant’s prior conviction for the same crime of aggravated assault was highly prejudicial and because it permitted the exact inference that Miss. R. Evid. 404(b) sought to prevent. Thomas v. State, 19 So.3d 130, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 192 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 19 So.3d 82, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 485 (Miss. 2009).

In defendant’s trial on a charge of aggravated assault for stabbing the woman with whom he lived, the trial court erred in permitting the prosecutor to inquire into the details of his previous conviction for aggravated assault for shooting a woman. Although the prosecutor argued that the evidence was admissible under Miss. R. Evid. 404(b) to show motive, opportunity, or intent because it was evidence that defendant liked to assault women, there was no proof that defendant’s conviction for shooting another woman years earlier had any effect upon his motive, opportunity, or intent to stab his current victim. Thomas v. State, 19 So.3d 130, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 192 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 19 So.3d 82, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 485 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated domestic violence against his girlfriend pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(4) was appropriate because defendant’s statements in which he alluded to prior domestic violence were admissible under Miss. R. Evid. 404(b) to show the absence of an accident; additionally, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion when it found that the evidence was more probative then prejudicial. Fugate v. State, 951 So. 2d 604, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 145 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) was appropriate because the testimony provided by the victim and another dispelled the argument in support of allowing testimony under Miss. R. Evid. 404(a)(2) to prove a character trait for violence on the part of the victim; the evidence at issue failed to demonstrate that the victim was the initial aggressor during a prior incident. Gates v. State, 936 So. 2d 335, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 384 (Miss. 2006).

Where officers received a report of a robbery in a nearby state and were warned to be on the lookout (BOLO), and where they then pursued defendant who hit three police cars during the chase, in defendant’s trial on counts of assaulting a police officer, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting the BOLO warning and the gun recovered from defendant into evidence, because those items were essential to the State’s presentation of a complete and coherent story to the jury; further, the trial judge did not err in not giving, sua sponte, a limiting instruction. Conerly v. State, 879 So. 2d 1101, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 762 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Witness’ references to aggravated assaults allegedly committed by defendant in past were invited by defense counsel during cross-examination of witness and, in any event, no serious or irreparable damage occurred, particularly in view of direction to jury to ignore inappropriate references. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

Affiliation or membership with street gang constitutes “bad act” within meaning of rule that allows evidence of other bad acts to be admitted to prove motive. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

Probative value of evidence of defendant’s alleged involvement in street gang to show motive to commit aggravated assault against rival gang member was not outweighed by danger of unfair prejudice. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

Foundation for admission of evidence concerning defendant’s alleged involvement in street gang was laid by one witness’ testimony that he knew defendant was gang member, and defendant’s testimony that he “hung out” with gang members. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

An aggravated assault conviction would be reversed and the case remanded for a new trial where evidence of the defendant’s prior misdemeanor assault conviction was improperly admitted into evidence. Ivy v. State, 522 So. 2d 740, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 65 (Miss. 1988).

At trial of charge of simple assault on a police officer, evidence of neighbor’s complaint against defendant for disturbing the peace, issuance of arrest warrant, and arrest of defendant for disturbing the peace, were admissible in evidence under exception to general rule that proof of a crime distinct from that alleged in indictment is not admissible against the accused. Thomas v. State, 495 So. 2d 481, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2673 (Miss. 1986).

At trial of charge of simple assault on police officer, evidence of defendant’s threatening act against neighbor, at neighbor’s house, who had complained about loud noise from defendant’s lawn party disturbing the peace, was admissible in evidence, since the incident was integrally related to the assault which occurred a couple of hours later in the general vicinity of the lawn party. Thomas v. State, 495 So. 2d 481, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2673 (Miss. 1986).

In prosecution for aggravated assault based upon shooting of one person, testimony that another person was also shot and that defendant fled to another county for 2 weeks is admissible as constituting part of res gestae. Davis v. State, 476 So. 2d 608, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2248 (Miss. 1985).

17. — —Self-defense.

In a prosecution for simple assault on a law enforcement officer, in which the defendant claimed that a deputy sheriff attacked him without provocation and that he was attempting to defend himself, the defendant was precluded from introducing evidence of the deputy’s reputation for violence unless and until he introduced evidence of an overt act of aggression by the deputy. Robinson v. State, 566 So. 2d 1240, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 468 (Miss. 1990).

Testimony to the effect that on the night of the fight and a short time before it occurred, the assaulted party had expressed ill will toward the accused because of having been let out as church treasurer, which was also the matter which precipitated the fighting, was admissible on the issue of self-defense. Ridgeway v. State, 245 Miss. 506, 148 So. 2d 513, 1963 Miss. LEXIS 531 (Miss. 1963).

18. — Sufficiency.

Evidence that defendant fired his shotgun three times at the back of the victims’ car as the victim was crouched between the car and an above-ground pool supported the jury’s conclusion that defendant attempted to cause bodily injury to the victim and thus, was sufficient to support his attempted aggravated assault conviction. Dehart v. State, 290 So.3d 373, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 20 (Miss. Ct. App. 2020).

Defendant’s conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, which included photographs of the holes in the above-ground pool and in the back of the victim’s car and testimony that defendant was shooting at the car the victim was crouched behind and yelling and cursing at the victim. Dehart v. State, 290 So.3d 373, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 20 (Miss. Ct. App. 2020).

There was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that the victim was wounded by a bullet and that defendant fired the bullet because a witness testified she saw the victim’s back bleeding, the witness and the victim both testified that the victim was in a bed in the front bedroom when the shooting started, photographs showed a bullet hole directly above the bed where the victim slept, and the witness and the victim testified that the bullet hole had not been there before the shooting. Morris v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 11 (Miss. Ct. App. Jan. 14, 2020).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s aggravated assault conviction because the victim testified that defendant shot the first victim and then pointed his gun at the victim, the victim turned and ran but was shot in the neck, and there was no evidence that anyone else fired a gun. Allen v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 122 (Miss. Ct. App. Apr. 14, 2020).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s aggravated assault conviction because there was no evidence that anyone but defendant fired a gun, the victim was transported to a hospital and remained in the hospital for more than a month, the victim suffered a punctured lung and three broken ribs, and he testified that the bullet that struck him in his back remained lodged two inches from his heart and continued to cause him pain. Allen v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 122 (Miss. Ct. App. Apr. 14, 2020).

State of Mississippi provided sufficient evidence for the trial court to deny defendant’s directed verdict motion at defendant’s trial for aggravated assault because the State presented eyewitness testimony that defendant used defendant’s truck with the purpose and intent of harming the victim, following an argument with the victim, by hitting or clipping the victim with the truck as defendant revved the truck in a vacant parking lot. Middleton v. State, 281 So.3d 858, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 33 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s aggravated assault conviction because the victim testified that before the men left they threw gasoline on him and defendant used a cigarette lighter to set him on fire. The officer testified that when he arrived at the hospital the victim’s room smelled of gasoline and he noticed that the victim had been burned. Kidd v. State, 284 So.3d 777, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 342 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault on a correctional officer because the evidence showed defendant intentionally caused bodily injury by creating a substantial risk of death to the victim when defendant planned the assault and placed the victim in a chokehold. Moffite v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 581 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 3, 2019).

Evidence showing that after the shooting first defendant made no attempt to leave the group involved and spent the night with teh group in hotel was sufficient so support defendant’s aggravated assault conviction. Buchanan v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 579 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 3, 2019).

Trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for JNOV, as reasonable juror could have inferred defendant shot the victim, who was holding his infant son, and thus, defendant possessed the intent to commit aggravated assault, in that he attempted to inflict serious bodily injury with a deadly weapon upon the baby. McCray v. State, 263 So.3d 1021, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 325 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018), cert. denied, 263 So.3d 665, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 75 (Miss. 2019).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault because, even though no shooting occurred, the victim testified that when she entered the house, defendant came out of a backroom and pointed a long gun at her; she testified that she heard a click from the gun and ran from the house for help; the mere attempt to fire the gun supported the verdict for aggravated assault; and the jury heard the victim’s testimony and deemed it sufficient to determine that defendant attempted to cause the victim bodily injury with a weapon. Johnson v. State, 264 So.3d 822, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 546 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict was properly dismissed as substantial evidence supported the verdict convicting defendant of aggravated assault because the victim positively identified defendant as his shooter and testified that he knew defendant well; a witness testified that he saw defendant and his father driving around the neighborhood and then saw them pursuing the victim in their vehicle; an officer testified that, upon arriving at the police station after the shooting, he saw the victim receiving medical attention for his wounds and observed the shattered windows of the victim’s truck; and the police recovered several shell casings from the street in front of the home where the victim was shot. Mack v. State, 237 So.3d 778, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 334 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, 237 So.3d 1270, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 2018).

Evidence was sufficient to warrant the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for a directed verdict or judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the deadly weapon element of aggravated assault could be found beyond a reasonable doubt; the victim told police and testified at trial that defendant hit her with a tire iron, her son corroborated the events, and her treating physician testified that her scalp laceration was consistent with being hit with a blunt object, such as a tire iron. Kennedy v. State, 236 So.3d 829, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 575 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Trial counsel was not ineffective because there was no reasonable probability that the outcome of defendant’s trial for aggravated assault would have been different if counsel would have filed a posttrial motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) since there was ample evidence of defendant’s guilt; numerous witnesses said that defendant was moving toward the victim while shooting at him and that he was trying to get away from defendant. Darnell v. State, 202 So.3d 281, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 565 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

It was not an abuse of discretion to deny defendant’s new trial motion, after defendant was convicted of aggravated assault, because (1) defendant had a gun, (2) the victim was unarmed, (3) gunshots were heard, and (4) defendant pursued the victim. Tutwiler v. State, 197 So.3d 418, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 650 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), cert. denied, 202 So.3d 613, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 352 (Miss. 2016).

It was no error to deny defendant a peremptory instruction that the State did not prove aggravated assault elements, or defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, because (1) all witnesses said defendant had a gun, and (2) defendant admitted defendant shot the victim. Tutwiler v. State, 197 So.3d 418, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 650 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), cert. denied, 202 So.3d 613, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 352 (Miss. 2016).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault because the victim unequivocally identified defendant as her assailant, both initially to law enforcement and at trial; the victim’s testimony was more than sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was the one who caused the victim’s injuries; and it was possible for a reasonable juror to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt based on the victim’s testimony, the officers’ testimony, and the photographic evidence. Casey v. State, 179 So.3d 74, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 578 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for a new trial because the evidence at trial was sufficient to convict him of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer and robbery where, inter alia, a surveillance video admitted into evidence showed him as an inmate grab a correctional officer, throw her around and choke her while she was screaming in obvious fear for her life, the evidence also established that defendant stealthily grabbed her cell phone and that she was in fear for her life when he took her phone. Pritchett v. State, 171 So.3d 594, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 407 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for aggravated domestic violence based on evidence that he and the victim were married, his wife’s testimony that defendant strangled her and she could not breathe and lost consciousness, and the deputies’ identification of pictures showing her injuries. Kirk v. State, 160 So.3d 685, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 68 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault and the verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because a witness testified that she saw a rifle in the hands of the co-defendant as he and defendant accosted the victim; the victim’s brother testified he took off running because he saw guns; an accomplice testified that, at some point during the beating, defendant hit the victim with an assault rifle; the officer who found the victim naked and unconscious testified that the victim had a severe head wound; and the accomplice’s testimony was corroborated by another witness and other evidence, including the victim’s blood on defendant’s legs, and the victim’s bloodied clothes in defendant’s bedroom. Donelson v. State, 158 So.3d 1154, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 426 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), cert. denied, 158 So.3d 1153, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 2015).

Defendant’s aggravated assault conviction was not against the weight of the evidence because (1) testimonial inconsistencies did not warrant a new trial, and, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and considering defendant’s admission to driving around “enraged” before going to a park to confront and fight the victim, and the victim’s testimony that the victim did not provoke the shooting, the jury’s inferences were reasonable and the verdict was not unconscionable. Duke v. State, 146 So.3d 401, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 456 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s aggravated assault conviction because (1) proof was offered on each element, (2) the jury resolved testimonial conflicts, (3) defendant admitted arming himself to confront the victim, and (4) the evidence let the jury reject defendant’s self-defense claim. Duke v. State, 146 So.3d 401, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 456 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Circuit court properly denied defendant’s motion for a new trial because the evidence was sufficient to convict him of aggravated assault where numerous eyewitnesses testified that defendant had been by a car with a gun and that multiple shots were fired at the car as the victim was driving away, a bullet hole was found in the driver’s side door, a spent projectile was recovered from by the driver’s side door, and gunshot residue was found on defendant’s hands. Brown v. State, 157 So.3d 836, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 393 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), cert. denied, 157 So.3d 835, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 70 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence that defendant was antagonizing the victim, who attempted to restrain defendant to prevent defendant from hitting him, and that defendant retaliated and bit off part of the victim’s ear was sufficient to defeat defendant’s motion for JNOV as to the charge of aggravated assault. Shaw v. State, 139 So.3d 79, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 662 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

In an aggravated assault case, the verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because the jury obviously rejected defendant’s theory that he was acting in self-defense and that the victim, who defendant alleged was the aggressor, inadvertently stabbed himself five times during the scuffle. Ross v. State, 121 So.3d 278, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 576 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault as the victim testified that he saw defendant coming toward him with a butcher knife, that they wrestled, and that he received multiple stab wounds before the knife’s blade and handle broke; and the State proved that defendant was not acting in self-defense. Ross v. State, 121 So.3d 278, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 576 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault in the attempted shooting of the victim, and the verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence, because defendant had lost a fight with the victim and was bloodied and humiliated; immediately before the shooting, defendant threatened the victim; and the jury could have concluded that defendant simply missed when he tried to shoot the victim. Winn v. State, 127 So.3d 289, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 557 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to find defendant guilty of aggravated domestic violence by either strangulation or attempted strangulation because the record contained evidence that defendant intentionally blocked the nose or mouth of the victim by any means. Clark v. State, 122 So.3d 129, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 533 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault and armed robbery and the verdicts were not against the weight of the evidence as he was present, consenting, aiding, and abetting the commission of the robbery by one of the accomplices, and the two accomplices’ testimony was more than slightly supported by corroborating eyewitness testimony and forensic evidence. Grossley v. State, 127 So.3d 1143, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 384 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), cert. denied, 131 So.3d 577, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 26 (Miss. 2014).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault because even if the victim’s alleged gun had been found, the jury still could have concluded defendant was the aggressor, the shooting resulted from mutual combat, or even that the victim was reaching for his own gun in self-defense. Wansley v. State, 114 So.3d 793, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 316 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 127 So.3d 1115, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 655 (Miss. 2013).

Conviction of aggravated assault was supported by sufficient evidence where an officer’s testimony that defendant became a suspect in the shooting did not constitute an inadmissible identification, and the victim’s identification of defendant as the shooter was uncontradicted, as was the victim’s account of the entire incident. Keithley v. State, 111 So.3d 1202, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 161 (Miss. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a)(ii) because defendant’s sister-in-law testified that after defendant threatened and hit her with the butt of the gun, he intentionally shot her. Smith v. State, 111 So.3d 119, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 176 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence that defendant choked the victim with his hands until she nearly passed out was sufficient to support a jury’s decision that defendant was guilty of aggravated assault. Sellers v. State, 108 So.3d 456, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 533 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. denied, 107 So.3d 998, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 126 (Miss. 2013).

Weight of the evidence supported defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault and conspiracy to commit aggravated assault because defendant did not specify any contradictory evidence that showed his guilty verdict was unconscionably unjust. Moore v. State, 105 So.3d 390, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 506 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. denied, 109 So.3d 567, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 101 (Miss. 2013).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for misdemeanor domestic violence, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(3), because the 911 dispatcher testified the victim, who was defendant’s husband, stated defendant bit him during an altercation, pictures of the victim’s injuries were admitted into evidence, and defendant admitted biting the victim; the husband’s decision not to cooperate with the prosecution did not preclude a charge of domestic violence against defendant, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-3-7(3)(a). Anderson v. State, 102 So.3d 304, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 510 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. dismissed, 105 So.3d 326, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 37 (Miss. 2013).

Evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a conviction for simple assault domestic violence under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7 because appellant did not confess to committing the assault, there was no eyewitness testimony, and there were other reasonable hypotheses consistent with appellant’s innocence as to how an incident occurred. Inter alia, the victim could have sustained injuries after he attacked appellant first. Mills v. City of Water Valley, 66 So.3d 193, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 371 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

In a case of aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), the evidence was sufficient to prove defendant shot the victim “purposely” or “knowingly” where defendant shot the victim eight or nine times following an argument and was aware of defendant’s actions before and after the shooting. Williams v. State, 61 So.3d 981, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 270 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction for simple assault, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-81, where the assault victim testified that defendant attacked her with a knife immediately after defendant fatally stabbed another victim in the chest. Porter v. State, 33 So.3d 535, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 206 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

While defendant and the State presented conflicting testimony in defendant’s aggravated assault trial, the verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence where the State’s proof met the elements of aggravated assault pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), because the jury was the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility. Camper v. State, 24 So.3d 1072, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 5 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Evidence was insufficient to support defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), and other crimes, because, by limiting cross-examination, the jury was denied the ability to properly resolve the weight and credibility of the testimony of the only witness capable of identifying the perpetrator. Therefore, the record failed to reflect beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict. Mendenhall v. State, 18 So.3d 915, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 670 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault where defendant attempted to purposely or knowingly cause bodily injury to the law enforcement officers; defendant was described as agitated, irate, and hostile, and he made slashing motions at the deputies with a knife, and he was holding his son in front of him as a shield. Babb v. State, 17 So.3d 100, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 70 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 17 So.3d 99, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 440 (Miss. 2009).

In defendant’s trial for kidnapping, sexual battery, and aggravated assault, the evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction because the victim testified that defendant put his hand over the victim’s neck and began choking her; the victim also testified that she lost consciousness, and a nurse testified that the victim suffered petechiae and hemorrhaging to her eyes, which could be caused by strangulation. There was more than sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the essential elements of aggravated assault. Moore v. State, 996 So. 2d 756, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 601 (Miss. 2008).

In an aggravated domestic assault case, for purposes of expert testimony, to the extent that the officer blurred the line between fact and opinion testimony with regard to his testimony that he would have expected defendant to have more severe injuries if he had been defending himself against a knife attack, any error was harmless in light of the overwhelming weight of the evidence of his guilt, including (1) the photographs of the victim’s injuries; (2) the photographs of the ironing board he used to beat the victim; (3) the photographs of defendant’s injuries; and (4) the testimony of the victim and her neighbor. Hicks v. State, 6 So.3d 1099, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 481 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 161 (Miss. 2009).

As the trier of fact, the jury found that the overwhelming weight of the evidence showed that defendant deliberately and knowingly shot the husband without authority of law and not in necessary self-defense and thus was guilty of aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2). The court found no error with such finding, as the evidence included that defendant and her husband were fighting, that she shot him, and that he hit her after being shot in an effort to obtain the gun; thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial. Lawrence v. State, 3 So.3d 754, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 406 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 101 (Miss. 2009).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of two counts of simple assault when the testimony presented at trial showed that defendant had pointed an assault rifle at police officers. McGregory v. State, 979 So. 2d 12, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 207 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Where defendant and his cohort had been riding around discussing ways to make money, they approached the victims’ house, knocked on the door, made up a story about running out of gas, then shot two victims, and fled the house when one of the victims’ did not go down after being shot multiple times. A rational juror could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant aided and abetted the crimes of armed robbery and aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7. Hughes v. State, 983 So. 2d 270, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 153 (Miss.), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1052, 129 S. Ct. 633, 172 L. Ed. 2d 620, 2008 U.S. LEXIS 8544 (U.S. 2008).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a), where defendant admitted to discharging a weapon with the intent to scare the victim, and aggravated the conditions of the crime by employing a deadly weapon. Harris v. State, 970 So. 2d 151, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 709 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s convictions for the simple assault of a peace officer in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1) were appropriate because the evidence was sufficient. The State presented ample evidence that defendant attacked the officers with punches and kicks and the officers testified that they had no idea what the purpose of defendant’s actions was or whether he was armed; the officers also admitted that those unknowns and defendant’s physical attacks placed them in fear of imminent serious bodily harm. Graham v. State, 967 So. 2d 670, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 721 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) and was not against the weight of the evidence because: (1) the victim, who was renting a garage apartment from the home owner, stated that when he first went into the house, defendant was in bed, but while he was in the kitchen defendant kicked in the door and stated that he was going to kill the victim; (2) the victim testified that defendant hit and pushed the home owner against the wall then began attacking him; (3) and the victim testified that he eventually overpowered defendant and threw him on a bed, but not before defendant stabbed him while he was coming through the hall. White v. State, 958 So. 2d 241, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 372 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Given the evidence in the record, a reasonable juror could find defendant guilty of aggravated assault beyond a reasonable doubt under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7; the evidence showed that defendant initiated the altercation, struck the first blow, and repeatedly stabbed the victim. Bobo v. State, 953 So. 2d 282, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 196 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Defendant’s argument that the jury did not have sufficient evidence to convict her of aggravated assault, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), was without merit; the State presented credible evidence that defendant knowingly stabbed the victim with a knife. Even if the victim had struck defendant prior to the stabbing, the jury could have found that defendant was not in imminent danger and used more force than reasonably necessary to repel the victim’s assault. Vaughn v. State, 926 So. 2d 269, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 265 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault and shooting into an occupied dwelling were not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because: (1) the victim and a witness testified that they told police right away that defendant was the shooter; (2) the victim’s mother testified that one week before the shooting the victim’s sister and defendant’s ex-girlfriend called home scared because defendant had threatened to shoot up the house or to set it on fire; (3) the victim’s mother testified that it was that same week she spotted defendant trying to break into the home; and (4) defendant’s brother-in-law testified that defendant admitted that he shot the victim. Brown v. State, 986 So. 2d 308, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 924 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), rev'd, 986 So. 2d 270, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 340 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault, despite two witnesses’ recantations; the elements of aggravated assault were proven, and it was the jury’s responsibility to weigh the credibility of the witnesses’ testimony at trial. Townsend v. State, 939 So. 2d 796, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 552 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. 97-3-7(2) was appropriate because, even though a DNA report itself was not admitted into evidence, the substance of its conclusion was before the jury and defendant failed to show that he was prejudiced by not possessing the report until the first day of his fourth trial. Curry v. State, 939 So. 2d 785, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 448 (Miss. 2006).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault where the victim testified to her injuries and the act itself, and defendant presented no evidence to contradict this; reasonable minds could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty. Brown v. State, 934 So. 2d 1039, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 540 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Sufficient evidence existed to convict defendant of aggravated assault because the victim and the husband testified that defendant shot the victim, two defense witnesses testified that defendant shot in the direction of the victim, and only defendant denied either shooting the victim or having a gun. Smith v. State, 946 So. 2d 785, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 460 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

State produced evidence and witnesses tending to show that defendant did indeed commit simple assault upon a police officer; while it was true defendant called his own witnesses to contradict the State’s evidence, the appellate court could not say that any rational trier of fact could not have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, particularly when the evidence was viewed in the light most favorable to the State. Morris v. State, 927 So. 2d 744, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 113 (Miss. 2006).

Regarding the assault charge on which defendant was convicted, the State must have proven (1) that under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to human life (2) defendant did purposefully, knowingly or recklessly (3) attempt to cause or caused serious bodily injury to the officer, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2); the testimony at trial established that defendant drove his vehicle with the officer’s arm trapped in the closed driver’s side window, evidencing defendant’s indifference to human life, and defendant admitted that he rolled up the window and that he was trying to leave; there was testimony that the car window ripped the flesh from the officer’s arm, and this evidence was sufficient to support the verdict. Hubbard v. State, 938 So. 2d 287, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 163 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 937 So. 2d 450, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 543 (Miss. 2006).

Where the victim was shot in the thigh during the course of the carjacking, in circumstances from which jurors could have inferred the purposeful or knowing intent to injure another with a deadly weapon, the evidence supported a jury verdict convicting defendant of aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) and armed carjacking under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-117(2)(b). Walters v. State, 932 So. 2d 860, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 115 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, 937 So. 2d 450, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 524 (Miss. 2006).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault, kidnapping, and unlawful possession of a firearm where, according to the victim’s testimony, she was accosted by defendant who grabbed her, placed a gun to her head, and physically forced her into a van against her will; an eyewitness testified that he saw the victim jump out of the van and saw the van swing back in such a fashion so as to accomplish a “perfect hit” on the woman in flight. In addition, the State presented two witnesses attesting to the fact that defendant was in possession of a firearm, and it introduced the gun into evidence with additional proof that the gun was recovered when defendant was arrested. Jones v. State, 920 So. 2d 465, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 65 (Miss. 2006).

Where eyewitnesses testified that shots were fired from defendant’s vehicle and the victim testified that defendant was the man who shot him, the evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s verdict convicting defendant of aggravated assault. Williams v. State, 914 So. 2d 1246, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 850 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Sufficient evidence existed to convict defendant of aggravated assault as defendant sprayed the victim with lighter fluid after setting his house on fire and the victim sustained second-degree burns to 50-60% of his body. McIntosh v. State, 917 So. 2d 78, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 754 (Miss. 2005).

Even by his own argument, defendant was responsible for aggravated assault and a reduced charge of manslaughter, to which he had plead guilty because he had heard the factual basis which the district attorney’s office stated was proof should defendant’s case go to trial and defendant had previously told the court that he had no disagreement with those statements. Graham v. State, 914 So. 2d 1256, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 915 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction for causing serious bodily injury where the victim testified that defendant threw a caustic substance down his shoulder, back, and leg, the substance gave him second degree burns, and defendant stated to the victim that he was “messed up now.” Chambliss v. State, 919 So. 2d 30, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 364 (Miss. 2005).

Evidence presented at trial was legally sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) because the victim identified defendant as one of her attackers, informed her rescuers that defendant and a codefendant had shot her, was shot at close range, and identified defendant and the codefendant at trial as her attackers. Jones v. State, 913 So. 2d 436, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 304 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the State proved the elements of aggravated assault, provided in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), against him; in a tape-recorded statement to the police following the shooting, defendant admitted firing two shots at the victim. Substantial evidence supported defendant’s conviction. Dunn v. State, 891 So. 2d 822, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 42 (Miss. 2005).

Where the victim testified that defendant had cut her on the neck with a box cutter, requiring ten stitches, her uncorroborated testimony was sufficient evidence to sustain defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault. Wilks v. State, 909 So. 2d 1252, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 108 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s attempted aggravated assault conviction where the victim testified extensively about the crime, her testimony was corroborated by other witnesses, and photographs of the victim’s injuries were admitted. Wilson v. State, 904 So. 2d 987, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1410 (Miss. 2004).

Where defendant pulled out a gun and fired a shot at his live-in girlfriend, the evidence was sufficient to support his conviction for aggravated assault. The State presented three witnesses who testified that defendant shot the gun at least three times. Griffin v. State, 883 So. 2d 1201, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 965 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Undisputed evidence revealed that defendant led police on a chase that spanned over two counties and that the police attempted to stop defendant numerous times, but he refused to stop, hitting three police cars in the process. Accepting the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the jury was justified in finding defendant guilty of two counts of simple assault on a law enforcement officer and one count of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer. Conerly v. State, 879 So. 2d 1101, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 762 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant’s aggravated assault conviction for assaulting his elderly relative was supported by credible evidence, as the State offered testimony that: at the time of the attack the victim lived alone, supported herself, and prepared her own meals; the victim’s identification of defendant as her attacker; and testimony from police officers that on at least two separate occasions the victim identified defendant as her attacker. Robinson v. State, 870 So. 2d 669, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 307 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Sufficient evidence existed to support defendant’s guilt for aggravated assault where the victim testified that defendant had shot him, and several witnesses not only placed defendant at the scene of the crime, but confirmed that he had shot the victim. Anderson v. State, 874 So. 2d 1000, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 188 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault where the jury must have determined that the victim’s account of the stabbing was correct; allowing the verdict to stand did not create an unconscionable injustice. Sanderson v. State, 881 So. 2d 878, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 35 (Miss. Ct. App.), aff'd in part and rev'd in part, 883 So. 2d 558, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1199 (Miss. 2004).

Where codefendants testified that defendant shot the owner of the lounge and fled with billfolds taken from the owner and patrons, and the owner and the co-owner both identified defendant as the shooter, the evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s convictions for armed robbery and aggravated assault, even though the money and the gun were not recovered and the bullet fragnments were not retrieved from the ceiling and the victim’s head. Graham v. State, 861 So. 2d 1053, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 1194 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant where a person was guilty of simple assault if he either attempted or purposely, knowingly, or recklessly caused bodily injury to another; the officer was treated at a hospital for scratches that went from his neck to his chest, although defendant had argued that the slight injuries to the officer were inadvertent, the jury was entitled to disbelieve his account of the episode and find his conduct met the definition of assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1). Abram v. State, 861 So. 2d 1064, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 1190 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s aggravated assault conviction, because the evidence adduced at the trial consisted of not only the victim’s testimony, but also that of three witnesses who either saw an altercation between defendant and the victim at a convenience store or saw defendant’s actual possession of the firearm, and two of the witnesses were eyewitnesses to the altercation. Davis v. State, 866 So. 2d 1107, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 900 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to convict a defendant of aggravated assault, where his accomplice admitted in his statement for his plea agreement that he called to defendant to assist him while he was fighting with the assault victim, and the victim identified defendant at trial. Wells v. State, 849 So. 2d 1231, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 213 (Miss. 2003).

Where jury heard testimony from both sides and viewed a videotape of the assault, a reasonable and fair minded jury was presented enough evidence to reach a guilty verdict on the inmate’s charge of assaulting a law enforcement officer for assaulting the prison warden. Hicks v. State, 845 So. 2d 755, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 434 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant where testimony was presented that defendant was seen with a gun during the altercation, a muzzle flash from his gun, and that bullet casings from a weapon matching defendant’s gun were recovered; while there was testimony that at least one other person drew a gun inside the club that night, the jury decided to give that testimony less weight than the testimony supporting defendant’s guilt. Anderson v. State, 856 So. 2d 650, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 585 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

In a case where defendant threatened his estranged wife with a gun, forced her to have intercourse with him, and struck her, the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s rape and simple assault convictions based on the victim’s testimony, as her testimony was not incredible on its face nor was it contradicted by other, more compelling, evidence. Williams v. State, 868 So. 2d 346, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 669 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

State did not fail to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had committed an aggravated assault where the victim presented testimony that went to all of the essential elements of aggravated assault – she was attacked by defendant, who was wielding a knife, and she received lacerations while attempting to defend herself from his attack; the victim’s testimony was not impeached during cross-examination nor did the defense present evidence that would have made her version of events so improbable as to be unworthy of belief. Page v. State, 843 So. 2d 96, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 328 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Victim’s testimony that defendant lured her into a back room in a coin-operated laundry and attacked her with a knife causing a wound to the victim’s hand was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of aggravated assault despite the fact that no other witness actually observed the assault or that the State did not present evidence of defendant’s motive. Page v. State, 843 So. 2d 96, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 328 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was affirmed, where there was clearly substantial credible evidence upon which the jury could and did find that defendant assaulted the victim. Alonso v. State, 838 So. 2d 309, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 493 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002), cert. denied, 837 So. 2d 771, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 178 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient where the victim and his nephew both testified to the circumstances which led to the victim’s fateful meeting with defendant, the victim also testified with certainty that defendant was the man who shot him, and a doctor testified that metal fragments were recovered from the wound in the victim’s leg. Clay v. State, 829 So. 2d 676, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 225 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault of the victim, as the evidence showed that following a discussion over why defendant was driving a vehicle that the victim had given to his former girlfriend, defendant fired a gun at the victim three times, the victim was struck two times in the legs, and the victim had to obtain treatment at a local hospital for his gunshot wounds. Satcher v. State, 852 So. 2d 595, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 877 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

A conviction for aggravated assault was reduced where the state failed to prove every element of attempted assault, but instead proved threatened simple assault. Genry v. State, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 716 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 14, 1999), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 767 So. 2d 302, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 426 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

There was sufficient evidence from which the jury could find that the defendant’s use of his fist was a means likely to produce death or serious bodily harm, notwithstanding that the victim was not hospitalized and suffered no broken bones, where the force of the defendant’s blow knocked the victim across a table to the floor, knocked out a tooth, cut his lip, and broke his glasses. Harrison v. State, 737 So. 2d 385, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1062 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

Evidence was sufficient to support convictions for aggravated assault and aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer where two deputies testified that the defendant fired a weapon in the direction of a carnival midway which was crowded with people and that, as they chased him toward the parking lot, he shot in their direction. Gibson v. State, 731 So. 2d 1087, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 575 (Miss. 1998).

Though the defendant contended that he shot the victim in self-defense only, there existed substantial evidence to support his conviction for aggravated assault where he admitted in a letter written to the district attorney as well as during trial that he shot the victim with a deadly weapon; two different accounts of the incident were given by the defendant and the victim, but the jury was the sole judge of the weight and worth of their testimony. Brown v. State, 726 So. 2d 248, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1119 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

Evidence independent of defendant’s alleged admissions established corpus delicti of aggravated assault where victim was admitted to hospital with gunshot wound to his leg, officers testified that victim, while at hospital, said that defendant shot him, and narcotics agent, who was defendant’s brother, recovered weapon from defendant, who admitted shooting victim. Cotton v. State, 675 So. 2d 308, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 198 (Miss. 1996).

A conviction for aggravated assault would be reduced to a conviction for simple assault and the case remanded for resentencing where the evidence established that the defendant, a convict, had threatened a corrections officer with a simulated knife in order to obtain the officer’s keys but there was no evidence that the convict had attempted to cause serious bodily injury to the officer even though he had had every opportunity to do so. Murray v. State, 403 So. 2d 149, 1981 Miss. LEXIS 2157 (Miss. 1981).

Where, in view of the direct contradictions in the state’s proof taken alone, and of the material conflicts in the evidence as a whole, reasonable man engaged solely in the search for clues and uninfluenced by other considerations could not safely act upon the evidence as produced, conviction was reversed and remanded in order that another jury might pass upon it. Cobb v. State, 233 Miss. 54, 101 So. 2d 110, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 356 (Miss. 1958).

Where it appears that at the time the accused at bar fired his gun, the prosecutor armed with a stick was chasing him intending to beat him, state must show that gun was fired with intent to kill and with malice aforethought. Cunningham v. State, 87 Miss. 417, 39 So. 531, 1905 Miss. LEXIS 128 (Miss. 1905).

A defendant is not guilty of shooting with intent to kill another if, when he discharged his gun, he could not see and could not have shot, the other person, a house being between them. Lott v. State, 83 Miss. 609, 36 So. 11, 1903 Miss. LEXIS 79 (Miss. 1903).

19. — — Charge or conviction supportable.

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of domestic aggravated assault because an officer was told that defendant, the victim’s husband, had beaten her; when questioned by a nurse, the victim reported that she had been tied up and restrained for an extended period, dragged down a hallway, struck with a hammer (on her hands), and had her head slammed in an oven door; a physician treated the victim for multiple rib fractures, contusions, and lacerations; and a sergeant found and collected a hammer with hair and blood, which later was confirmed as belonging to the victim. Chase v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 47 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 18, 2020).

Circuit court properly sentenced defendant to 30 years in custody for aggravated assault because, inter alia, three witnesses’ descriptions of the shooter matched defendant’s physical appearance, the jury instruction regarding the identification of defendant, by the single eyewitness who knew him before the shooting and identified him in a photo array and at trial, was a correct statement of law and left it to the jury to judge the witness’s credibility and weigh it against the other evidence presented at trial, defendant failed to inform the trial court of the witness’s alleged bias, prejudice, or interest, and he also failed to inform the prosecution of his alibi defense. Robinson v. State, 247 So.3d 1212, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 175 (Miss. 2018).

Defendant was properly convicted of felony fleeing a law enforcement officer and aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer because the arresting officer testified that, based on his observations, he had reasonable suspicion of a crime of domestic violence, the arresting officer and the backup officer testified that, before the pursuit began, they saw defendant run a stop sign, and the arresting officer testified that, during his investigation, defendant threatened to kill him and, as he approached defendant’s vehicle after the pursuit, defendant tried to hit him with his vehicle. Topps v. State, 227 So.3d 1177, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 572 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Jury’s finding that defendant strangled the victim, defendant’s spouse, was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because the victim testified that defendant strangled the victim, the first responding officer testified that the victim’s neck was red with abrasions, and some of the pictures of the victim’s neck showed redness and an abrasion. Ryan v. State, 245 So.3d 491, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 466 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Testimony from several witnesses that the victim was trying to run away from defendant and posed no threat when he was shot from behind and that both victims were trying to leave the venue when defendant shot them was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault and murder. Scott v. State, 220 So.3d 957, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 268 (Miss. 2017).

Trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or in the alternative, for a new trial, because the evidence was sufficient to find defendant guilty of first-degree murder and aggravated assault where defendant stated that she shot both victims, a former chief medical examiner testified that the second victim died of a fatal gunshot wound to the head and that the manner of death was homicide, and a paramedic testified that the first victim was shot in the right shoulder, hand, and that the bullet grazed her right side. Peoples v. State, 270 So.3d 926, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 454 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Circuit court properly denied defendant’s motion for a judgment of acquittal, or in the alternative, for a new trial because, regardless of any inconsistencies as to when the victim identified defendant as the shooter, the victim testified that he had known defendant for several years and that he was “a hundred percent positive it was defendant who was driving the car,” the victim later identified defendant from a photo lineup, particles indicative of gunshot residue were found on defendant’s hands, and the weight of the evidence supported the jury’s finding that defendant was guilty of attempted aggravated assault. Brown v. State, 269 So.3d 1262, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 422 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Evidence supported defendant’s felony aggravated domestic violence conviction because, while defendant did not expressly admit that defendant choked defendant’s spouse, defendant did admit that defendant applied pressure to the neck of defendant’s spouse. This explanation, the testimony of defendant’s spouse as to what happened in the assault, the expert opinion of the doctor who treated defendant’s spouse, and the photographs of injuries which the spouse sustained supported the inference that defendant did in fact strangle defendant’s spouse. Lewis v. State, 215 So.3d 994, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 182 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault because the victim testified as to hearing someone say, “Freeze; don’t move,” looking up to see defendant pointing a gun at the victim, and being shot when running away. Furthermore, defendant’s alleged accomplice testified that defendant shot the victim as the alleged accomplice was selling marijuana to the victim, and another witness testified that immediately after the shooting the victim said that defendant shot the victim. Miskell v. State, 230 So.3d 345, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 633 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

There was sufficient evidence to convict defendant of attempted aggravated assault based on his act of shooting at a car; there was testimony that there were impact marks on the vehicle after the shooting. Holmes v. State, 201 So.3d 491, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 668 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Defendant was properly convicted of simple assault of a law-enforcement officer because defendant fired his gun at an off-duty deputy, who was acting as a security guard at a restaurant, after being asked to leave the restaurant, defendant clearly was aware that the deputy was a police officer, the deputy was acting within the scope of his duty as a law-enforcement officer when defendant assaulted him, and the deputy was statutorily permitted to wear his official uniform while in the performance of private security services. Bates v. State, 172 So.3d 695, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss. 2015).

Defendant assaulted a law enforcement officer, while the officer was acting within the scope of the officer’s duty as a law enforcement officer, because, when defendant assaulted a sheriff’s deputy, the deputy was working off-duty, but in uniform with the sheriff’s approval, as a private security guard at a restaurant. Defendant violated the peace by threatening the deputy when escorted from the restaurant and then firing a gun at the deputy in the parking lot. Bates v. State, 172 So.3d 805, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 425 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), aff'd, 172 So.3d 695, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss. 2015).

Defendant was properly convicted of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer after he admitted that he beat a jailer with a sock full of bars of soap, then repeatedly kicked him, breaking his hip and pelvis, because defendant admitted assaulting the jailer, who he also did not dispute was a law enforcement officer, there was obviously sufficient evidence of serious bodily injury, and the State was not required to offer expert or medical evidence to prove aggravated assault. Rickman v. State, 150 So.3d 983, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 249 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 150 So.3d 708, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 575 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because three witnesses all testified that he was firing a shotgun from behind a big pine tree near the road; the witnesses’ testimony was corroborated by a spent shotgun shell which was recovered near the tree and by some of the wounds of one of the victims that were attributed to a shotgun; and another witness saw defendant with the shotgun shortly before the shooting. Hayes v. State, 168 So.3d 1065, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 744 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), cert. denied, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 297 (Miss. June 12, 2014), cert. denied, 140 So.3d 940, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 296 (Miss. 2014).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of simple assault and the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence because defendant presented no evidence that he feared imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or to his daughter justifying the use of force; defendant pinned the victim in the door of his vehicle; and the victim testified that she called out in pain several times and had bruises as a result of the incident. Matthews v. City of Madison, 143 So.3d 579, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 611 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), aff'd, 143 So.3d 571, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 373 (Miss. 2014).

Evidence was sufficient to find defendant guilty of aggravated assault because the victim identified defendant as the shooter in a photo lineup prior to trial and another eyewitness identified defendant at trial as the person who shot the victim. Haywood v. State, 130 So.3d 1127, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 290 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), cert. denied, 131 So.3d 577, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 77 (Miss. 2014).

Evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions of aggravated assault (Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a)) and burglary of a dwelling (Miss. Code Ann. §97-17-23), as it established that he drove two men to pick up a crowbar and then drove them to the victim’s house, where they used the crowbar to pry open the door and assault the victim; moreover, his confession established his involvement in the crimes. Whitaker v. State, 114 So.3d 725, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 481 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. denied, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 331 (Miss. June 6, 2013).

Defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault and conspiracy to commit aggravated assault were sufficiently supported by the evidence because the jury could have reasonably inferred that an agreement existed between defendant and his nephews to help defendant carry out the assault. Moore v. State, 105 So.3d 390, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 506 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. denied, 109 So.3d 567, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 101 (Miss. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault. Though a witness never stated that she saw him fire a gun, her testimony that he had a firearm and was near the scene of the incident just before the shooting, that he was running behind her holding a gun, and that she then heard shooting, constituted circumstantial evidence to that effect. Jones v. State, 95 So.3d 641, 2012 Miss. LEXIS 410 (Miss. 2012).

Trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict because under the indictment, which charged defendant with attempted aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), the State simply had to prove that defendant attempted to cause bodily injury to the victim with a deadly weapon, and based on the evidence presented at trial, a reasonable jury could have concluded that defendant intended to cause bodily injury to the victim by using a deadly weapon; during the trial, the victim testified that he was involved in an altercation with defendant on the day of the incident, the victim and witnesses all testified that they saw defendant raise a gun and fire the gun at their car, and a bullet was recovered from the seal of the driver’s side door, which was where the victim was sitting. Johnson v. State, 50 So.3d 335, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 274 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), cert. denied, 50 So.3d 1003, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 2011).

Circuit court did not err in denying a defendant’s motion for a directed verdict because the evidence before the jury was more than sufficient to sustain a finding of guilty of aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2); the evidence showed that defendant shot the victim after a tussle over the gun had transpired, and regardless of whether defendant was attempting to pistol whip or shoot the victim, there was still sufficient evidence to show that defendant knowingly and purposely caused bodily injury to the victim by using a deadly weapon. Adams v. State, 33 So.3d 1179, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 207 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Defendant was properly convicted of aggravated assault, a violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), because, although the circuit judge abused her discretion by prohibiting defendant from developing evidence to impeach the victim’s earlier denial of bias against defendant, due to the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt, the complained of error was harmless. Banks v. State, 45 So.3d 676, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 84 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Defendant’s argument that the State failed to prove an essential element of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer because he did not knowingly shoot the law enforcement officers was without merit Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2). Defendant asserted that he thought someone was breaking into the apartment and fired a gun toward the door in self-defense, but the appellate court stated that the jury was presented with sufficient evidence to determine that defendant knew or should have known that the men outside his door were police officers; in part, an officer testified that all members of the team were announcing their presence as loudly as they could. Mayers v. State, 42 So.3d 33, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 88 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 42 So.3d 24, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 437 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) was appropriate because it was entirely likely for reasonable jurors to conclude that the act of attaching a homemade knife to the end of a crutch and then extending the crutch in the vicinity of the victim’s head and neck amounted to an attempt at causing bodily injury with a weapon likely to cause serious bodily injury. Kendrick v. State, 21 So.3d 1186, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 811 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Defendant’s convictions for house burglary, aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), armed robbery, and auto theft were proper because the evidence was sufficient. In part, defendant severely beat the victim, demanded that she give him her purse, and then took her purse, a gun, and a set of keys to the victim’s vehicle. The victim later identified defendant, based upon her own independent recollection, in a photographic lineup. Brunner v. State, 37 So.3d 645, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 755 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 36 So.3d 455, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 323 (Miss. 2010).

Conviction for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) was not contrary to the weight of the evidence because the State was not required to produce an actual item used to cut the victim’s throat. The victim testified about her stabbing and the object used, and she also showed the jury the scars on her neck. Perryman v. State, 16 So.3d 41, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 145 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 15 So.3d 426, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 404 (Miss. 2009).

Where defendant disarmed his victim and fired the gun in the victim’s direction and into a crowded nightclub, killing the victim and another and wounding three others, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions of murder, aggravated assault, and felon in possession of a firearm. Roberson v. State, 19 So.3d 95, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 98 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) was appropriate even though there was no direct proof that defendant intended to cause serious bodily injury to the victim because the existence of such intent could have been logically deduced from the victim’s testimony that he feared for his own safety, along with other testimony that defendant appeared to have come straight at the victim with his vehicle. Commodore v. State, 994 So. 2d 864, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 658 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying a defendant’s motion for a new trial with respect to a simple assault charge because: (1) the only essential fact in dispute was whether a car was occupied when defendant fired shots into it; (2) evidence that the car was occupied included testimony by four adults that each of them and two minor children were in the car at the time; (3) the only contradictory evidence was defendant’s own testimony and a written statement of his wife, which was taken shortly after the incident; and (4) at trial, defendant’s wife changed her version of the events and testified that she was suffering from post-traumatic stress at the time she wrote the statement. Smith v. State, 982 So. 2d 1007, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 304 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of both murder and aggravated assault, under Miss. Code Ann. §§97-3-19(1),97-3-7(2), because a rational juror could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of both murder and aggravated assault because (1) the evidence tended to show that defendant acted recklessly in the commission of an imminently dangerous act and with extreme indifference to human life; (2) the State produced evidence showing that defendant fired a gun inside of an apartment that contained two unarmed individuals, as well as several children; (3) the State also established that defendant’s firing of the gun resulted in the death of his wife and serious bodily injury to his stepson; and (4) defendant admitted pulling out the gun and firing it inside the apartment. Readus v. State, 997 So. 2d 941, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 249 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 852, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for the aggravated assault of his sister-in-law in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) was appropriate because the evidence presented to the jury was more than sufficient to prove that an individual committed the assassination of defendant’s brother, as well as the aggravated assault of the brother’s wife while in the employ of defendant. In part, two witnesses testified that after their failed attempts to murder the brother and his wife in exchange for money, defendant contacted them and told them that he found someone else to complete the job. Vickers v. State, 994 So. 2d 200, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 208 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 675 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant’s conviction for simple assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1) was appropriate because the evidence supported the reckless element of simple assault, whether the act was intentional or not, and a resulting bodily injury. Defendant admitted that he grabbed the victim’s shirt, and the end result of that scuffle was the victim’s broken leg. Graves v. State, 984 So. 2d 1035, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 92 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) because: (1) the jury was instructed as to an alibi defense and resolved the issue against defendant; (2) evidence was presented that defendant was angry with the victim because of the victim’s refusal to provide him with free liquor, and that defendant lunged at and pushed the victim, who was left with a knife dangling in his neck; (3) testimony that the victim did not see the knife being projected at him was of no consequence. Crawford v. State, 972 So. 2d 44, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 5 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a) was appropriate because he admitted on cross-examination that the victim was seated in a vehicle when defendant fired the shot. Even if the appellate court was to believe that the victim was at some point wielding a baseball bat and that, at that point in time, defendant was afraid of being struck by the bat, defendant’s own testimony revealed that the victim was not posing a threat when defendant fired the pistol. Dao v. State, 984 So. 2d 352, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 816 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 984 So. 2d 277, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 281 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) was appropriate because the victim testified that defendant swung at him and that he was bleeding as a result; another witness testified that he observed defendant and the victim argue and saw a “hand motion” from defendant during that argument, and afterwards the victim stated that defendant had cut him. White v. State, 958 So. 2d 290, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 412 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Evidence supported a finding that defendant committed a delinquent act when she assaulted a teacher under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1); defendant admitted to pushing a desk in front of the teacher, and she never claimed that this was an accident or that she did not intend to injure the teacher. In the Interest of K.G., 957 So. 2d 1050, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 403 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Evidence was legally sufficient for the jury to find defendant guilty of simple assault on a law enforcement officer under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1) because: (1) the state produced evidence that the deputy was a law enforcement officer acting within the scope of his duty when he encountered defendant during a traffic stop; (2) the deputy testified that defendant struck him in the left temple area; (3) the deputy stated that defendant struck at his mouth and he positioned himself for a second strike; (4) the deputy testified that defendant used his left elbow while striking him in the temple and that the strike had to be intentional due to defendant having to extend his elbow behind his back to strike the deputy; (5) the deputy testified that defendant used his fist when striking him in the mouth; and (6) the deputy’s testimony alone was sufficient for a conviction. Keys v. State, 963 So. 2d 1193, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 299 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 245, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 703 (Miss. 2007).

In a simple assault on a law enforcement officer case, the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for a new trial because the weight of the evidence supported the verdict because: (1) the deputy testified that defendant intentionally struck him in the temple and the mouth; (2) although defendant denied drinking alcohol, 13 beer cans were found in the toolbox in the back of his truck; (3) an empty beer can was found on the floor of his truck; (4) defendant admitted that he resisted arrest because the deputy was trying to charge him for a crime for which he claimed he did not commit; and (5) although defendant claimed that he might have accidentally hit the deputy, the deputy testified that he was struck intentionally. Keys v. State, 963 So. 2d 1193, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 299 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 245, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 703 (Miss. 2007).

Conviction for aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) was supported by the sufficiency of the evidence because witnesses testified that defendant was an aggressor in a drunken fight, he was the only person with a knife, and he was involved voluntarily; therefore, a trial court’s failure to grant a motion for a directed verdict, failure to give a peremptory instruction, or failure to grant a judgment notwithstanding the verdict was not erroneous. Lackie v. State, 971 So. 2d 601, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 293 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 683 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s convictions for two counts of aggravated assault were appropriate because the appellate court was unable to say that the prosecutor’s overzealousness impacted the jury’s verdict; there were several witnesses, in addition to the two victims, that testified that defendant was the perpetrator of the assault on the one victim and the other victim’s testimony alone was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for stabbing her. Whitehead v. State, 967 So. 2d 56, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 181 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 966 So. 2d 172, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 601 (Miss. 2007).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of aggravated assault for pouring a bottle of rubbing alcohol on his girlfriend and then setting her on fire because, even though defendant and his girlfriend argued that the fire was an accident, the state offered substantial evidence to contradict their testimony. Taylor v. State, 954 So. 2d 944, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 183 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was appropriate because the evidence showed that the victim’s knife wound required 40 stitches and that defendant nearly severed the victim’s ear in his attack on the victim. Kimble v. State, 920 So. 2d 1058, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 106 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was appropriate because the evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s verdict; the state had produced four witnesses, all of whom testified that the victim did not have a knife, or any other weapon, at the time of the incident, thus negating defendant’s argument that the victim was the aggressor. Hawthorne v. State, 944 So. 2d 928, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 910 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

There was sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction for aggravated assault, despite the fact that a victim did not actually see defendant ram his car before a robbery allegedly occurred, because defendant admitted to being in an accident, portions of defendant’s vehicle were found at the scene, and defendant’s vehicle sustained heavy damage. Sanders v. State, 949 So. 2d 92, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 702 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial was properly denied because there was sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction for aggravated assault where a murder victim’s son was injured with a knife while trying to fend off the attack; the knife used was a deadly weapon, and the fact that no permanent injuries were suffered did not mean that the correct charge was simple assault. Wilson v. State, 936 So. 2d 357, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 435 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s convictions for murder and aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 and Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) were proper because there was sufficient evidence from which a rational jury could have concluded that defendant possessed the gun and shot the victim with the gun, without any struggle between the two. Anthony v. State, 936 So. 2d 471, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 590 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant’s convictions for murder and aggravated assault were proper where the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions because the State not only produced a complaining victim, but also an eyewitness to the crime. Additionally, the living victim testified that defendant shot him in the neck after defendant shot and killed the other victim. McGee v. State, 929 So. 2d 353, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 53 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant’s actions at the first victim’s home were sufficient to support defendants’ convictions for the crimes of burglary and simple assault because (1) defendants were present at the home for the sole purpose to obtain money; (2) when the victims did not voluntarily allow defendants into the home, defendants went into a rage and broke into the dwelling and assaulted two of the victims; (3) one of the defendants then proceeded to commit a further act of violence when he burst the windshield of one of the second victim’s vehicle with a large rock; (4) the other defendant continued to threaten and intimidate the first victim until she surrendered her paycheck whereupon defendants left the premises and cashed the check in order to satisfy a debt; and (5) the jury could reasonably infer that defendants formed the intent to assault those inside the home immediately upon gaining entry to the home. Arbuckle v. State, 894 So. 2d 619, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1080 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. dismissed, 904 So. 2d 184, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 397 (Miss. 2005).

Defendant’s convictions on two counts of aggravated assault were proper under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b) where the elements of the offense were clearly established; defendant had a knife and struck the victims, both of whom required medical attention. Further, a witness testified that she had seen defendant walk through her backyard and throw down an object, which later turned out to be the knife. McManis v. State, 901 So. 2d 648, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 901 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 901 So. 2d 1273, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 300 (Miss. 2005).

Where victim and defendant’s ex-girlfriend both testified defendant stabbed the victim when he was asked to leave his ex-girlfriend’s apartment, sufficient evidence existed to support defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault. Shorter v. State, 888 So. 2d 452, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 608 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 888 So. 2d 1177, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1478 (Miss. 2004).

There was sufficient evidence to support a conviction for aggravated assault based on the fact that victims of a robbery were put in fear for their lives by the exhibition of a deadly weapon; moreover, the evidence showed that defendant and another man used a baseball bat to beat a victim into unconsciousness, another victim was raped, and several victims were tied together with telephone cords and wires. Perkins v. State, 863 So. 2d 47, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 657 (Miss. 2003).

State was not required to prove that defendant had a prior conviction for simple domestic violence as the State was only required to prove that a simple domestic violence charge had been proven since defendant was not convicted of the original charge of domestic violence, second offense, and, indeed, the trial court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss the second offense aspect of the charge. Murrell v. City of Indianola, 858 So. 2d 183, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 1005 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Though the testimony of defendant and the woman conflicted about his intent in entering the woman’s home, the jury was entitled to believe the woman’s testimony, as opposed to defendant’s testimony, that defendant forced his way into her house, placed a makeshift noose around her neck, and threatened to kill her, as defendant admitted entering her house and backing her against a wall; accordingly, the evidence was legally sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault as the evidence was not such that no reasonable juror could have assigned guilt to defendant on that charge. Ferguson v. State, 865 So. 2d 369, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 792 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 866 So. 2d 473, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 76 (Miss. 2004).

Because (1) the evidence showed that, while police attempted to arrest defendant on an outstanding warrant, defendant jumped into a vehicle, twice drove the vehicle to strike a police officer, and then defendant drove the vehicle into another police officer vehicle, causing injury, and (2) the court was not persuaded that the evidence tending to demonstrate defendant’s innocence was of such weight that it constituted a substantial miscarriage of justice to permit the present verdicts to stand, the court affirmed defendant’s convictions of taking possession of or taking away a motor vehicle and aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer. Hogan v. State, 854 So. 2d 497, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 852 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Where jury heard testimony from both sides and viewed a videotape of the assault, a reasonable and fair minded jury was presented enough evidence to reach a guilty verdict on the inmate’s charge of assaulting a law enforcement officer for assaulting the prison warden. Hicks v. State, 845 So. 2d 755, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 434 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

There was sufficient evidence presented to support defendant’s conviction on the charge of aggravated assault because a physician testified that a victim had been assaulted with a gun, a blood covered magazine clip for a gun was found under a seat where defendant had been sitting, and witnesses testified that they had noticed laser lights on their chests when defendant was in their presence. Crosby v. State, 856 So. 2d 523, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 403 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 860 So. 2d 1223, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 814 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to convict a defendant of aggravated assault, where his accomplice admitted in his statement for his plea agreement that he called to defendant to assist him while he was fighting with the assault victim, and the victim identified defendant at trial. Wells v. State, 849 So. 2d 1231, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 213 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was proper where his objection to other wrong or criminal acts being admitted was untimely and where the evidence was sufficient to find him guilty of the crime; two eyewitnesses identified defendant and they stated that he pointed a handgun in their directions and fired several times. Ball v. State, 845 So. 2d 736, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 441 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Where evidence showed that defendant and his father entered the victim’s home armed with a sword, a knife, a baton, and a stun gun, and victim was cut with the sword or knife (he was not sure which) when he took it from the defendant, the evidence was sufficient to convict the defendant of assault with a deadly weapon. Al-Fatah v. State, 856 So. 2d 494, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 333 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 860 So. 2d 315, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 714 (Miss. 2003).

Trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, as the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, was sufficient to show defendant fired multiple shots at the victim, that defendant’s shots struck the victim’s legs, and that the victim had to be treated for the gunshot wounds at a hospital. Satcher v. State, 852 So. 2d 595, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 877 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

Evidence supported a conviction for aggravated assault upon a law enforcement officer where (1) the defendant inmate struck a corrections officer with a sharp object that broke the skin and caused bleeding, (2) a toothbrush was found nearby after the blow was struck, and (3) another officer testified from his training and experience as a law enforcement officer that the toothbrush had a sharpened end and could cause serious bodily injury. Spann v. State, 797 So. 2d 365, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 214 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

The defendant was not entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial where, in the face of contradictory evidence, the jury determined that the defendant used unreasonable force in evicting trespassers from his property where he placed his hand on the victim and pointed a gun at him. Tate v. State, 784 So. 2d 208, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 2001).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated assault where there was testimony that the defendant shot the victim in the foot after a conversation between the defendant and the victim’s son; a contrary determination was not required by contradictory evidence as to whether the victim had a knife in his hand at the time of the incident. Moore v. State, 785 So. 2d 308, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 89 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated assault where the defendant shot the victim and, although the defendant claimed self-defense, every other witness to the incident testified that the defendant was unprovoked when he drew a gun and began shooting at the victim, and that he was the initial aggressor. Rice v. State, 782 So. 2d 171, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 10 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

Evidence was sufficient to establish aggravated assault where (1) the defendant entered a store under the false pretense of experiencing mechanical trouble with his vehicle, (2) as the store owner and his employees worked to assist the defendant, he grabbed a store employee, wrapped one arm around her and used his other arm to place a butcher knife at her throat, (3) as he grabbed the employee, he announced he was “fooling” those inside the store and intended to rob the establishment, and (4) the defendant then released the employee and fled when the store owner produced a firearm and pointed it at him. Genry v. State, 767 So. 2d 302, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 426 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated assault where (1) the defendant lay in wait for the victim in the latter’s mobile home, (2) he kicked her in the back and shoulder and stomped her face, and (3) he then took a piece of a broken vase and inflicted a severe cut on her face. Owens v. State, 763 So. 2d 917, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 323 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence supported a conviction for aggravated assault where two eyewitnesses testified that the defendant, at a time when he was not threatened with any imminent physical harm, purposely discharged a firearm in the direction of the victim and that the bullets discharged from the weapon, and in fact came dangerously close to striking her; the defendant’s competing version of events, i.e., that he purposely avoided any attempt to injure the victim and was firing in self-defense merely to distract a third party in his preparations to fire his own weapon at the defendant offered a classic conflict in the evidence that the jury resolved against the defendant. Brown v. State, 763 So. 2d 207, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 318 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to establish a bodily injury and, thus, to support a conviction where the victim, who was a police officer, that he experienced pain due to the defendant’s hitting him in the back with his fists. Jones v. State, 756 So. 2d 852, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 76 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for simple assault where the victim testified that he experienced pain due to the defendant’s hitting him in the back with his fists. Jones v. State, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 613 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 9, 1999).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated assault, notwithstanding the assertion of self-defense by the defendant, where it appeared that the defendant shot the victim without justification: (1) a neighbor at the scene who was 15 feet away from the victim when he was shot testified that the victim did not have a gun, (2) police officers testified that there was no physical evidence showing that the defendant’s car had been struck by bullets, (3) police officers testified that physical evidence showed that the shots in the defendant’s windshield were fired from the inside of the car, and (4) the defendant left the scene prior to the incident and returned with a gun. Wooten v. State, 752 So. 2d 1105, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 659 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer where the officer testified that (1) he responded to a disturbance call regarding shots fired at an apartment complex, (2) he saw a vehicle leaving from that direction in a hurry as he approached the area and attempted to block the passage of the vehicle with his police cruiser, but that the vehicle went around his patrol car, (3) he then turned on his blue lights and siren and pursued the vehicle, (4) just as the vehicle turned a corner, it began pulling to the side just behind a parked car, and (5) the defendant rolled out of the back passenger side of the vehicle, pointed a gun, fired it, and ran away. Norwood v. State, 741 So. 2d 992, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 356 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Evidence was sufficient to establish aggravated assault where (1) the victim testified that she was struck repeatedly on her buttocks, lower extremities, and arms with a pool stick and was choked about the neck, (2) such testimony was corroborated by the investigating officer, who testified that he saw bruises on the victim’s arms and legs and that, while taking her statement, he noted that the victim was in pain, (3) the registered nurse on duty at hospital at which the victim was treated testified that she had a red mark on the right side of her neck and bruises on her buttocks, legs, and arms, (4) an x-ray of the victim’s hand revealed a broken finger, and (5) a CAT scan was also performed due to the trauma to the victim’s head and her statement that she had been in and out of consciousness. Rushing v. State, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 350 (Miss. Ct. App. June 22, 1999).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction for aggravated assault where the physician who treated the victim at the emergency room testified that the injuries were possibly “severe,” in that there was a risk of intercranial injury, and the physician who ultimately performed surgery on the victim’s broken nose stated that the swelling was so severe that surgery had to be postponed for one week. Gayle v. State, 743 So. 2d 392, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 197 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

In a prosecution for simple assault upon a law enforcement officer, the trial court did not err in finding that the victim was a “law enforcement officer” acting within the scope of his duties at the time of the offense, even though he had not attended the law enforcement training academy as required by §45-6-3(c), since he was a “de jure deputy sheriff” where he was appointed by the sheriff pursuant to §19-25-19 to act as a jailer, and he was wearing a signed identification card and a uniform at the time of the offense. Amerson v. State, 648 So. 2d 58, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 596 (Miss. 1994).

In a prosecution for rape, the evidence was sufficient to support an instruction on the charge of aggravated assault where the victim testified that the defendant had repeatedly punched her in the face and head during his attack on her, she further testified that she had spent about 4 days in the hospital and that she was told to see a neurologist because of a damaged nerve in her head, the emergency room physician testified that the victim had suffered significant facial trauma and that both of her eyes were swollen shut, the victim had fresh blood in both nostrils and significant bruising and bleeding into the skin of her face, and photographs of the victim taken after the attack illustrated the nature of her injuries. The evidence was also sufficient to support an instruction on the lesser included offense of simple assault where the defendant transported the victim to the hospital after the attack. Taylor v. State, 577 So. 2d 381, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 120 (Miss. 1991).

There was sufficient evidence to support a conviction for aggravated assault where the victim had been bitten on the face and had been stabbed several times in the neck and hand with a pen. Simmons v. State, 568 So. 2d 1192, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 605 (Miss. 1990).

Evidence was sufficient to prove aggravated assault where, during argument, defendant threw unidentified liquid into victim’s face and attacked victim with knife, cutting him several times around face and neck. Black v. State, 506 So. 2d 264, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2468 (Miss. 1987).

Jury’s finding Vietnam War veteran, suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, guilty of aggravated assault was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence, in view of the conflicting opinions of 2 psychiatric experts as to whether he knew right from wrong at the time he stabbed victim, and lay testimony as to facts surrounding the incident. Norris v. State, 490 So. 2d 839, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2477 (Miss. 1986).

Admission of aggravated assault defendant that defendant cut victim with knife having 5 to 6 inch blade, testimony by emergency room physician establishing that wound cut several major arteries and would have been life threatening if not treated, and testimony of victim that prior to assault, defendant threatened to kill victim is sufficient evidence to establish that defendant purposely caused serious bodily injury to victim with deadly weapon, which is all that is required for aggravated assault conviction. Nobles v. State, 464 So. 2d 1151, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1919 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence was sufficient to support the conviction of defendant for aggravated assault on a policeman where officers had followed defendant after observing his reckless driving and their identity as policemen should have been clear since they were in a marked car, yet, when the officers overtook defendant and one asked for his license, defendant shot him and continued shooting him after he was knocked down by the first bullet. Kinney v. State, 336 So. 2d 493, 1976 Miss. LEXIS 1509 (Miss. 1976).

Where defendant armed himself with a deadly weapon, declared that he would not be brought to jail upon a warrant, and shot an arresting officer, he placed himself within the category of persons subject to the penalties prescribed in this section. Maroone v. State, 317 So. 2d 25, 1975 Miss. LEXIS 1722 (Miss. 1975).

Although conflicting in part, evidence that upon husband’s unexpected return home, accused ran out of the back door, came around the house and shot the husband as he was standing on the front porch, unarmed, and was not threatening accused, supported conviction. Shannon v. State, 237 Miss. 550, 115 So. 2d 293, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 502 (Miss. 1959), overruled, Ray v. State, 381 So. 2d 1032, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 1930 (Miss. 1980).

Evidence, including the testimony of the victim, that immediately before the shooting he had seen the accused with a shotgun only a short distance away and that the accused had shot him, sustained a conviction of assault and battery with intent to kill. Williams v. State, 232 Miss. 613, 100 So. 2d 137, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 309 (Miss. 1958).

Although the evidence was conflicting, proof for the state that accused struck at the neck of another with a handsaw was sufficient to sustain conviction. Wixon v. State, 229 Miss. 430, 90 So. 2d 859, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 1956).

Evidence that the defendant pointed a pistol at the prosecuting witness to compel the latter to drop an axe which he had in his hand and which he had carried over to the car upon being called there, was sufficient to justify a conviction of an assault on a charge of assault and battery with intent to kill, where it did not appear that the pistol was aimed in self-defense, or that defendant was in any danger at the time. Eaton v. State, 186 Miss. 459, 191 So. 93, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 229 (Miss. 1939).

Evidence of threat to kill, unless certain papers signed, would support charge of assault. Stroud v. State, 131 Miss. 875, 95 So. 738, 1923 Miss. LEXIS 222 (Miss. 1923).

20. — —Charge or conviction unsupportable.

Defendant was erroneously convicted of four counts of aggravated assault based on the act of firing one shot into a vehicle when the evidence supported only one attempt, as defendant’s attempt to discharge a gun one time did not support the inference that defendant intended to injure four individuals. Foreman v. State, 51 So.3d 957, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 38 (Miss. 2011).

Police officer’s action in turning onto road despite fact that view of oncoming traffic was blocked by row of hedges, while negligent, did not turn collision with motorist into crime of assault, so as to relieve motorist of having to comply with notice requirements in Tort Claims Act in subsequent personal injury claim against city and officer. City of Jackson v. Lumpkin, 697 So. 2d 1179, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 306 (Miss. 1997), overruled, Carr v. Town of Shubuta, 733 So. 2d 261, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 72 (Miss. 1999), overruled in part, Stuart v. Univ. of Miss. Med. Ctr., 21 So.3d 544, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 396 (Miss. 2009). But see Carr v. Town of Shubuta, 733 So. 2d 261, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 72 (Miss. 1999), overruled in part, Stuart v. Univ. of Miss. Med. Ctr., 21 So.3d 544, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 396 (Miss. 2009).

In a prosecution for simple assault upon a law enforcement officer, the evidence was insufficient to support a jury determination that the defendant caused “injury” where there was no testimony that the officer suffered pain, illness or impairment, and the circumstantial evidence concerning the defendant’s actions, though sufficient to allow an inference that the officer suffered pain, was weak; circumstantial evidence should be supportive of, not in lieu of, direct testimony which is readily at hand, and therefore a new trial would be required so that the officer could be asked whether he suffered pain. Murrell v. State, 655 So. 2d 881, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 234 (Miss. 1995).

A conviction of aggravated assault of an 8-year-old child was not supported by the evidence where the defendant, while committing a rape of the child’s mother, pointed a gun toward the child and told her to “shut up,” but did not touch her or make any advances toward her; the defendant had the means and opportunity to cause the child great bodily harm but did not “attempt” to do so since there were no extraneous events which prevented him from discharging the firearm. Brown v. State, 633 So. 2d 1042, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 122 (Miss. 1994).

Although defendant was charged with and convicted of aggravated assault, defendant was guilty of no more than simple assault where the victim’s injuries were not serious and where there was insufficient evidence to prove that defendant intended to cause her serious bodily injury. Brooks v. State, 360 So. 2d 704, 1978 Miss. LEXIS 2306 (Miss. 1978).

One may not be convicted of assault with intent to kill where the evidence fails to show beyond a reasonable doubt that he used more force than was reasonably necessary to protect his employer’s property from destruction. Higgenbotham v. State, 237 Miss. 841, 116 So. 2d 407, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 540 (Miss. 1959).

Testimony that defendant pointed pistol at deputy who was attempting to arrest him and said that he, defendant, would shoot deputy if he moved, and that deputy did not move and defendant did not shoot, does not support verdict and judgment of felonious intent to kill and murder. Craddock v. State, 204 Miss. 606, 37 So. 2d 778, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 393 (Miss. 1948).

Evidence which shows that the accused having an axe in his hands was not in striking distance of the state’s witness nor sufficiency near to put the witness in fear of being struck, and accused was not restrained, is insufficient to justify a conviction of assault. Grimes v. State, 99 Miss. 232, 54 So. 839, 1911 Miss. LEXIS 197 (Miss. 1911).

21. —Variance between indictment and proof.

There was no variance between an indictment charging the defendant with assault and battery with intent to kill a particular person and testimony introduced by the prosecution showing that the defendant had no intention to shoot the person he actually shot but mistook that person he shot for another, and shot the victim thinking that he was shooting the other. Brandon v. State, 263 So. 2d 560, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1336 (Miss. 1972).

In prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill where evidence showed that the accused had no ill will toward the person assaulted but made a mistake as to identity and the indictment charged that the accused intended to kill the person she assaulted, the variance between evidence and indictment was not fatal. Garner v. State, 227 Miss. 840, 87 So. 2d 80, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 761 (Miss. 1956).

There is no fatal variance between an indictment charging defendant with assault and battery with intent to kill and murder “Floyd Griffin,” and proof that victim’s name was “Floyd Griffie” since defendant could not have been misled thereby. Hughes v. State, 207 Miss. 594, 42 So. 2d 805, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 372 (Miss. 1949).

There is no fatal variance between an indictment charging defendant with shooting “John Horne,” and proof that the name of the prosecuting witness was “John Horne, Jr.” where throughout the trial such witness was referred to either by the name of John or John Horne, together with the mute evidence that such witness had suffered the loss of some fingers, which the evidence showed resulted from the shooting, all of which evidence sufficiently identified the witness as being the person named in the indictment as having been shot. Foreman v. State, 186 Miss. 529, 191 So. 657, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 267 (Miss. 1939).

22. Instructions; generally.

In an action for aggravated assault, the trial court did not err in instructing the jury because the challenged instruction contained the essential elements, including that defendant unlawfully, willfully, feloniously, purposely and knowingly caused bodily injury to the victim with a deadly weapon, a knife, by stabbing the victim with said knife, and without authority of law and not in necessary self-defense. Cureton v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 87 (Miss. Ct. App. Mar. 24, 2020).

In an aggravated assault case, in which defendant alleged that he inadvertently stabbed the victim, trial counsel was not ineffective for not offering what defendant called an “accident instruction” based on the excusable homicide statute because the instruction might have confused the jury; and defendant failed to rebut the presumption that counsel’s failure to offer the proffered instruction was trial strategy. Greenleaf v. State, 267 So.3d 749, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 125 (Miss. 2019).

Circuit court did not fail to properly instruct the jury regarding the elements of the crime of aggravated assault because jury instruction S-1 was the only instruction that advised the jury of the essential elements of the crime, and it tracked the language of the indictment and the aggravated assault statute and accurately followed the requisite elements of the crime; the deadly weapon language at issue in jury instruction S-3 was not included in the elements instruction; and the unnecessary language in jury instruction S-3 did not prejudice defendant as the instruction did not direct the jury to a conclusion regarding any element of the crime and did not deprive him of his defense of accident. Dennis v. State, 271 So.3d 661, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 589 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Trial court did not err in instructing the jury at defendant’s trial for aggravated assault that a person did not have to possess ill-will toward or even know the identity of a specific individual to commit an aggravated assault on that person. Miskell v. State, 230 So.3d 345, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 633 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Defendant was entitled to a new trial as to the aggravated-assault charges against defendant because, due to variances between the indictment and the jury instructions, the jury instructions did not fairly instruct the jury on the applicable law. The jury was not asked to decide whether the injuries inflicted upon the shooting victims were “serious” bodily injuries, which substantially altered the elements of proof for a conviction, and a deadly weapon was not an element of the crime as suggested by the jury instructions. Brown v. State, 225 So.3d 1263, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 422 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), rev'd, 222 So.3d 302, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 169 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant was not erroneously convicted of aggravated assault because the evidence supported the giving by the trial judge of an accomplice-liability jury instruction, given the conflicting testimony as to whether defendant or another person with defendant shot the victim, and the instruction did not constructively amend the indictment. Moreover, the trial judge did abuse the judge’s discretion in additionally giving a cautionary instruction as to accomplice testimony. Jones v. State, 238 So.3d 1235, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 408 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. denied, 237 So.3d 1269, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 148 (Miss. 2018).

Defendant suffered no prejudice from the State’s inclusion of the term “recklessly” in the jury instruction on aggravated assault, because the original indictment clearly provided that she was being charged under this section. Towles v. State, 193 So.3d 688, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 382 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Mississippi Supreme Court had held that an acquit first instruction, like the one in this case, was not prohibited by Mississippi law, and thus there was no error in connection with defendant’s trial for attempted kidnapping and aggravated assault. Burgess v. State, 210 So.3d 569, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 314 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. denied, 209 So.3d 431, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 59 (Miss. 2017).

It was reversible error to deny defendant’s request for a lesser-included offense instruction on simple assault, when he was charged with aggravated assault, because (1) the State solely asserted defendant committed the crime by using a bottle, and (2) a reasonable juror could conclude the bottle was not used or the bottle was not a dangerous weapon. Franklin v. State, 136 So.3d 1021, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 2014).

Trial court did not err by refusing a proposed theory-of-the-case instruction because the instruction was redundant. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Because the record provided evidence corroborating an accomplice’s testimony, the trial court was not required to instruct the jury to regard the accomplice’s testimony with great caution and suspicion. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Trial court properly refused a requested instruction because, reading all the given instructions together, the jury was fairly, fully, and accurately instructed regarding its duty to consider and weigh the credibility of witness testimony. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Trial court’s aiding-and-abetting instruction, read together with its aggravated-assault instruction, adequately informed the jury that if one defendant was found guilty individually, his codefendant could not be found guilty individually without deliberately associating himself in some way with the crime and participating in it. Jones v. State, 95 So.3d 641, 2012 Miss. LEXIS 410 (Miss. 2012).

Defendant’s convictions for the simple assault of a peace officer in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1) were appropriate because even though a jury instruction erroneously allowed the jury to find “physical menace” from words alone, it was a harmless error since it was uncontradicted that defendant attacked the officers with kicks and punches. Graham v. State, 967 So. 2d 670, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 721 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Simple assault on a law enforcement officer charge resulted from injuries the deputy sustained when attempting to arrest defendant, and the evidence was uncontradicted that defendant engaged in a violent physical struggle with the deputy which resulted in both men sustaining multiple injuries; the trial judge determined that there was a lack of evidence to support a jury instruction on an illegal arrest, and thus the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying defendant’s jury instructions that he had the right to resist an unlawful arrest. Keys v. State, 963 So. 2d 1193, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 299 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 245, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 703 (Miss. 2007).

In an aggravated assault case, proposed jury instructions on the “single juror,” the presumption of innocence and the state’s burden of proof, and the elements of the offense were properly rejected because they were covered by instructions that had already been given; moreover, an accident instruction was rejected as not supported by the evidence since that doctrine did not apply to intentional acts. Ellis v. State, 956 So. 2d 1008, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 119 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 687 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was appropriate under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7 where his indictment sufficiently tracked §97-3-7(2)(b). Further, a jury instruction was appropriate because it set forth the elements of the crime the jury was required to find in order to find him guilty of the assault. Jenkins v. State, 913 So. 2d 1044, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 330 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Where defendant was tried and convicted for aggravated assault, there was no evidentiary basis warranting an instruction regarding his use of the weapon in a negligent manner, so as to have allowed for an instruction on simple assault. Moreover, the instruction was not a proper statement of the law, for it gave the impression that one could shoot another with a gun and only be guilty of simple assault; finally, the evidence presented by the State revealed that defendant had intentionally fired shots at the victim, and defendant never refuted the State’s proof that the shooting was done in an intentional manner. Acreman v. State, 907 So. 2d 1005, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 276 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

In defendant’s attempted aggravated assault case, a court properly rejected his proposed instructions where, characterizing his offense as domestic violence would neither have reduced his crime to a misdemeanor, nor reduced his sentence. The proposed jury instructions misstated the law and were therefore properly rejected. Wilson v. State, 904 So. 2d 987, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1410 (Miss. 2004).

In a case where the indictment charged defendant with aggravated assault, a jury instruction mentioning attempt did not create plain error because attempted assault fell within the meaning of assault, and the indictment mentioned the statute number of the crime for which defendant was to be prosecuted and tracked the language of the statute. Lewis v. State, 897 So. 2d 994, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 929 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 896 So. 2d 373, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 225 (Miss. 2005).

Although the trial court failed to instruct the jury of the elements of aggravated assault, it appeared beyond a reasonable doubt that the absence of the element instruction did not cause or contribute to the jury reaching the verdict that it reached. The evidence was overwhelming that defendant used his car in a manner that clearly indicated that he was attempting to cause serious bodily injury with a deadly weapon (the car), or under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life; consequently, the error was harmless. Conerly v. State, 879 So. 2d 1101, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 762 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant’s aggravated assault conviction was upheld because the trial court had not erred in refusing to instruct the jury on self-defense, since there was no evidence that defendant was acting in self-defense when he shot two victims. Additionally, the jury was provided more than adequate instruction on the essential elements of aggravated assault. McKinley v. State, 873 So. 2d 1052, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 450 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Court rejected defendant’s argument that the trial court committed reversible error when it granted a particular instruction because the alleged error was not properly preserved for appellate review and was procedurally barred; even with the procedural bar in place, the court found no plain error because even though the instruction itself was an unhelpful, abstract statement of law, given that aggravated assault was not a specific intent crime, the submission of the instruction did not constitute reversible error. Hogan v. State, 854 So. 2d 497, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 852 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, as the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, was sufficient to show defendant fired multiple shots at the victim, that defendant’s shots struck the victim’s legs, and that the victim had to be treated for the gunshot wounds at a hospital. Satcher v. State, 852 So. 2d 595, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 877 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

Where defendant was indicted only for four counts of simple assault, the trial court did not err in giving jury lesser offense instruction requested by defendant, allowing the jury to convict him of disorderly conduct as to one count; defendant argued that the most he could be convicted of was disorderly conduct, and that he was entitled to have the jury instructed as to his theory of defense. Williams v. State, 797 So. 2d 372, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 243 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

The defendant was entitled to a new trial on the ground that the jury was not instructed as to the essential elements of aggravated assault where the court instructed the jury that if they believed from the evidence in the case beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed an aggravated assault in and upon the body of the victim with a shotgun, without provocation, or without threat of great bodily harm to himself, then it would be their sworn duty to find the defendant guilty as charged; the instruction failed to set out the essential elements of the crime of aggravated assault as it did not instruct the jury that it must find that the defendant attempted to cause or purposely or knowingly caused bodily injury to the victim. Reddix v. State, 731 So. 2d 591, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 21 (Miss. 1999).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault, the trial court erred in giving a “flight instruction” where there was an explanation for the defendant’s flight implicit in the defense of the case-the defendant’s claim of self-defense-and there was ample reason for the defendant to have left the scene of the hostilities based on threats from a third person and the alleged danger from the victim. Banks v. State, 631 So. 2d 748, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 9 (Miss. 1994).

Where an assault defendant is arguing self-defense, a flight instruction should be automatically ruled out and found to be of no probative value; a flight instruction would have particular prejudicial effect in a case where self-defense is claimed because to suggest and highlight, through the sanction of a court-granted instruction, that the defendant’s flight was possibly an indication of guilt suggests that the court does not accept the self-defense argument. Banks v. State, 631 So. 2d 748, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 9 (Miss. 1994).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault, the injuries inflicted upon the victim clearly constituted “serious bodily injury” within the meaning of subsection (2) of this section where a blow to the head knocked the victim unconscious and opened a flesh wound requiring sutures, the victim’s jaw was broken in 2 places, an injury to the victim’s arm required surgery under general anesthesia, a bone graft, and the insertion of a metal plate, and the victim was unable to use his arm or return to work for at least 4 weeks; thus, the trial court did not err in refusing the defendant’s requested instruction defining serious bodily injury as “injuries involving great risk of death.” Fleming v. State, 604 So. 2d 280, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 382 (Miss. 1992).

A defendant who was convicted of aggravated assault and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment was not entitled to a jury instruction on attempted murder which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years imprisonment, even though the evidence would have supported a conviction for either offense, since there was no view of the evidence under which the defendant might have been found guilty of attempted murder and not guilty of aggravated assault. McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 180 (Miss. 1989).

Trial court committed reversible error when it instructed jury to completely disregard testimony of witness who testified that individual, not defendant, had told her that he had used boxcutter to cut “a boy”, because issue concerning that individual was not whether he had character trait for being truthful, but whether he was telling truth about circumstances surrounding fight, cutting of victim, and his participation in those events; witness whose testimony was excluded contradicted testimony of individual that he did not cut anybody, and possibility that individual cut victim was relevant factor to be considered by jury in its deliberations as to whether or not defendant was guilty of cutting victim, since issue at trial was identity of person who cut victim. Clark v. State, 514 So. 2d 1221, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2866 (Miss. 1987).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under §97-3-7(2), the trial court properly instructed the jury if they believed beyond a reasonable doubt defendant drove his automobile in the manner enumerated in the instruction and that if they believed beyond a reasonable doubt such manner of driving manifested extreme indifference to the value of human life, then they should find defendant guilty. Gray v. State, 427 So. 2d 1363, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2351 (Miss. 1983).

An instruction which required in order for the jury to find defendant guilty of assault, the jury must find from the evidence the defendant unlawfully, wilfully or feloneously caused bodily injury to the alleged victim recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life by driving into the alleged victim and striking him with an automobile, was an adequate instruction on assault. Buchanan v. State, 427 So. 2d 697, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2464 (Miss. 1983).

In an action for aggravated assault with an automobile that arose when the victim, who had attempted to intervene in an altercation between defendant and a third party over an automobile collision, was struck by either an open door or the rear of defendant’s car, the evidence was insufficient to support an instruction that required a guilty verdict if defendant knowingly or recklessly caused serious bodily injury by running into the complainant with his automobile under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life; giving such an instruction was reversible error, even though defendant did not move for a directed verdict of not guilty or ask for a peremptory instruction of not guilty. McGee v. State, 365 So. 2d 302, 1978 Miss. LEXIS 2417 (Miss. 1978).

State’s instruction, in a prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill, to the effect that voluntary drunkenness was no excuse or justification for the commission of the crime in that one could not take advantage of a situation in which he had placed himself voluntarily by being drunk or drinking, and that if the jury believed beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant, with felonious intent and malice aforethought to kill, shot and wounded the victim, it should find defendant guilty even though they might believe that defendant had been drunk or drinking at the time, was not misleading as assuming that a crime had been committed, nor was it misleading in any other particular. Cobb v. State, 235 Miss. 57, 108 So. 2d 719, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 402 (Miss. 1959).

Instruction defining crime with which defendant is charged is sufficient if it sets forth all of the elements of crime, and state need not request instruction defining essential elements of crime of murder, though defendant may request such instruction if he desires. Bone v. State, 207 Miss. 20, 41 So. 2d 347, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 314 (Miss. 1949).

In prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill and murder, even assuming that court erred in authorizing jury, if certain facts were found, to find defendant guilty of injuring another by committing an assault and battery on him with a shotgun, such error was not prejudicial where the jury did not act on such instruction but found the defendant guilty as charged as authorized by another instruction. Hudson v. State, 199 Miss. 406, 24 So. 2d 779, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 210 (Miss. 1946).

Alleged error in prosecution for assault with intent to murder of failure of instructions for state to define the term “murder” used therein, was not available to defendant where his instructions followed the language used by the state, some of which defined murder in the language of the statute. Bridges v. State, 197 Miss. 527, 19 So. 2d 738, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 317 (Miss. 1944).

Striking out the words “in attempt” from defendant’s requested instruction defining murder, in prosecution for assault with intent to murder, to the effect that “the defendant acted feloniously without authority of law from his deliberate design and with his malice aforethought in attempt to kill and murder,” was not error. Bridges v. State, 197 Miss. 527, 19 So. 2d 738, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 317 (Miss. 1944).

Instruction that if the jury believed from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant feloniously, wilfully, and of malice aforethought, hit and wounded the prosecuting witness with a pair of wire pliers, which they believed was a deadly weapon, at a time when defendant was in no danger of losing his own life or suffering great bodily harm at the hands of the prosecuting witness, they should find defendant guilty of assault and battery with intent to kill and murder, was defective as authorizing conviction upon proof of a simple assault. Daniels v. State, 196 Miss. 328, 17 So. 2d 793, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 196 (Miss. 1944).

Where evidence did not justify conviction under this section [Code 1942, § 2011], defective instruction authorizing conviction hereunder upon proof of a simple assault would not cause reversal of conviction for assault with intent to kill and murder, but conviction would be affirmed as a conviction for simple assault and battery and remanded for appropriate sentence. Daniels v. State, 196 Miss. 328, 17 So. 2d 793, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 196 (Miss. 1944).

Instruction authorizing conviction under the statute upon a finding that the defendant assaulted a police officer “with means or force likely to produce death,” rather than a simple assault, where evidence showed that defendant committed battery on the officer with his hands and feet, was not erroneous, under the circumstances. Blaine v. State, 196 Miss. 603, 17 So. 2d 549, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 240 (Miss. 1944).

In prosecution for shooting another with intent to murder him, court properly included in instruction definition of murder. Martin v. State, 163 Miss. 454, 142 So. 15, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 62 (Miss. 1932).

In prosecution for assault with intent to murder, instruction setting forth elements of crime as stated in statute held sufficient without using word “felonious.” Martin v. State, 163 Miss. 454, 142 So. 15, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 62 (Miss. 1932).

23. —Intent.

Aggravated assault instruction, which used the term “willfully,” was not improper as the Supreme Court of Mississippi has made clear that the terms “wilfully” and “purposely or knowingly” have substantially the same meanings. Davis v. State, 909 So. 2d 749, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 575 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

In an aggravated assault prosecution defended on M’Naghten insanity grounds, even though defendant requested no intoxication instruction, the giving of state’s instruction that voluntary intoxication was no defense was not error where, in view of defendant’s testimony, the jury could have inferred that, at the time of the offense, the defendant was too drunk to have the requisite intent to commit the crime. Norris v. State, 490 So. 2d 839, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2477 (Miss. 1986).

In a prosecution for assault with intent to kill and murder, an instruction to the effect that the jury should convict the defendants if it should find that the defendants committed assault and battery upon the victim “by use of means or force likely to produce death, with the intent to maim or kill and murder” him, was prejudicial error, where the evidence as to intent was inconclusive, as was evidence of facial injuries sustained by the victim of the assault. Johnson v. State, 230 So. 2d 810, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1572 (Miss. 1970).

An instruction that malice aforethought may be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon should not have been granted. Barnette v. State, 252 Miss. 652, 173 So. 2d 904, 1965 Miss. LEXIS 1136 (Miss. 1965).

In absence of evidence to support it, it was not error for the lower court to refuse to charge the jury that the accused was entitled to an acquittal if he struck his victim in the heat of passion, and without deliberation. Frierson v. State, 250 Miss. 339, 165 So. 2d 342, 1964 Miss. LEXIS 467 (Miss. 1964).

Any error in an instruction which failed to include intent as an essential element of the offense to be proved was cured by an instruction, given at accused’s request, which charged the jury that intent to kill and slay is the essential ingredient of the offense charged in the indictment. Frierson v. State, 250 Miss. 339, 165 So. 2d 342, 1964 Miss. LEXIS 467 (Miss. 1964).

In a prosecution involving use of a deadly weapon, it was reversible error for the court to instruct for the state that it is reasonable to infer that a person ordinarily intends the natural and probable consequences of his acts knowingly done, and further that the jury might draw the inference that the defendant intended all the consequences which one standing in like circumstances and possessing like knowledge should reasonably have expected to result from his act knowingly done. Hydrick v. State, 246 Miss. 448, 150 So. 2d 423, 1963 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 1963).

An instruction that there is no particular time during which it is necessary that an intent to kill should have existed is inaccurate, since the intent must exist at the time injury was inflicted. Lindley v. State, 234 Miss. 423, 106 So. 2d 684, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 512 (Miss. 1958).

Even if an instruction to the effect that if the jury should find that the accused was intoxicated at the time of the difficulty it must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that such intoxication did not incapacitate him from forming a deliberate design to kill the victim should be given where the evidence justifies it, it was properly refused where the accused’s testimony established that he was not drunk at the time of committing an assault and battery with intent to kill. Wixon v. State, 229 Miss. 430, 90 So. 2d 859, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 1956).

The court did not commit error in granting to the state an instruction on the question of malice aforethought. Wixon v. State, 229 Miss. 430, 90 So. 2d 859, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 1956).

Trial court’s refusal to instruct jury to find the defendant guilty of simple assault and battery was proper where proof showed that defendant was either guilty of assault and battery with intent to kill and murder or nothing. Duckworth v. State, 209 Miss. 318, 46 So. 2d 787, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 390 (Miss. 1950).

Instruction, that malice aforethought “may be presumed from unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon,” was proper where jury was also charged that burden was upon state to prove malice aforethought beyond every reasonable doubt, and that defendant intended to kill his victim. Hughes v. State, 207 Miss. 594, 42 So. 2d 805, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 372 (Miss. 1949).

Instruction, that malice aforethought “may be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon,” was proper in absence of evidence showing justification or necessity for assault. Hughes v. State, 207 Miss. 594, 42 So. 2d 805, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 372 (Miss. 1949).

In prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill and murder, instruction directing jury to take into consideration fact that defendant had another load in his gun and could have used it and killed his alleged victim, if he had so desired, but did not do so because he did not want to kill him, was properly refused as it amounts to a comment on weight of evidence as to whether or not defendant shot with intent to kill and murder. Ceary v. State, 204 Miss. 299, 37 So. 2d 316, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 366 (Miss. 1948).

Instruction in prosecution for assault with intent to murder, that malice is implied by law from the nature and character of the weapon used, and that the use of a deadly weapon in a difficulty and not necessarily in self-defense is evidence of malice, constituted error, for the reasons that the instruction failed to characterize the use of the weapon as “deliberate,” the court found peremptorily that the weapon was deadly, and there was no need or right to charge the jury upon a presumption. However, such error was not prejudicial to defendant whose guilt was overwhelming. Bridges v. State, 197 Miss. 527, 19 So. 2d 738, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 317 (Miss. 1944).

Omission from instruction of words, “with intent to kill and murder,” did not prejudice defendant convicted of assault and battery with intent to kill and murder, where, because evidence negatived such intent, the supreme court affirmed conviction for constituent offense of assault and battery. Griffin v. State, 196 Miss. 528, 18 So. 2d 437, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 226 (Miss. 1944).

Instruction that “deliberate intent” and “deliberate design” and “malice aforethought” meant the same thing, held not erroneous. Word v. State, 180 Miss. 883, 178 So. 821, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 46 (Miss. 1938).

Instruction on assault with intent to kill eliminating felonious intent held erroneous. Herring v. State, 134 Miss. 505, 99 So. 270, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 1924).

Instruction omitting intent to kill on trial for assault with such intent is erroneous. Lott v. State, 130 Miss. 119, 93 So. 481, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 184 (Miss. 1922).

Erroneous instruction on assault with intent to kill held not cured by others stating the law correctly. Lott v. State, 130 Miss. 119, 93 So. 481, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 184 (Miss. 1922).

Instruction is erroneous which fails to state that, when defendant called upon his wife to shoot, he must have had the intent to kill with malice aforethought. Smith v. State, 91 So. 41 (Miss. 1922).

Where evidence showed that accused shot in to a wagon occupied by a designated person and several others it was error to instruct the jury that proof of a design to kill the designated person was unnecessary to a conviction under indictment for assault with intent to kill said person. Gentry v. State, 92 Miss. 141, 45 So. 721, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 26 (Miss. 1907).

24. —Deadly weapon.

In defendant’s trial for kidnapping and the aggravated assault of his ex-girlfriend, the trial court’s instruction to the jury that stun gun was a deadly weapon was peremptory and in error, necessitating reversal. Russell v. State, 832 So. 2d 551, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 251 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 832 So. 2d 533, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 782 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

Where defendant used knife’s metal butt to strike victim on the back of the head six or seven times with all the force he had, the knife could be called a deadly weapon for the purposes of aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7. Walls v. State, 827 So. 2d 718, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 525 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

The trial court committed reversible error where the defendant was indicted for aggravated assault by causing or attempting to cause serious bodily injury in violation of subsection (2)(a), but the court instructed the jury with regard to aggravated assault with a deadly weapon in violation of subsection (2)(b). Rushing v. State, 753 So. 2d 1136, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 717 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under subsection (2) of this section, the defendant may not have the jury instructed on the lesser offense of simple assault under subsection (1) of this section where the defendant wielded what was indisputably a deadly weapon and intentionally struck the victim, even if the injury inflicted was relatively slight. Hutchinson v. State, 594 So. 2d 17, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 45 (Miss. 1992).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under subsection (2)(a) of this section, the defendant’s use of a shot gun, which is a deadly weapon, during the alleged assault precluded his entitlement to an instruction authorizing a conviction of simple assault under subsection (1) of this section. Hunt v. State, 569 So. 2d 1200, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 671 (Miss. 1990).

By failing to attack the constitutionality of subsection (2) of this section, by proper motion in the trial court, defendant waived any error in this regard, and was precluded from raising the issue on appeal; moreover, where he failed to object to a jury instruction that the pocket knife used in the alleged crime was a deadly weapon, the issue was not preserved for appeal. Colburn v. State, 431 So. 2d 1111, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2609 (Miss. 1983).

Whether the use of feet and fists constituted the use of a deadly weapon is a question for the jury to determine from the evidence, and the trial court committed reversible error when it instructed the jury that feet and fists were a deadly weapon. Pulliam v. State, 298 So. 2d 711, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1571 (Miss. 1974).

Granting of an instruction, in a prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill, that malice aforethought might be assumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon, constituted reversible error since the instruction was on abstract principle of law, no mention was made of the specific facts of the case, and the two different versions of what had occurred and all of the facts surrounding the shooting were in evidence. Allison v. State, 274 So. 2d 678, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1609 (Miss. 1973).

An instruction which plainly predicated guilt upon the assault being made with “a deadly weapon, to wit, a pistol or metal instrument,” was not subject to the claimed infirmity that it did not require the jury to determine that a deadly weapon had been used but instead created an assumption that the metal instrument used was a deadly weapon. Frierson v. State, 250 Miss. 339, 165 So. 2d 342, 1964 Miss. LEXIS 467 (Miss. 1964).

An instruction under which the nature of the weapon, and the felonious assault were facts to be determined by the jury from the evidence in the case beyond a reasonable doubt, did not assume that a handsaw was a deadly weapon. Cobb v. State, 233 Miss. 54, 101 So. 2d 110, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 356 (Miss. 1958).

Instruction requiring only that the jury find that an assault was made “with some instrument capable of producing death or great bodily harm” was held error, since this section requires that the assault be made “with any deadly weapons or other means or force likely to produce death.” Williams v. State, 205 Miss. 515, 39 So. 2d 3, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 448 (Miss. 1949).

25. —Self-defense.

In a case in which defendant appealed his conviction for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a), he unsuccessfully argued that his jury instruction on self-defense should have been included. Part of the instruction given to the jury already properly instructed it on defendant’s theory of self-defense. David v. State, 29 So.3d 129, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 112 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

In a case in which defendant appealed his conviction for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a), he unsuccessfully argued that a jury instruction on self-defense should have been included. Since defendant did not cite to any authority for his assertion that the jury instruction on self-defense should have been included based on the disparity in size between the victim and defendant the testimony at trial, the assignment of error was procedurally barred. David v. State, 29 So.3d 129, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 112 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

In an aggravated assault case, three separate instructions given to the jury were not error because they adequately informed the jury on the law of self-defense and that defendant was entitled to this defense if the evidence supported such. Ellis v. State, 956 So. 2d 1008, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 119 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 687 (Miss. 2007).

Self-defense instruction was not improper because it unambiguously required the jury to find defendant not guilty if they concluded that she acted in self-defense. Davis v. State, 909 So. 2d 749, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 575 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Trial court did not err in refusing jury instruction D-9, a self-defense instruction, because it was repetitious of instruction S-3 that was given by the trial court. Clark v. State, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 371 (Miss. Ct. App. June 7, 2005), sub. op., op. withdrawn, 928 So. 2d 192, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 135 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Question was not whether the individual who was attacked was a victim, but whether he became a victim as a result of his own aggression or as a result of defendant’s unjustified aggression against him. On that issue, the jury was properly instructed and defendant’s request that the word “victim” be replaced with the individual’s actual name in the self-defense instructions was properly rejected, as the jury was well aware that defendant had stabbed the “victim” and the use of that word did not prejudice defendant. Roberts v. State, 911 So. 2d 573, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 328 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s proposed instruction in defendant’s trial for simple assault on a law enforcement officer because the instruction was nothing more than an alternate method of stating the self-defense theory set out in another instruction already given. Sheffield v. State, 844 So. 2d 519, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 374 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Jury instruction was proper where it paralleled statutory language of this section; therefore, jury could have believed all of defendants’ story, but not found self-defense proper in this case where 3 people beat admittedly unarmed man. Johnson v. State, 512 So. 2d 1246, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2703 (Miss.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 968, 108 S. Ct. 462, 98 L. Ed. 2d 402, 1987 U.S. LEXIS 4990 (U.S. 1987), overruled in part, Smith v. State, 986 So. 2d 290, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 2008).

In an aggravated assault prosecution defended on M’Naghten insanity grounds, the giving of an instruction that voluntary intoxication was no defense could not have caused the jury to disregard defendant’s insanity defense, where all of the instructions, when read together, clearly instructed the jury as to the state’s burden in proving all elements of the crime and in proving defendant’s sanity. Norris v. State, 490 So. 2d 839, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2477 (Miss. 1986).

Reckless or negligent beliefs of defendant to charge of aggravated assault that defendant was acting in self defense in attacking and cutting victim at time when victim had back turned is not basis upon which defendant may be granted instruction on lesser included offense of simple assault. Nobles v. State, 464 So. 2d 1151, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1919 (Miss. 1985).

The trial court properly refused defendant’s instructions which contained inaccurate statements relative to the law of self-defense, and omitted the requirements that the defendant must have been in immediate danger, real or apparent, and that the intent to kill the defendant must have been manifested by some overt act on the part of the victim. Yarber v. State, 230 Miss. 746, 93 So. 2d 851, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 418 (Miss. 1957).

In a prosecution for murder, an instruction to the jury that even if the deceased attempted to have unnatural intercourse with the defendant, but the danger of accomplishment of the crime by the deceased was over and at a time when such danger was not imminent or impending the defendant tied and gagged the deceased, and if the jury finds robbery, then the crime was murder, was proper in presenting defendant’s theory of self-defense and the state’s theory of felony murder. Burns v. State, 228 Miss. 254, 87 So. 2d 681, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 510 (Miss. 1956).

Where accused, in prosecution for assault and battery, insulted other party who struck first blow, instruction of self-defense was error. Wicker v. State, 107 Miss. 690, 65 So. 885, 1914 Miss. LEXIS 133 (Miss. 1914).

An instruction on self-defense should not be modified by words “without fault in himself in bringing on the difficulty.” Garner v. State, 93 Miss. 843, 47 So. 500, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 148 (Miss. 1908).

26. — Lesser offense.

Defendant’s lesser-included offense instruction on simple domestic violence was properly rejected because there was evidence that the victim was strangled; and strangulation automatically fell under the offense of aggravated domestic violence. Brown v. State, 285 So.3d 671, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 263 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 284 So.3d 753, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 438 (Miss. 2019), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 483 (Miss. 2019).

Circuit court did not err in refusing defendant’s lesser-included offense of simple assault instruction because no reasonable jury could conclude that the victim’s injuries were less than serious; the aftermath of the altercation between defendant and the victim left the victim confined to a wheelchair and unable to walk, eat on his own, or communicate. Torrey v. State, 229 So.3d 156, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 107 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Trial court properly denied defendant’s simple assault lesser-included-offense jury instruction because the evidence did not demonstrate negligence as defendant testified and argued at trial that defendant intentionally shot at the victim in self-defense because the victim had a gun and pointed it at defendant. Taylor v. State, 137 So.3d 283, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 225 (Miss. 2014).

In a felonious child abuse case, because the child’s burns were not caused by a child exploring her environment, the doctor who treated her unequivocal opined that the burns were nonaccidental, the burns came from a hot, solid object, and no reasonable juror could find the child’s second-degree burns on nondominant fingers were not considered serious bodily harm, the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser-offense of simple assault. Harris v. State, 123 So.3d 925, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 607 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Trial court’s refusal to give a jury instruction on simple assault as a lesser included offense of aggravated assault was proper since: (1) defendant did not present sufficient evidence of negligence since if all of the shots that hit the victim were fired as a result of a struggle, then defendant acted in self-defense, which was inconsistent with negligence; (2) defendant’s testimony that he squeezed the trigger once but did not know if he shot the victim was too tenuous for a negligence finding; and (3) squeezing the trigger and hitting the victim caused serious bodily harm, which meant that the case was definitely an aggravated assault case. Gilmore v. State, 119 So.3d 278, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 361 (Miss. 2013).

Because, in attempting to prove assault, the State introduced evidence that defendant began swinging at an officer while he was being arrested, and it would have been impossible for defendant to have committed simple assault on a law-enforcement officer without committing the crime of resisting arrest, the offense of resisting arrest was a lesser-included offense of the charged crime of simple assault, and the trial judge was authorized to grant the State’s request for a resisting-arrest instruction. Edwards v. State, 124 So.3d 105, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 700 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

When defendant was charged with aggravated assault, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), a circuit court properly refused defendant’s request for a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of simple assault, §97-3-7(1)(a), because there was no evidentiary basis justifying an instruction on simple assault given the severity of the victim’s injuries and the extensive treatment required to repair those injuries; the fractures to the victim’s face required the insertion of 5 plates and 22 screws, and the victim’s broken jaw had to be wired shut for 2 weeks. Jones v. State, 64 So.3d 1033, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 346 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Had defendant presented testimony or any evidence that the victim’s injuries were not serious, then a simple assault instruction may have been warranted; however, defendant presented no such evidence, and the circuit court did not err in determining that the severity of the victim’s injuries would not have supported a conviction of simple assault. Ames v. State, 17 So.3d 130, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 144 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 17 So.3d 99, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 2009).

Jury instruction as to simple assault was not warranted where no reasonable juror could find defendant guilty of simple assault against the law enforcement officer or that the incident was an accident; nothing in the record suggested that defendant did not knowingly or purposely pull a knife on the deputies. Babb v. State, 17 So.3d 100, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 70 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 17 So.3d 99, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 440 (Miss. 2009).

In a case in which defendant was convicted of violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), the trial judge did not err by refusing to grant a simple assault jury instruction. Defendant contended that a lesser-included-offense instruction should have been given for the jury to consider simple assault, but the trial judge found that the evidence did not support simple assault. Carter v. State, 995 So. 2d 847, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 700 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

In an aggravated assault case, the trial court did not err in refusing a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of simple assault as it was undisputed that defendant intentionally stabbed the victim, and there was no evidence that defendant acted negligently. Ford v. State, 975 So. 2d 859, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 102 (Miss. 2008).

Circuit court erred when it declined to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offense of simple assault where, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1)(a), viewing the testimony in a light most favorable to defendant, it was clear that, given the option, reasonable jurors cold find defendant guilty of simple assault and not guilty of aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b). Booze v. State, 964 So. 2d 1218, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 624 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Because defendant’s actions clearly arose to an aggravated assault, the evidence did not support the giving of a lesser-included offense instruction on simple assault; the evidence showed that defendant caused serious bodily injury under such circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life. Downs v. State, 962 So. 2d 1255, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 444 (Miss. 2007).

In a case where defendant was charged with aggravated assault after he stabbed several victims during a drunken fight, he was not entitled to an instruction on simple assault because he yielded a dangerous weapon and intentionally struck at the victims; the case was distinguished from others where mere negligent use of a weapon was shown. Lackie v. State, 971 So. 2d 601, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 293 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 683 (Miss. 2007).

In an aggravated assault case, a trial court did not err by failing to instruct the jury on several lesser included offenses, which included simple assault, simple domestic violence assault, and aggravated domestic violence, because they were not requested. Ellis v. State, 956 So. 2d 1008, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 119 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 687 (Miss. 2007).

Lesser-included offense instruction was not warranted where the record contained no evidence which supported simple assault as no evidence was presented that showed the victim’s injuries to be less than serious; given the severity and the extensive treatment necessary to repair the injuries, and the fact that the injuries were serious, a lesser-included offense instruction was not required. Brown v. State, 934 So. 2d 1039, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 540 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Under simple assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1)(b), defendant had to have acted negligently, but there was no evidence in the record that defendant acted negligently as the victim was stabbed six times, and defendant admitted that he swung at the victim with a knife; defendant claimed that he was acting in self-defense and a self-defense jury instruction was given, but defendant was not entitled to a lesser-included offense jury instruction on simple assault. Grubbs v. State, 956 So. 2d 932, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 379 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 957 So. 2d 1004, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 313 (Miss. 2007).

In an aggravated assault with a weapon case, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), no reasonable juror could have believed that defendant was only guilty of simple assault under §97-3-7(1)(a); thus, because the uncontradicted physical facts so overwhelmingly supported a finding of aggravated assault and rendered so unreasonable the suggestion that defendant might have been guilty only of simple assault, the trial court did not err in not instructing the jury on the lesser-included offense of simple assault. Grubbs v. State, 956 So. 2d 932, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 379 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 957 So. 2d 1004, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 313 (Miss. 2007).

Lesser-included simple assault instruction was proper because the record offered evidence in support of the defendant’s theory that she had not wilfully caused bodily injury to the vicitim with a deadly weapon and the instruction clearly reflected the definition of simple assault as found in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1). Davis v. State, 909 So. 2d 749, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 575 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Evidence showed the assault to be intentional, not careless or negligent and defendant and his cohorts had purposefully inflicted serious injury to the victim by means of a tire tool and then proceeded to rob his business. Thus, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s request for a simple assault jury instruction. Williams v. State, 909 So. 2d 1233, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 89 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on simple assault as the victim testified that defendant fondled her breast while on a three-wheeler, and defendant could not point to evidence in the record from which a jury could reasonably find him not guilty of sexual assault, and find him guilty of simple assault. Ladnier v. State, 878 So. 2d 926, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 623 (Miss. 2004).

In a sexual battery case, a trial court did not err in failing to instruct the jury on simple assault which was not a lesser-included offense; the element of “bodily injury” was missing from the sexual battery statute, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-95. Seigfried v. State, 869 So. 2d 1040, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 958 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 870 So. 2d 666, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 352 (Miss. 2004).

Defendant was not entitled to an instruction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(1)(b), as the evidence indicated that defendant intentionally struck the victim; moreover defendant did not request the instruction at trial and the court was not required to offer it sua sponte. Armstrong v. State, 828 So. 2d 239, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 523 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault, the court properly instructed the jury with regard to simple assault as a lesser included offense where the state presented a witness claiming there was serious bodily injury and the defense brought forth a witness that the injuries were not serious. Odom v. State, 767 So. 2d 242, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 151 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault, the court properly refused to instruct the jury with regard to simple assault based upon negligent injury where the testimony was that the defendant intentionally shot the victim and the only issue was whether he or the victim shot first. Reddix v. State, 731 So. 2d 591, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 21 (Miss. 1999).

Even though victims’ wounds were not very serious, defendant was not entitled to instruction on simple assault, as lesser included offense of aggravated assault, where defendant used gun during assault. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

In prosecution for aggravated assault, defendant is entitled to a lesser included offense jury instruction for mayhem as long as there is some proof that shows him to be innocent of aggravated assault, but at same time only guilty of mayhem. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

Defendant was not entitled to instruction on mayhem, as lesser included offense of aggravated assault, since same proof that established aggravated assault also established mayhem. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

Aggravated assault defendant was not entitled to lesser included offense instruction on simple assault given that multiple stab wounds suffered by both victims were serious and life-threatening, and in light of absence of evidence that defendant was merely negligent in handling knife; evidence precluded finding that injuries were negligently inflicted. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

In a prosecution for simple assault upon a law enforcement officer, the trial court erred in failing to give an instruction on the lesser included offense of resisting arrest where a reasonable fact-finder could have concluded, based on the evidence presented, that the defendant resisted arrest, but had a reasonable doubt as to whether he “injured” the officer within the meaning of this section. Murrell v. State, 655 So. 2d 881, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 234 (Miss. 1995).

In a prosecution for felony child abuse arising from an infant’s ingestion of glass slivers in her food, the evidence was insufficient to support an instruction on the lesser included offense of simple assault, since no reasonable juror could find that the glass slivers were not used in “such a manner as to cause serious bodily harm,” and there was no evidence from which a juror could conclude that the infant accidentally ingested the glass. Payton v. State, 642 So. 2d 1328, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 442 (Miss. 1994).

In a prosecution for burglary of an inhabited dwelling, the defendant was not entitled to a lesser included offense instruction on the charge of simple assault where the evidence sufficiently supported a jury determination of the burglary charge, since simple assault is not a constituent offense of burglary of a dwelling. Ross v. State, 603 So. 2d 857, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 381 (Miss. 1992).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under subsection (2) of this section, the defendant may not have the jury instructed on the lesser offense of simple assault under §97-3-7(1) where the defendant wielded what was indisputably a deadly weapon and intentionally struck the victim, even if the injury inflicted was relatively slight. Hutchinson v. State, 594 So. 2d 17, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 45 (Miss. 1992).

In an assault prosecution, in which the defendant slashed the victim across the neck with a knife or a box cutter, the defendant was entitled to an instruction on self-defense where there was evidence that the victim had struck the defendant with an ice pick. Anderson v. State, 571 So. 2d 961, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 717 (Miss. 1990).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault, the trial court erred in refusing to give a lesser included offense instruction on simple assault where the evidence could have brought the case within the statutory definition of simple assault, even though some of the evidence was contradicted and the jury was not required to believe any of the testimony presented; as long as the evidence “muddies the water enough,” the defendant is entitled to the lesser included offense instruction. Robinson v. State, 571 So. 2d 275, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 720 (Miss. 1990).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under subsection (2)(a) of this section, the defendant’s use of a shot gun, which is a deadly weapon, during the alleged assault precluded his entitlement to an instruction authorizing a conviction of simple assault under subsection (1) of this section. Hunt v. State, 569 So. 2d 1200, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 671 (Miss. 1990).

In deciding whether lesser included offense instructions are to be given, trial courts must be mindful of the disparity in maximum punishments. However, even where there is a great disparity in maximum punishments between the offenses, the trial judge cannot indiscriminately give a lesser included offense instruction, nor can the trial judge give such an instruction on the basis of pure speculation; there must be some evidence regarding the lesser included offense. Thus, a rape defendant was entitled to instructions on the lesser included offenses of simple and aggravated assault where the defendant’s side of the story warranted the instructions, particularly since the maximum penalty for simple assault carries a 6-month jail term in the county jail and a $500 fine and the maximum penalty for aggravated assault carries a 20-year prison term in the penitentiary, while the defendant would be faced with the possibility of serving a prison term for the remainder of his life if convicted for rape. Boyd v. State, 557 So. 2d 1178, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 461 (Miss. 1989).

Aggravated assault defendant is not entitled to have instruction given on lesser included offense of simple assault where uncontradicted evidence has been introduced showing victim suffered serious bodily injuries and evidence shows beyond reasonable doubt that injuries were inflicted under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to value of human life. Harbin v. State, 478 So. 2d 796, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2261 (Miss. 1985).

Prisoner charged with aggravated assault arising from incident in which prisoner holds jail guard hostage while attempting to escape is entitled to instruction on lesser included offense of simple assault by physical menace. Lee v. State, 469 So. 2d 1225, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1900 (Miss. 1985).

A conviction for aggravated assault on a fireman while acting within the scope of his duty would be reduced to a conviction for simple assault where evidence established that the defendant did not know that the victim of the assault was a fireman. Morgan v. State, 388 So. 2d 495, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 2114 (Miss. 1980).

27. —Defendant as witness.

In a prosecution where the defendant was the only witness in his defense on the facts of the case, any error in the court’s instruction that the jury in determining what weight should be given to the testimony of any witness had the right to consider what interest the witness had in the results of the trial, was cured by an instruction for the defense directing the jury to consider defendant’s testimony as that of any other witness, and not to arbitrarily ignore him, simply because he was a defendant in the case. Reed v. State, 237 Miss. 23, 112 So. 2d 533, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 445 (Miss. 1959).

In a prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill, where the defendant was the only witness in his behalf on the facts of the case, instruction that if the jury had no other reason to disbelieve the defendant than the fact he was a defendant in the case, it was the jury’s sworn duty to believe him, was more than the defendant was entitled to and has been condemned. Reed v. State, 237 Miss. 23, 112 So. 2d 533, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 445 (Miss. 1959).

Instruction that defendant is a competent witness in her own behalf, that her testimony is entitled to the same consideration as that of any other witness, and that it is jury’s duty to believe every word she said while so testifying if the jury had no other reason to disbelieve her than that she is the defendant in the case, is improper as being confusing and on the weight of the testimony. Coleman v. State, 22 So. 2d 410 (Miss. 1945), overruled, Flowers v. State, 473 So. 2d 164, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2140 (Miss. 1985).

28. Conviction of lesser crime.

Although the circuit court erred in finding defendant guilty of aggravated assault, because the jury inherently found defendant guilty of simple assault, and defendant conceded that he was guilty of simple assault, the matter was remanded to the circuit court so it could sentence defendant accordingly. Snowden v. State, 131 So.3d 1251, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 59 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

When a jury found defendant guilty of resisting arrest, but acquitted him of the charge of aggravated assault on a police officer, the verdict was not necessarily inconsistent because, among other things, the record showed that defendant struck an officer in the chest when the officer tried to arrest defendant. Chambers v. State, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 108 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2007), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 973 So. 2d 266, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 692 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Where appellant was charged with sexual battery, his defense attorney was not ineffective for allowing him to plead guilty of aggravated assault. Aggravated assault is a lesser crime than sexual battery and carries a lower maximum sentence. Pearson v. State, 906 So. 2d 788, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1139 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Assault with intent to rape under former § 2361 is sufficiently a lesser included constituent offense of forcible rape such that a plea-bargain-induced guilty plea thereto under an indictment charging forcible rape will withstand subsequent post-conviction attack. Grayer v. State, 519 So. 2d 438, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 52 (Miss. 1988).

Since the doctrine of collateral estoppel contemplates a prior adjudication of an issue by the trier of the facts, the doctrine did not require the court to decline a verdict of guilty of aggravated assault, returned along with a verdict of not guilty of attempted kidnapping, both charges arising from the same facts, since the 2 indictments had been consolidated and simultaneously submitted to the jury, and there had been no prior adjudication of any issue. Johnson v. State, 491 So. 2d 834, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2510 (Miss. 1986).

The trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s suggested instruction on simple assault, where there was no evidence that the wounds inflicted upon the victim were anything but serious, involving great risk of death. Colburn v. State, 431 So. 2d 1111, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2609 (Miss. 1983).

Where there was ample evidence that the accused deliberately shot his victim for no apparent reason, and on trial the accused vigorously denied that he either pointed or aimed a gun at the victim, accused was correctly charged with, and convicted of, assault and battery with intent to kill, notwithstanding his contention that the conviction should have been for pointing and aiming a gun. Wixon v. State, 229 Miss. 430, 90 So. 2d 859, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 1956).

In a prosecution for assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill and murder, evidence showing that defendant placed the shotgun on his lap pointing at another person was insufficient to sustain conviction for felony but was sufficient to support conviction for simple assault. Washington v. State, 222 Miss. 782, 77 So. 2d 260, 1955 Miss. LEXIS 663 (Miss. 1955).

When state’s evidence is not sufficient to sustain conviction under this section [Code 1942, § 2011], but is sufficient to sustain charge of assault, supreme court is not authorized to discharge defendant, and judgment will be reversed and case remanded. Craddock v. State, 204 Miss. 606, 37 So. 2d 778, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 393 (Miss. 1948).

Where intent to murder was not shown, conviction for assault with intent to murder was remanded for sentence as in simple assault. Edgar v. State, 202 Miss. 505, 32 So. 2d 441, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 307 (Miss. 1947).

Sentence of accused after indictment, trial, and conviction under the statute (Code 1942, § 2361) providing for punishment of one convicted of an assault with intent to forcibly ravish any female of previous chaste character, was not improper because accused could have been prosecuted and sentenced under this section [Code 1942, § 2011]. Lee v. State, 201 Miss. 423, 29 So. 2d 211, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 402 (Miss. 1947), rev'd, 332 U.S. 742, 68 S. Ct. 300, 92 L. Ed. 330, 1948 U.S. LEXIS 2619 (U.S. 1948).

Where evidence did not justify conviction under this section [Code 1942, § 2011], defective instruction authorizing conviction hereunder upon proof of a simple assault would not cause reversal of conviction for assault with intent to kill and murder, but conviction would be affirmed as a conviction for simple assault and battery and remanded for appropriate sentence. Daniels v. State, 196 Miss. 328, 17 So. 2d 793, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 196 (Miss. 1944); Hamilton v. Federal Land Bank, 175 Miss. 462, 167 So. 642, 1936 Miss. LEXIS 68 (Miss. 1936).

Conviction of assault and battery of defendant indicted for assault and battery with intent to kill whom the evidence proves to be guilty as charged, or innocent altogether, will be reversed. Bailey v. State, 93 Miss. 79, 46 So. 137, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 63 (Miss. 1908).

29. Sentence.

Attempted-murder statute does not violate the Eight Amendment; the difference in sentencing between the attempted-murder statute and the attempted aggravated assault statute does not violate the Eighth Amendment. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

Vacating of defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing was appropriate because defendant was improperly sentenced under a subsection not properly charged in the indictment. Defendant was not on notice that defendant would be convicted and sentenced for simple assault on emergency medical personnel, an aggravating circumstance, but was on notice that defendant was being tried for simple assault on medical personnel. Hawkins v. State, 255 So.3d 1264, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 431 (Miss. 2018).

Circuit court properly sentenced defendant to twenty years with five years suspended, followed by five years of post-release supervision, because it did not exceed the statutory maximum for aggravated assault, and the sentence was not grossly disproportionate to defendant’s crime; Darnell v. State, 202 So.3d 281, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 565 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Applicant’s third postconviction relief (PCR) motion based on the right to a sentencing jury was procedurally barred because it was capable of determination at the time of his sentencing; moreover, the claim was barred because it was raised in a second or successive PCR motion. The applicant was not exempt from the procedural bars because the sentence imposed was not illegal; even if the trial court did not specifically confirm on the record that the applicant did not want a sentencing jury, the sentence did not exceed the maximum statutory penalty for the crime of aggravated assault on an elderly victim. Williams v. State, 218 So.3d 1190, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 148 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), aff'd, 222 So.3d 265, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant’s sentence of six months in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC) for his simple-domestic-violence conviction was a clerical error. Defendant’s sentence for this misdemeanor should have reflected that his imprisonment would be in the county jail and not under MDOC supervision. Brown v. State, 166 So.3d 565, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 332 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Inmate’s ineffective assistance claim failed as: (1) the claim was time-barred under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-5(2); (2) the inmate had entered a best interests plea and did not show that but for counsel’s errors, he would have insisted on going to trial; (3) the inmate did not deny that he was the driver of the vehicle or that he injured the three victims; (4) with his attorney’s help, he was able to enter a best interest plea to one of three aggravated assault charges, and his possible 60-year sentence under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a) was reduced to a possible 20-year sentence, of which 18 years and 10 months were post-release supervision; and (5) the inmate was ordered to serve the time he had served while awaiting sentencing, and the sentence effectively released him from prison immediately to start his post-release supervision. Sims v. State, 134 So.3d 317, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 102 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), aff'd, 134 So.3d 300, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 161 (Miss. 2014).

In a case in which defendant appealed his conviction for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(a), he unsuccessfully argued that his 15-year sentence was unreasonable. Since his sentence was within the statutory range of one year to 20 years provided for in §97-3-7(2)(a), there was no basis for finding that it was excessive. David v. State, 29 So.3d 129, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 112 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Trial court did not err in dismissing an inmate’s petition alleging that the Mississippi Department of Corrections improperly computed his discharge date and that he had to be released from prison because the inmate was not entitled to any earned-time credit, and his time had been properly computed; because Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-81 clearly stated that a habitual offender’s sentence would not be reduced, the inmate was required to serve the maximum term of imprisonment for his crime of aggravated assault of a law enforcement officer, which was thirty years’ imprisonment, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), and was the sentence that the inmate received. Lee v. Kelly, 34 So.3d 1203, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 75 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Where a defendant pleaded guilty to aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) and armed robbery under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-79 and was sentenced to consecutive incarcerations of 30 years for the robbery and 10 years for the assault, the trial court properly (1) summarily dismissed the defendant’s petition for postconviction relief from the sentence without holding an evidentiary hearing because the defendant was aware that the trial court was not required to follow the State’s recommended sentence, and the sentence imposed by the trial court was within statutory guidelines; or (2) finding that the defendant’s plea was voluntary because the defendant had read and understood his guilty plea petition, which stated that the trial judge was not required to follow the State’s sentencing recommendation. Owens v. State, 996 So. 2d 85, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 206 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 374, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 685 (Miss. 2008), cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1212, 129 S. Ct. 2060, 173 L. Ed. 2d 1140, 2009 U.S. LEXIS 3181 (U.S. 2009).

Where defendant was convicted of aggravated assault after he and a cohort approached a home, shot two victims, and fled the scene, his sentence of twenty years’ was within the statutory limitations set forth in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b). Defendant failed to prove that the sentence was unconstitutional, because it did not punish him for exercising his right to trial nor was the sentence disproportionate to his role in the crime. Hughes v. State, 983 So. 2d 270, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 153 (Miss.), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1052, 129 S. Ct. 633, 172 L. Ed. 2d 620, 2008 U.S. LEXIS 8544 (U.S. 2008).

In an aggravated assault case, defendant’s 17-year sentence did not violate her right to a trial by jury because it was not beyond the prescribed statutory maximum. Although 17 years was a severe sentence, it did not lead to an inference of “gross disproportionality”; aggravated assault with a deadly weapon was a serious, violent crime, and a sentence of 17 years did not meet the threshold requirement for Solem proportionality review. Ford v. State, 975 So. 2d 859, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 102 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant’s sentence after she was convicted of aggravated assault was appropriate because it was not grossly disproportionate to the crime committed and the sentence of 15 years, with 10 to serve and five years of post-release supervision was well within the statutory guidelines set forth in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2); additionally, the trial court noted that aggravated assault was a serious crime and the trial court considered the fact that defendant had a relatively clean record and had been consistently employed. White v. State, 958 So. 2d 290, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 412 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Motion for post-conviction relief was summarily dismissed since defendant, who was 65 years old and had no prior record, was unable to show that his sentences for burglary and aggravated assault, which were within the ranges in Miss. Code Ann. §97-17-23 and Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7 were grossly disproportionate; he could have received 45 years if the maximum terms had been run consecutively, and the facts showed that he broke into a house wielding a pistol and beat a victim. Denton v. State, 955 So. 2d 398, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 283 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Where appellant entered a plea of guilty to aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), he was sentenced to 17 years in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections, with 12 years to serve and five years suspended; as part of his sentence, he was also placed on five years of supervised probation upon his release. Barnes v. State, 949 So. 2d 879, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 70 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was affirmed as the evidence indicated that defendant went to his estranged wife’s boyfriend’s apartment, shot and killed the boyfriend, and shot the wife in the neck; the trial court did not err in admitting photographs of the crime scene as the evidence was relevant to the circumstances surrounding the crime. The two twenty-year consecutive sentences that were imposed for defendant’s convictions for manslaughter and aggravated assault did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment. Lewis v. State, 905 So. 2d 729, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1188 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Probation under Miss. Code Ann. §47-7-33 was a conditional term that was not part of the prison sentence and was therefore not subject to the totality of sentence concept found in Miss. Code Ann. §47-7-34; defendant’s five-year probation period would not be added to her original twenty-year sentence for aggravated assault when calculating time to be served, and reinstating the full original sentence therefore would not violate the statutory maximum for her crime as set forth in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7. Miller v. State, 879 So. 2d 1050, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 546 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 887 So. 2d 183, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1347 (Miss. 2004).

Where the statute did not give a minimum penalty for aggravated assault, the trial judge did not err in not telling the inmate what the minimum sentence was. Dennis v. State, 873 So. 2d 1045, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 452 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Twenty-year maximum sentence imposed on 63-year-old defendant for aggravated assault was not cruel and unusual punishment; trial court was not required to impose a lesser sentence on the theory that the sentence amounted to a life sentence because that rule applied only to cases where the maximum sentence was a life sentence as imposed by a jury or a lesser term as imposed by a trial court and not where legislature has set a specific term of years as a possible sentence and allowed the trial court to impose that term. Ray v. State, 844 So. 2d 483, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 690 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002), cert. denied, 846 So. 2d 229, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 485 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Statute specified no minimum sentence, where the statute specified no minimum number of years of imprisonment, the judge was not obliged to inform the defendant that no minimum sentence was provided, or that the minimum penalty he faced was zero. Vance v. State, 803 So. 2d 1265, 2002 Miss. App. LEXIS 14 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

There was no indication in the record that the trial judge enhanced the sentence of one defendant over the other, and the sentences were all well within the statutory limits for armed robbery, aggravated assault and accessory after the fact. Birkley v. State, 750 So. 2d 1245, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 370 (Miss. 1999).

Thirty-year sentence was not grossly disproportionate to crime consisting of two counts of aggravated assault; jury found defendant guilty of shooting two people, apparently for no other reason than they were in rival street gang, and trial judge was statutorily empowered to sentence defendant to 20 years on each count. Hoops v. State, 681 So. 2d 521, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 433 (Miss. 1996).

The sentencing of a defendant under §99-19-81, the habitual offender statute, to the 20-year maximum term for aggravated assault as set forth in subsection (2) of this section was not disproportionate to the crime charged and did not violate the Eighth Amendment where the defendant was convicted of severely bludgeoning the victim with an iron pipe; the statutory maximum penalty for aggravated assault is not grossly out of line with the maximum terms allowed for the commission of other violent crimes in Mississippi, and the maximum penalties imposed for aggravated assault in neighboring states are not profoundly different from those in Mississippi. Fleming v. State, 604 So. 2d 280, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 382 (Miss. 1992).

The trial court properly sentenced defendant for a felony following conviction for aggravated assault, notwithstanding the discretion given the court by this section for imprisonment in the county jail or penitentiary; the indictment charging defendant with having knowingly and purposely caused bodily injury to another “with a deadly weapon” clearly categorized the assault as an aggravated assault rather than a simple assault, even though the indictment did not use the word “feloniously”. Anthony v. State, 349 So. 2d 1066, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 2203 (Miss. 1977).

In prosecution for felonious assault by cutting with knife, when jury finds defendant guilty, trial judge is justified in imposing maximum sentence when there are no mitigating circumstances, since jury has found by its verdict that state’s testimony is true. Ferrell v. State, 208 Miss. 539, 45 So. 2d 127, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 1950).

30. — Excessive fine.

While the trial court properly convicted defendant of simple domestic violence against his daughter by throwing her down, it erred in imposing a fine of $1,000 because the fine was double the amount allotted by the statute. Lindley v. State, 143 So.3d 654, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 414 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

31. Domestic violence aggravated assault.

Evidence that defendant attacked his girlfriend with a box cutter was sufficient to support a charge of domestic violence aggravated assault, and the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Gainwell v. State, 843 So. 2d 107, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 329 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

32. Miscellaneous.

A district court did not err by denying an inmate’s 28 U.S.C.S. § 2255 motion since his conviction for aggravated assault under Miss. Code. Ann. §97-3-7(2) was an aggravated felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act in the aftermath of the Johnson decision. United States v. Griffin, 946 F.3d 759, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 480 (5th Cir. Miss. 2020).

There was a factual basis for the aggravated assault charge, and therefore defendant’s guilty plea was knowingly and voluntarily made, because the State alleged that defendant struck the victim with his vehicle and pinned her to the wall. Easterling v. State, 281 So.3d 243, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 116 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Indictment charging defendant of knowingly possessing firearm after having previously been convicted in court of misdemeanor crime of domestic violence was dismissed because use or attempted use or threatened use of physical force was not facially evident element of defendant’s prior Mississippi domestic violence convictions. United States v. Smith, 41 F. Supp. 3d 530, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114344 (N.D. Miss. 2014).

Defendants were properly convicted of aggravated assault because defendants did not fail to receive a fair and impartial trial due to juror misconduct. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Defendants were properly convicted of aggravated assault because the form of the verdict constituted an intelligent answer to the issues submitted to the jury and allowed the jury’s intent to be understood in a reasonably clear manner. James v. State, 146 So.3d 985, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 146 So.3d 981, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2014).

Appellate counsel properly found that there were no arguable issues for appeal because defendant received proper notice of the aggravated-assault charge, he exercised his right to testify in his defense, he was granted a jury instruction on his theory of self-defense, his 12-year sentence was within the statutory minimum and maximum, and the jury’s guilty verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence and was supported by sufficient evidence. Moore v. State, 119 So.3d 1116, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 459 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Defendant was not entitled to a new trial on an aggravated assault charge as, despite defendant’s account to the contrary, the jury was entitled to believe the victim’s detailed account to find that defendant purposely and knowingly shot the victim, that defendant was the aggressor, and that he did not act in self-defense, and certain facts in defendant’s testimony were contradicted by two officers’ testimonies. Gilmore v. State, 119 So.3d 278, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 361 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant’s constitutional right to confront his accusers and be present and sentencing were not violated when defendant was convicted and sentenced in absentia of felony third-offense domestic violence, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(3), because defendant voluntarily waived his sentence at trial and sentencing, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-17-9, by willfully failing to attend; defendant spoke with his attorney the morning of trial and indicated he was attending but defendant never showed up. Robinson v. State, 66 So.3d 198, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 396 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Trial court did not err in denying an inmate’s motion for post-conviction relief because the record contained sufficient evidence that the inmate pleaded guilty to culpable-negligence manslaughter, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-47, and aggravated assault, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7, with knowledge and understanding of the elements of each crime when the prosecutor’s on-the-record statement reiterated the charging language in the indictment and evinced an accurate showing that the inmate was informed of the essential elements of the crimes; factual bases existed for the pleas because there was substantial evidence that the inmate committed the crimes. and through his plea petitions, the inmate was specifically informed of the statutory maximum and minimum punishment that each crime carried. Williams v. State, 31 So.3d 69, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 46 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

In a divorce action, the chancellor’s award of two pistols to the wife was improper because it appeared that 18 U.S.C.S. § 922(g)(9) made the wife’s possession of a firearm under particular circumstances illegal, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(3). Thus, a remand to the chancellor was necessary for the reconsideration of the distribution of the firearms owned by the parties in light of 18 U.S.C.S. § 922(g)(9). Smith v. Smith, 994 So. 2d 882, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 680 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Trial court did to err in denying a motion for a directed verdict, for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or for a new trial because while defendant may have offered evidence and testimony tending to show that the shooting was accidental, the State clearly presented evidence demonstrating that the shooting amounted to aggravated assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b). The State presented a 911 transcript showing that defendant was the aggressor and testimony showing that the victim was injured by a gunshot wound to the head. Christian v. State, 998 So. 2d 1019, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 516 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Fact that a debtor was convicted of simple assault under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7 did not preclude the debtor from challenging the claim of non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C.S. § 523(a)(3) in a bankruptcy court proceeding. Berry v. Vollbracht (In re Vollbracht), 2008 Bankr. LEXIS 1044 (Bankr. N.D. Miss. Mar. 20, 2008).

Even if a verdict finding defendant guilty of resisting arrest was inconsistent with a verdict of not guilty of simple assault on a police officer, that inconsistency was not grounds for reversal as the evidence was sufficient to sustain the resisting arrest conviction; an officer testified that after defendant struck another officer in the chest, a “fierce struggle” ensued while officers attempted to place defendant in handcuffs. Chambers v. State, 973 So. 2d 266, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 692 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 699 (Miss. 2007).

In an aggravated assault case, a motion for a new trial was not warranted because the guilty verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence where the jury heard the two versions of events relating to a shooting, including witnesses who helped the victim and defendant’s alibi witness. Ellison v. Landry, 199 Miss. 161, 24 So. 2d 319, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 182 (Miss. 1946).

The concept of “self-help” in resisting an arrest should be limited to those situations where the arrest is in fact illegal and the arrester and arrestee have reason to know that it is, or where the arrest is accompanied by excessive force; there is no right to resist an arrest based upon good faith reliance on a duly issued arrest warrant where the arrestee has no reasonable basis to conclude that the warrant was issued in bad faith. Murrell v. State, 655 So. 2d 881, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 234 (Miss. 1995).

A defendant did not have the right to resist an unlawful arrest where the arresting officers were acting in good faith on an unlawful warrant erroneously issued by a judge. Murrell v. State, 655 So. 2d 881, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 234 (Miss. 1995).

Section45-6-3(c), which establishes the requirements for training of law enforcement officers who have been given traditional law enforcement duties, was not applicable in a prosecution for simple assault upon a law enforcement officer in which the defendant contended that the victim was not a “law enforcement officer” within the meaning of this section because he had not attended the training academy as required by §45-6-3(c). Amerson v. State, 648 So. 2d 58, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 596 (Miss. 1994).

A conviction for simple assault upon a law enforcement officer would stand even if the victim was not a “de jure officer” but was merely a “de facto officer” acting within the scope of his duties and under the color of appointment at the time of the offense. Amerson v. State, 648 So. 2d 58, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 596 (Miss. 1994).

A simple assault involving the shearing of the victim’s hair was not a lesser included offense of an aggravated assault involving biting of the victim and stabbing her with a pen, since the offenses were separate and distinct even though they arose out of the same sequence of events, where the stabbing and biting took place while the defendant and the victim were on an interstate highway and the shearing took place after they returned to town to get scissors, so that there was a sufficient gap in time between the assaults to constitute separate offenses. Simmons v. State, 568 So. 2d 1192, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 605 (Miss. 1990).

The offenses of aggravated assault under this section and shooting into a dwelling house under §97-37-29 did not constitute the “same offense” for double jeopardy purposes where at least 18 shots were fired into the house and the victim was not struck with all 18 shots; the 2 statutes require proof of different facts in that shooting into a dwelling house is not required to establish an aggravated assault, and neither injury nor attempt to injure is required to prove the offense of shooting into a dwelling house. Shook v. State, 552 So. 2d 841, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 449 (Miss. 1989).

Defendant was not denied right to a speedy trial where, although almost 7 years elapsed between his indictment on charges of murder and aggravated assault and his arraignment, substantially all of the delay was due to defendant’s confinement in a state mental institution pursuant to court order, issued shortly after the indictment, finding defendant insane and not competent to stand trial, and trial was set in less than 6 weeks after the court was notified by institution’s staff of defendant’s competence to stand trial. Smith v. State, 489 So. 2d 1389, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2482 (Miss. 1986).

In a prosecution for aggravated assault under subsection (2) of this section, the district attorney’s statements in his closing argument to the effect that the State did not have a burden to prove defendant guilty beyond all reasonable doubt and every reasonable doubt, as distinguished from beyond a doubt, did not constitute reversible error on the facts of the case. Gray v. State, 427 So. 2d 1363, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2351 (Miss. 1983).

That accused in prosecution for felonious assault by cutting with knife was arraigned under indictment before he had employed counsel is not ground for reversal of case when accused did not ask court to delay arraignment until he could employ counsel nor claim that he would be unable to employ counsel and ask court to appoint one for him and defendant was well represented throughout trial by attorneys. Ferrell v. State, 208 Miss. 539, 45 So. 2d 127, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 1950).

Fact that judgment of conviction in prosecution for assault and battery with intent to kill and murder erroneously recites that case was tried by jury of twelve consisting of named juror and eleven others, named juror being member of regular jury panel for term but not in fact on this jury, will not be considered by supreme court on appeal when affidavits setting forth facts were filed long after motion for new trial had been overruled and after court term had adjourned, and matter was not presented to trial court for correction. Craig v. State, 208 Miss. 528, 44 So. 2d 860, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 270 (Miss. 1950).

Where jury returned verdict finding defendant guilty as charged but recommended the mercy of the court, trial court had the right to discard as surplusage that portion which said “but recommend the mercy of the court.” Craig v. State, 208 Miss. 528, 44 So. 2d 860, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 270 (Miss. 1950).

Verdict of guilty of assault and battery “with intent to commit manslaughter” is a conviction of assault and battery only. Ex parte Burden, 92 Miss. 14, 45 So. 1, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 5 (Miss. 1907).

33. Plea.

Defendant was not entitled to post-conviction relief as to a guilty plea to aggravated assault of defendant’s father-in-law because defendant’s admission to intentionally shooting the victim established a sufficient factual basis. Barton v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 59 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2020).

Defendant was entitled to post-conviction relief as to a guilty plea to aggravated assault of defendant’s mother-in-law because the record did not reflect defendant’s knowing, voluntary, or intelligent plea or a factual basis for the plea. Barton v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 59 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2020).

OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

Based on subsection (2) of this section, person convicted of crime of aggravated assault on law enforcement officer is disqualified from holding public office; therefore, if election officials find, as matter of fact, that potential candidate has been convicted of such crime, they could not legally allow person’s name to be placed on ballot; in order for person with such conviction to again become eligible to hold public office, person must obtain full pardon from Governor. Chaney, Mar. 9, 1993, A.G. Op. #93-0119.

Violations of this section that are misdemeanors would be handled by justice, county or circuit courts, and offenders would be sentenced to county jail; legislature is speaking to those courts in Miss. Code Section 97-3-7l. Evans, June 9, 1993, A.G. Op. #93-0296.

Argument has been advanced that this section, which is simple assault statute, by stating that offender may be punished by imprisonment in “county jail”; did not intend this language to mandate county jail when offender is convicted in municipal court of simple assault, which is offense against municipality not state; reading statute as a whole it appears that legislature was using phrase “county jail” as opposed to penitentiary to help distinguish misdemeanor punishments from felony punishments. Evans, June 9, 1993, A.G. Op. #93-0296.

“Family or household member”, as that term is used in Sections 97-3-7 and 99-3-7, includes individuals who are married, were married, or who live together in a relationship, although not married; further, it is not limited to a blood relationship and can relate to an in-law relationship or other relatives of one spouse living in the household; however, “boyfriend-girlfriend” (or any other variation of this) relationships are not included in the definition of “family or household member”, unless the persons reside or resided together as spouses; finally, although not falling into the definition of “family or household member”, if the individuals have a biological or legally adopted child between them, the relationship is also protected. Carrubba, Oct. 6, 2000, A.G. Op. #2000-0588.

Simple domestic violence as defined in subsection (3) of this section, is a crime against the person. Municipal courts may not utilize the provisions of §99-15-26 (1) to non-adjudicate criminal defendants charged with and pleading guilty to the offense of simple assault or simple domestic violence. Dawson, Jan. 23, 2004, A.G. Op. 04-0019.

If an individual has two convictions for simple domestic violence, and within the five year time frame, commits an offense which would be an aggravated domestic, it is within the discretion of the prosecutor whether to seek prosecution for a third simple domestic or for a first aggravated domestic. Garber, Apr. 29, 2005, A.G. Op. 05-0205.

Under Section 97-3-7(4), any conviction of aggravated domestic violence is a felony, and as such is punishable in the same manner as a non-domestic aggravated assault conviction pursuant to Section 97-3-7(2). Garber, Apr. 29, 2005, A.G. Op. 05-0205.

There is no requirement that an individual be convicted of a “first” or “second” simple domestic violence before being charged with a felony third. It is sufficient that the offender have been convicted twice of simple domestic violence within the five year time frame of when the third offense is charged. Garber, Apr. 29, 2005, A.G. Op. 05-0205.

If a person is granted bail by a municipal court on a charge of aggravated assault and while out on bail a justice court finds probable cause that the person has committed commercial burglary, the justice court should revoke bail for the aggravated assault charge and shall order the person detained, without bail, on the commercial burglary charge, pending trial on the aggravated assault charge. Turnage, June 26, 2006, A.G. Op. 06-0246.

The Court hearing a domestic violence charge could prohibit the defendant from possessing a handgun if, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §93-21-11, the Court deems it necessary to protect the victim(s). Where a handgun was stolen from the defendant, recovered by a Police Department, and its return was requested by the defendant, the Department may ask the Court for such an order and if granted, may refuse to return the handgun to the defendant. Dawson, Jr., March 9, 2007, A.G. Op. #07-00101, 2007 Miss. AG LEXIS 89.

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Acquittal on homicide charge as bar to subsequent prosecution for assault and battery or vice versa. 37 A.L.R.2d 1068.

Effect of failure or refusal of court, in robbery prosecution, to instruct on assault and battery. 58 A.L.R.2d 808.

Attempt to commit assault as criminal offense. 79 A.L.R.2d 597.

Fact that gun was unloaded as affecting criminal responsibility. 79 A.L.R.2d 1412.

Admissibility, in prosecution for assault or similar offense involving physical violence, of extent or effect of victim’s injuries. 87 A.L.R.2d 926.

Intent to do physical harm as essential element of crime of assault with deadly or dangerous weapon. 92 A.L.R.2d 635.

Kicking as aggravated assault, or assault with dangerous or deadly weapon. 33 A.L.R.3d 922.

Use of set gun, trap, or similar device on defendant’s own property. 47 A.L.R.3d 646.

Consent as defense to charge of criminal assault and battery. 58 A.L.R.3d 662.

Assault and battery: sexual nature of physical contact as aggravating offense. 63 A.L.R.3d 225.

Right to resist excessive force used in accomplishing lawful arrest. 77 A.L.R.3d 281.

Automobile as dangerous or deadly weapon within meaning of assault or battery statute. 89 A.L.R.3d 1026.

Assault: criminal liability as barring or mitigating recovery of punitive damages. 98 A.L.R.3d 870.

Criminal responsibility for physical measures undertaken in connection with treatment of mentally disordered patient. 99 A.L.R.3d 854.

Pocket or clasp knife as deadly or dangerous weapon for purposes of statute aggravating offenses such as assault, robbery, or homicide. 100 A.L.R.3d 287.

Constitutionality of assault and battery laws limited to protection of females only or which provide greater penalties for males than for females. 5 A.L.R.4th 708.

Dog as deadly or dangerous weapon for purposes of statutes aggravating offenses such as assault and robbery. 7 A.L.R.4th 607.

Walking cane as deadly or dangerous weapon for purpose of statutes aggravating offenses such as assault and robbery. 8 A.L.R.4th 842.

Single act affecting multiple victims as constituting multiple assaults or homicides. 8 A.L.R.4th 960.

Parts of the human body, other than feet, as deadly or dangerous weapons for purposes of statutes aggravating offenses such as assault and robbery. 8 A.L.R.4th 1268.

Sufficiency of evidence to establish criminal participation by individual involved in gang fight or assault. 24 A.L.R.4th 243.

Liability of hotel or motel operator for injury to guest resulting from assault by third party. 28 A.L.R.4th 80.

Fact that gun was unloaded as affecting criminal responsibility. 68 A.L.R.4th 507.

Criminal assault or battery statutes making attack on elderly person a special or aggravated offense. 73 A.L.R.4th 1123.

Double jeopardy: various acts of weapons violations as separate or continuing offense. 80 A.L.R.4th 631.

Fact that gun was broken, dismantled, or inoperable as affecting criminal responsibility under weapons statute. 81 A.L.R.4th 745.

Sufficiency of bodily injury to support charge of aggravated assault. 5 A.L.R.5th 243.

Validity and construction of “extreme indifference” murder statute. 7 A.L.R.5th 758.

Stationary object or attached fixture as deadly or dangerous weapon for purposes of statute aggravating offenses such as assault, robbery, or homicide. 8 A.L.R.5th 775.

Kicking as aggravated assault, or assault with dangerous or deadly weapon. 19 A.L.R.5th 823.

Excessiveness or adequacy of damages awarded for injuries to head or brain. 50 A.L.R.5th 1.

Attempt to commit assault as criminal offense. 93 A.L.R.5th 683.

Dog as deadly or dangerous weapon for purposes of statutes aggravating offenses such as assault and robbery. 124 A.L.R.5th 657.

Cigarette Lighter as Deadly or Dangerous Weapon. 22 A.L.R. 6th 533.

Parts of Human Body, other than Feet, as Deadly or Dangerous Weapons or Instrumentalities for Purposes of Statutes Aggravating Offenses such as Assault and Robbery. 67 A.L.R.6th 103.

What constitutes assault “resulting in serious bodily injury” within the special maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the United States for purposes of 18 USCS § 113(f), providing punishment for such act. 55 A.L.R. Fed. 895.

Am. Jur.

6 Am. Jur. 2d, Assault and Battery §§ 1 et seq.

2A Am. Jur. Pl & Pr Forms (Rev), Assault and Battery, Forms 1 et seq. (complaint, petition, or declaration – allegation – guilty plea in prior criminal action for same assault); Form 31 et seq. (complaint, petition, or declaration – assault and battery – attack on pregnant woman – prenatal injury to child); Form 79.1 (complaint, petition, or declaration – assault and battery – attack with knife or other sharp object).

2A Am. Jur. Pl & Pr Forms, Rev, Arrest, Form 81.

3 Am. Jur. Trials, Preparing and Using Photographs in Criminal Cases § 12 (assault scene).

36 Am. Jur. Trials 241, Defending Assault and Battery Cases.

2 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts, Assault and Battery, Proofs 1-8.

1 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 3d 613, Assault and Battery.

CJS.

6A C.J.S., Assault and Battery §§ 69 et seq.

Law Reviews.

1983 Mississippi Supreme Court Review: Reckless driving as aggravated assault. 54 Miss. L. J. 130, March, 1984.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

Editor’s Notes —

The substance of the above sections, as repealed by Section 2 of Chapter 458, Laws of 1974, has been incorporated in general terms in §97-3-7, as amended by Section 1 of Chapter 458, Laws of 1974.

Former §97-3-9 was entitled: Assault and battery; while in possession of deadly weapons.

Former §97-3-11 was entitled: Assault and battery; pointing, aiming, discharging a gun.

Amendment Notes —

The 2008 amendment substituted “a psychiatric hospital or institution” for “asylum, mad-house” and “person with mental illness” for “lunatic or insane person”; and made a minor stylistic change.

Cross References —

Criminal sanctions for unlawfully conspiring to commit an individual to a treatment facility, see §41-21-107.

Imposition of standard state assessment in addition to all court imposed fines or other penalties for any felony violation, see §99-19-73.

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Validity of statutory provision for commitment to mental institution of one acquitted of crime on ground of insanity without formal determination of mental condition at time of acquittal. 50 A.L.R.3d 144.

Am. Jur.

40 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 81, False Imprisonment in Connection with Confinement in Nursing Home or Hospital.

Amendment Notes —

The 2006 amendment substituted “in any dwelling, in any occupied vehicle in any place of business in any place of employment or in the immediate premises thereof in which such person shall be” for “in any dwelling house in which such person shall be” in (1)(e); redesignated former (2) and (3) as present (2)(a) and (b); in (2), substituted “As used in subsection (1)(c) and (d)” for “As used in paragraphs (1)(c) and (1)(d)” at the beginning of (a) and (b), and added (c); and added (3) through (5).

The 2016 amendment added (a)(i), and made minor stylistic changes.

Cross References —

Excusable homicide, see §97-3-17.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

2. Killing in seeking to arrest.

3. Killing in resisting unlawful act.

4. Self-defense; generally.

5. —Evidence.

6. —Question for jury.

7. Instructions; generally.

8. —Self-defense.

9. —Defense of others.

10. —Defense of property.

11. —Justification.

1. In general.

Defendant believed the victim, her fiance, slept with her daughter, but unfortunately for defendant, “needed killing” is not one of the legal justifications for homicide as set forth in the statute. Wilson v. State, 149 So.3d 544, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 354 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Where husband shot wife’s paramour and there was no claim of self-defense and evidence did not show that the deceased was about to commit a felony, this section [Code 1942, § 2218] was not applicable. Carter v. State, 221 Miss. 111, 72 So. 2d 231, 1954 Miss. LEXIS 518 (Miss. 1954).

2. Killing in seeking to arrest.

The killing of a person who is fleeing from arrest for felony is not justifiable, even when the arrest is under warrant, except when the arrest could not otherwise be made and in cases of arrest of desperate and dangerous criminals of a vicious type. Hubbard v. State, 202 Miss. 229, 30 So. 2d 901, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 263 (Miss. 1947).

A sheriff having reliable information that a felony had been committed at a house was not justified in concluding that there was probable cause to believe that the negroes who ran from the house when the sheriff and his posse approached the next morning, because they ran, had participated in the felony, or in pursuing such cause to the extreme of shooting, or shooting at, the fleeing negroes. Hubbard v. State, 202 Miss. 229, 30 So. 2d 901, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 263 (Miss. 1947).

Officer attempting to make unlawful arrest may plead self-defense. Wilkinson v. State, 143 Miss. 324, 108 So. 711, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 270 (Miss. 1926).

3. Killing in resisting unlawful act.

In his trial for murder of a police officer, defendant’s contention that the homicide was justifiable because he was resisting an unlawful arrest and reasonably believed himself to be in imminent danger of great bodily harm was not supported by the evidence, where the law officers had sufficient grounds to believe that fugitives for whom they had arrest warrants were located in the house in which defendant was staying and fired gas into the house only after a reasonable time had elapsed following the announcements requesting the occupants to vacate the house; failure of the occupants to exit as requested demonstrated their refusal to cooperate with the arresting officers who had identified themselves and stated their purpose, and the officers were warranted in using reasonable force and means to execute the arrest warrants. Norman v. State, 302 So. 2d 254, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1416 (Miss. 1974), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 966, 95 S. Ct. 1956, 44 L. Ed. 2d 453, 1975 U.S. LEXIS 1588 (U.S. 1975).

A girl’s escort had a right to intervene for the purpose of preventing further injury to his girl friend but he had no right to kill the assailant. Fortenberry v. State, 213 Miss. 116, 56 So. 2d 56, 1952 Miss. LEXIS 338 (Miss. 1952).

While malice aforethought is a necessary element in the crime of murder, it does not always follow therefrom that the existence of actual malice at the time of the slaying would necessarily have the effect of rendering a particular homicide a case of murder, since a person may be guilty only of manslaughter or justifiable homicide when slaying another even though the accused is mad and is bearing ill will toward his adversary at the time of the killing, if the act is done while resisting an attempt of the latter “to do any unlawful act, or after such attempt shall have failed,” if such anger or ill will is engendered by the particular circumstances of the unlawful act then being attempted, or the commission of which is then thwarted, and is nonexistent prior thereto, each case depending upon its own facts and circumstances. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

To constitute murder, the malice must precede the unlawful act which is being attempted or committed by the person killed, where the killing is done in resisting his attempt to do an unlawful act. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

Where killing took place while accused was allegedly ejecting decedent from her home after forbidden him to re-enter, the fact that the law was being violated in accused’s habitation did not deny her the right to defend or protect it from unwarranted intrusions or trespasses as a home. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

Where the evidence showed that the decedent was shot and killed by accused in ejecting him from her home, while decedent was committing an unlawful act, a wilful and forbidden trespass, and accused did not shoot him pursuant to her alleged threat that if he came back to the house she would kill him, but because of what transpired after he re-entered the house, the trial court erred in not limiting the issue for the jury to the question of manslaughter or justifiable homicide, and conviction of murder must be reversed and case remanded for new trial. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

Evidence of killing of constable, when constable, armed with void search warrant, after search had been made, forcibly entered defendant’s house without permission and without stating his purpose, held not to authorize conviction for crime higher than manslaughter. Jones v. State, 170 Miss. 581, 155 So. 430, 1934 Miss. LEXIS 176 (Miss. 1934).

Married woman’s killing of deceased to prevent his re-entering her home and committing assault upon her held not to constitute murder. Bowen v. State, 164 Miss. 225, 144 So. 230, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 235 (Miss. 1932).

Person is entitled to defend home with force against unlawful entries and to prevent crimes from being committed therein. Bowen v. State, 164 Miss. 225, 144 So. 230, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 235 (Miss. 1932).

Defendant, who killed deceased while he was breaking into home to kill or injure defendant, not guilty of manslaughter. Williams v. State, 98 So. 242 (Miss. 1923).

4. Self-defense; generally.

Because the record reflected that sufficient evidence was presented for a competent jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of manslaughter and failed to act in reasonable self-defense, defense of others, or defense of his home, the circuit court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Howell v. State, 144 So.3d 211, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 424 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

In a simple assault case, there was no error in a refusal to apply the Castle Doctrine because a grandmother was within her right to retrieve a child from defendant’s car after a scheduled visitation. Matthews v. City of Madison, 143 So.3d 571, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 373 (Miss. 2014).

Application of the presumption for the Castle Doctrine does not depend on the existence of reasonable fear in the defendant; rather, the presumption applies if one of the circumstances is met. Matthews v. City of Madison, 143 So.3d 571, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 373 (Miss. 2014).

Court rejected defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel; because the defense was that defendant killed the victim in self-defense, counsel’s statement conceding that defendant killed the victim was a tactical decision. Ray v. State, 27 So.3d 416, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 496 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss. 2010).

Where defendant was convicted for killing his former girlfriend, given his testimony that her male friend had previously threatened him with a gun, whether or not the male friend owned a gun at the time of the alleged threats was relevant because it tended to increase or decrease, however minimally, the probability of the truth of defendant’s testimony supporting his defense of self-defense. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion when it prohibited the question on the male friend’s prior gun ownership, even though same was ultimately found to constitute harmless error in the case at bar. Raiford v. State, 907 So. 2d 998, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 279 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Where individual is unjustifiably attacked by larger and unarmed person, is incapable of coping with that person in physical confrontation, and reasonably perceives that she will receive serious and great bodily injuries as result, that individual is justified in killing her attacker with a deadly weapon. Manuel v. State, 667 So. 2d 590, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 591 (Miss. 1995).

Trial court properly refuses self defense instruction in homicide case in which uncontroverted testimony is that victim was asleep and had been asleep approximately 30 minutes at time victim was shot and killed. Merrill v. State, 482 So. 2d 1147, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2369 (Miss. 1986).

Failure of district attorney to produce statement of homicide defendant for inspection and use by defendant and defendant’s counsel does not prejudice defendant where statement, made to deputy sheriff, admitting killing of deceased, is not admission of guilt or inconsistent with defendant’s plea of self defense, and circumstances surrounding statement do not indicate that defendant was fleeing or acting in manner inconsistent with defense. Buckhalter v. State, 480 So. 2d 1128, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2395 (Miss. 1985).

In an action for damages which arose when the decedent was shot and killed by a deputy sheriff, the killing would be justifiable under the provisions of the justifiable homicide statute where it was done in self-defense; the shooting was also necessary under the circumstances in order to preserve the peace and to apprehend the decedent, who had fired two rifles at the officers while resisting arrest. Coghlan v. Phillips, 447 F. Supp. 21, 1977 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16951 (S.D. Miss. 1977), aff'd, 567 F.2d 652, 1978 U.S. App. LEXIS 12668 (5th Cir. Miss. 1978).

In a homicide prosecution, in order to justify a contention of self-defense, the record must disclose that the defendant had a reasonable apprehension of a design or plan on the part of the deceased to kill him or to do great bodily harm, and further that there was imminent danger of such design being accomplished; the mere apprehension that some minor battery might be committed upon the defendant is not sufficient. Stennis v. State, 234 So. 2d 611, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1411 (Miss. 1970).

Where the defendant turned himself over to a constable immediately after shooting the decedent, and was found at the time to be suffering from numerous injuries including a broken jaw, and where the defendant was smaller and older than the decedent and had long been afflicted with a disabling heart disease, slight variances in the defendant’s story as told to officers and as given on the witness stand, and the fact that the room where the shooting occurred showed few signs of a violent scuffle, were insufficient to overcome the presumption of innocence, and the defendant was entitled to a peremptory instruction of acquittal. Cassidy v. State, 233 So. 2d 122, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1650 (Miss. 1970).

One may be found guilty of murder notwithstanding his plea of self-defense, where he was the aggressor in the fatal encounter. Spearman v. State, 237 Miss. 853, 116 So. 2d 823, 1960 Miss. LEXIS 255 (Miss. 1960).

In order to justify or excuse the taking of human life in self-defense, the danger of peril, loss of life or the infliction of serious bodily harm must be, or appear to be, impending and imminent so urgent and pressing that it is necessary for him to kill in order to save himself. Pitts v. State, 211 Miss. 268, 51 So. 2d 448, 1951 Miss. LEXIS 354 (Miss. 1951), overruled, Hudson v. State, 295 So. 2d 766, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1521 (Miss. 1974).

To justify a killing in self-defense the defendant must have believed, and had good reason to believe, that at the time he was in danger of the loss of his life, or great bodily harm at the hands of the deceased. Spivey v. State, 47 So. 2d 855 (Miss. 1950).

The phrase “reasonable ground to apprehend,” as used in this section [Code 1942, § 2218], implies apparent danger. Bell v. State, 207 Miss. 518, 42 So. 2d 728, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 360 (Miss. 1949).

To justify a homicide as self-defense, the danger need not be actual, but only reasonably apparent and imminent so as to raise a reasonable doubt of guilt; the defendant is not required to prove that he acted in justifiable self-defense. Scott v. State, 203 Miss. 349, 34 So. 2d 718, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 276 (Miss. 1948).

The phrase “reasonable ground to apprehend” implies apparent danger, fear or anticipation. Dillon v. State, 196 Miss. 625, 18 So. 2d 454, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 243 (Miss. 1944).

In homicide prosecution for inflicting fatal wound while undertaking to arrest victim, wherein defendant invoked defense that he acted in necessary self-defense, nature of the instrument employed, whether a pistol or blackjack, both of which defendant had, was immaterial, since the important issue was the justification of the means employed. Howard v. State, 18 So. 2d 148 (Miss. 1944).

Homicide not justified by mere knowledge of threat. James v. State, 139 Miss. 521, 104 So. 301, 1925 Miss. LEXIS 169 (Miss. 1925).

There is little practical difference in the meaning of the statutory words “reasonable ground to apprehend” and the words “good reason to believe.” Matthews v. State, 108 Miss. 72, 66 So. 325, 1914 Miss. LEXIS 170 (Miss. 1914).

Great bodily harm justifying killing of human being does not mean mere bruises inflicted by hands and fists, though the party inflicting is the stronger of the two persons. Waldrop v. State, 98 Miss. 567, 54 So. 66, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 95 (Miss. 1910).

Defendant held justified in using a deadly weapon to protect himself, where deceased was a much larger and stronger man and defendant was liable to receive great bodily injury at his hands, although deceased was unarmed. Hill v. State, 94 Miss. 391, 49 So. 145, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 59 (Miss. 1908).

Defendant may plead self-defense although following a fight he armed himself and sought his former adversary intending to kill him, where the latter fired first. Garner v. State, 93 Miss. 843, 47 So. 500, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 148 (Miss. 1908).

5. —Evidence.

Defendant was entitled to a new trial because counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to so move as (1) there was no strategic reason for failing to so move, and (2) it was reasonably probable the motion would have been granted, since defendant had a right to be where defendant was, the victim was an immediate aggressor by forcibly entering a dwelling, and defendant engaged in no unlawful activity, so defendant had no duty to retreat. Woods v. State, 242 So.3d 47, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 85 (Miss. 2018).

State’s motions in limine were properly granted as self defense or defense of another was not available to defendant as a defense because defendant approached the unarmed victim from behind, began yelling at him, and shot him while he had his arms in the air; there was no overt act at the time defendant shot the victim that could indicate danger of death or great bodily harm at the moment; and defendant’s mother was not even on the premises; thus, when defendant shot the victim, neither he nor his mother was in any imminent danger. Wells v. State, 233 So.3d 279, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant was properly convicted of depraved-heart murder because the evidence was sufficient for a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that she shot the victim with a depraved heart to kill him and not in self-defense; the victim was unarmed at the time defendant shot and killed him, and defendant admitted she shot the victim at least three times. Swanagan v. State, 229 So.3d 698, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant was not entitled to a new trial because the jury did not find that defendant acted in self-defense or that the Castle Doctrine applied in that, although defendant did not have a duty to retreat before using defensive force, as defendant was in defendant’s auto shop and was not the immediate provoker and aggressor, the victim, did not enter the garage unlawfully or forcibly. Furthermore, it was for the jury to determine whether the victim unlawfully or forcibly entered defendant’s inner office, where the shooting occurred. Flynt v. State, 183 So.3d 1, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 532 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder because defendant initiated an altercation when an employee of a power utility company came to defendant’s home to turn off the power, used a deadly weapon to shoot and kill the employee, and hid the employee’s body. Defendant failed to show that defendant acted in self-defense as defendant acted without any threat or provocation from the unarmed employee. Davis v. State, 165 So.3d 537, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 297 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for deliberate design murder where the State put on evidence that placed a reasonable doubt regarding defendant’s self-defense claim; there were no signs of a struggle or altercation, other than the shooting, and defendant shot the victim four times in the back. Davis v. State, 158 So.3d 1190, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 63 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Circuit court properly denied defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict based on justifiable homicide where various witnesses for the State testified that the victim was not known to carry a gun, that they saw no weapon with him at the Texaco, and that the victim appeared to be the one defending himself during the altercation, and the jury further heard testimony from the State’s witnesses that defendant behaved aggressively toward the victim, hitting him and eventually firing two shots at him. Tillis v. State, 176 So.3d 37, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 446 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), cert. denied, 178 So.3d 333, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 528 (Miss. 2015).

Defendant was not entitled to the castle-doctrine presumption on his claim of self-defense in a prosecution in which he was convicted of manslaughter because there was conflicting evidence as to whether the victim’s daughter allowed the victim into her home or not. Hammond v. State, 119 So.3d 1074, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 29 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 119 So.3d 328, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 430 (Miss. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of simple assault and the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence because defendant presented no evidence that he feared imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or to his daughter justifying the use of force; defendant pinned the victim in the door of his vehicle; and the victim testified that she called out in pain several times and had bruises as a result of the incident. Matthews v. City of Madison, 143 So.3d 579, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 611 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), aff'd, 143 So.3d 571, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 373 (Miss. 2014).

There was sufficient evidence to convict defendant of manslaughter in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35 because the State put on evidence tending to show that defendant had a deliberate design to kill the victim, and there was corroborated testimony that the victim was neither confronting nor threatening defendant at the time he was shot. Vaughn v. State, 111 So.3d 1289, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 225 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence supported defendant’s convictions for two counts of murder, under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19, including that defendant was not acting in necessary self-defense, because two eyewitnesses testified that defendant shot the victims in a bar and a forensic pathologist testified as to the nature of the victims’ wounds. Copple v. State, 117 So.3d 651, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 421 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Defendant’s manslaughter conviction, pursuant to Miss. Code. Ann. §97-3-35, was supported by sufficient evidence because both versions of the shooting in evidence at trial supported the conclusion that defendant’s use of deadly force was either unnecessary or premature and was not exercised in necessary self-defense, as defined in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-15(f). Pruitt v. State, 28 So.3d 585, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 44 (Miss. 2010).

Verdict of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence as the testimony presented a factual dispute for the jury’s resolution and the jury found certain testimony to be credible and defendant’s attempts to establish a self-defense theory to be contradictory; although defendant cited to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-31, which provided for a manslaughter conviction when one killed another while resisting a felony, there was conflicting testimony as to whether the victim was attempting to commit a felony, and although defendant also cited to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35 and claimed the evidence supported a heat of passion manslaughter conviction, there was no evidence that defendant was acting in a state of violent and uncontrollable rage and he only attempted to show that he was afraid of the victim and acted in self-defense. Ray v. State, 27 So.3d 416, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 496 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s conviction for manslaughter was proper because it was up to the jury to determine whether defendant acted reasonably in necessary self-defense when he shot the victim in the head. The jury could have determined that defendant did not act in necessary self-defense because, at that time, the victim was on the floor and did not present a reasonable threat to defendant’s life. Rogers v. State, 994 So. 2d 792, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 170 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 668 (Miss. 2008).

Two defendants’ convictions for depraved-heart murder were appropriate because there was sufficient evidence that the first defendant acted without authority of law since there was testimony that the victim made no physical or verbal threats against the second defendant, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-15(1)(f); witnesses also did not see the victim brandish his knife against that defendant. McDowell v. State, 984 So. 2d 1003, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 669 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 984 So. 2d 277, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 328 (Miss. 2008).

Sufficient evidence was adduced at trial to support a finding that defendant’s murder of the victim was not done in self-defense, even though defendant testified that the victim had previously choked defendant, to the point that defendant felt that he was going to die; the evidence was sufficient for a reasonable jury to find defendant guilty of manslaughter. Harris v. State, 937 So. 2d 474, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 644 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant’s murder conviction was proper where defendant’s argument that a reasonable jury could only have found that he acted in self-defense was without merit because the evidence was uncontradicted that the victim was in fact unarmed, and no one other than defendant saw the victim reach for a weapon before defendant shot him. Ables v. State, 850 So. 2d 172, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 635 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence supported the jury’s finding of insufficient evidence of self-defense, notwithstanding that the victim had very recently beaten the defendant (his girlfriend) and that he was advancing on her at the time she shot him, where the defendant had left the scene of the altercation, armed herself, and then returned to confront the victim. Wade v. State, 724 So. 2d 1007, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1043 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998), aff'd, 748 So. 2d 771, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 328 (Miss. 1999).

During a murder prosecution arising from the shooting death of the defendant’s wife, the trial erred when it excluded evidence of the wife’s prior threats with a butcher knife which she had made toward the defendant 2 weeks before her death, where the defendant claimed self-defense, since the evidence was relevant on the issue of the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the shooting and on the issue of whether the victim may have been the initial aggressor. Heidel v. State, 587 So. 2d 835, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 646 (Miss. 1991).

Prosecuting examination may examine defendant in manslaughter prosecution who raises defenses of justifiable homicide by reason of self-defense as well as excusable homicide by reason of accident or misfortune regarding why defendant did not back off or flee when deceased pulled knife on defendant where jury is specifically instructed that defendant is under no duty to flee but rather has right to stand ground. Burge v. State, 472 So. 2d 392, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2129 (Miss. 1985).

Defendant’s testimony on events at scene of killing is not such persuasive evidence of self-defense as to preclude jury verdict of anything but not guilty where evidence shows that defendant entered scene of crime with loaded gun, no weapon was found on deceased, and defendant’s version of events is disputed by other witnesses and photographs. Kelly v. State, 463 So. 2d 1070, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1878 (Miss. 1985).

Even if the deceased had been physically capable of inflicting serious bodily injuries upon the defendant with his hands and his feet, such fact alone was inadequate to justify the defendant’s use of a deadly weapon in a homicide case. Stennis v. State, 234 So. 2d 611, 1970 Miss. LEXIS 1411 (Miss. 1970).

Accused’s uncontradicted testimony that after he was awakened in the early morning hours by the noise of someone breaking into his home, he seized his gun and went to the back of the house where he saw the form of a man, and upon inquiring who it was, the man cursed him and continued to advance, so that accused, apprehending that the man was about to do him some great bodily harm, then fired in defense of his own life, being reasonable, under the circumstances, it must be accepted as true, and accused was entitled to a peremptory instruction. Lee v. State, 232 Miss. 717, 100 So. 2d 358, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 320 (Miss. 1958).

Evidence that, at the time the accused shot and killed the deceased, the deceased was pursuing the accused with pistol in hand and threatening to kill him, failed to sustain a manslaughter conviction. Pickens v. State, 229 Miss. 409, 90 So. 2d 852, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 619 (Miss. 1956).

Defendant is not required to prove that he acted in justifiable self-defense, but only that he raise a reasonable doubt of his guilt of the charge against him. Bell v. State, 207 Miss. 518, 42 So. 2d 728, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 360 (Miss. 1949).

In homicide prosecution defendant’s explanation that he acted in self-defense, not contradicted directly, or by fair inference, must be accepted as true. Bell v. State, 207 Miss. 518, 42 So. 2d 728, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 360 (Miss. 1949).

Evidence that accused left his employment because of threats of plantation manager against his life and because of his terror of such manager who habitually carried a pistol, that accused thereafter kept out of manager’s way until the day preceding the homicide, when manager was chasing and searching for accused during that day and night, finally coming upon accused in a house where accused had sought refuge, and accused, finding he could not escape, shot and killed the manager, although manager had not drawn his pistol, constituted circumstances justifying accused in reasonably believing he actually had no mode of escape except to take the life of the manager and substantiated his plea of self-defense. Bell v. State, 207 Miss. 518, 42 So. 2d 728, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 360 (Miss. 1949).

When defendant is the only eyewitness to homicide, her version, if reasonable, must be accepted as true, unless substantially contradicted in material particulars by creditable witnesses for state, or by physical facts or by facts of common knowledge, and when such evidence shows that the defendant acted upon what then reasonably appeared to be necessary for protection of her life, verdict should be directed in favor of defendant. Lomax v. State, 205 Miss. 635, 39 So. 2d 267, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 453 (Miss. 1949).

Accused in homicide case, in order to establish that she acted as reasonably appeared to be necessary for protection of her life, need not show that deceased had weapon in her hand, or in sight, or said anything, at time shot was fired, where deceased had previously threatened to shoot defendant, had displayed pistol in her pocketbook, had threatened to beat defendant up with broom handle, and, immediately prior to shooting, deceased had been driving with defendant’s husband, and on getting out of car approached defendant as defendant backed away, deceased trying to open her purse as she advanced. Lomax v. State, 205 Miss. 635, 39 So. 2d 267, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 453 (Miss. 1949).

Testimony that deceased had the reputation of being dangerous, quarrelsome, and abusive when intoxicated was properly excluded in murder prosecution, where self-defense is not pleaded and neither the confession of defendant nor his testimony made the issue relevant. Pinter v. State, 203 Miss. 344, 34 So. 2d 723, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 275 (Miss. 1948).

The jury had the right in a murder prosecution to reject defendant’s testimony that he killed deceased in self-defense, where the proof of the state and the evidence of the only witness for the defendant, except that given by himself, showed that the killing was deliberate murder. Flowers v. State, 29 So. 2d 653 (Miss. 1947).

Where a defendant is claiming self-defense and is the only eyewitness to the homicide, the jury may consider all facts and circumstances bearing on the manner in which the homicide occurred and need not accept the defendant’s version as true. Herrin v. State, 201 Miss. 595, 29 So. 2d 452, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 424 (Miss. 1947).

Exclusion of corroboratory and cumulative evidence indicative of reasonable apprehension of imminent danger and the practical admission of evidence only as to things done at the time and scene of the homicide was reversible error. Eaton v. State, 200 Miss. 729, 28 So. 2d 230, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 341 (Miss. 1946).

Facts must be sufficient to justify belief that killing is reasonably necessary to prevent felonious killing of another before killing justified. McGehee v. State, 138 Miss. 822, 104 So. 150, 1925 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1925).

Aggression is doubtful where evidence thereon is conflicting. Mott v. State, 123 Miss. 729, 86 So. 514, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 75 (Miss. 1920).

6. —Question for jury.

Although defendant argued that defendant shot the victim in self-defense, the jury rejected defendant’s defense theories—including the castle doctrine—because while defendant testified that the victim was in the doorway to defendant’s home and threatening defendant when defendant shot the victim, and that the victim went backwards and eventually fell down outside on the opposite side of the sidewalk, another witness testified and there was other evidence that defendant shot the victim while the victim was lying wounded on the ground. Bryant v. State, 232 So.3d 174, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 738 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

State did not present insufficient evidence to overcome defendant’s theory of self-defense because the jury rejected the self-defense theory and found that the State’s account of the events was more credible, as was its prerogative; allowing the jury’s verdict to stand would not sanction an unconscionable injustice. Newell v. State, 175 So.3d 1260, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 505 (Miss. 2015).

Murder conviction was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because the evidence against defendant included his admission to shooting the victim, the gunshots striking the victim from behind, the evidence conveying a scene without a struggle, and the statements from the victim naming defendant as the shooter. The question of a self-defense claim fell under the purview of the jury as fact-finders. Davis v. State, 158 So.3d 1190, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 63 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

It is for jury to decide whether slaying constitutes manslaughter or justifiable homicide by reason of self-defense or excusable homicide by reason of accident or misfortune where evidence shows that during course of argument, deceased displayed knife, defendant pulled gun, pointed it at deceased and cocked it, and during ensuing scuffle, gun discharged, striking deceased. Burge v. State, 472 So. 2d 392, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2129 (Miss. 1985).

If to be sodomized unwillingly is to “suffer great bodily harm” so as to bring a subsequent killing of the assailant within the meaning of the justifiable homicide statute, the question of the reasonableness of the force used to repel the sexual attack would then become a jury issue. Johnson v. State, 346 So. 2d 927, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 2552 (Miss. 1977), but see Douglas v. State, 525 So. 2d 1312, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 216 (Miss. 1988).

Where a number of extenuating circumstances in favor of the accused, who was convicted of manslaughter, was disclosed by the record, the ends of justice would be better served by reversing and remanding the case and permitting another jury to pass on the issue as to whether or not the accused had good cause to believe, and did believe, in view of the disparity in size of the two men, that he was in either real or apparent danger of great bodily harm at the hands of the deceased at the time he shot him. Folks v. State, 230 Miss. 217, 92 So. 2d 461, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 361 (Miss. 1957).

Where three witnesses declared that the deceased had no knife and four witnesses affirmed that he did have a knife with which he was chasing the defendant’s brother, it was for the jury to determine the veracity of witnesses. Crawford v. State, 54 So. 2d 230 (Miss. 1951).

In murder prosecution the question whether defendant shot the deceased in self-defense was for the jury. Goff v. State, 49 So. 2d 238 (Miss. 1950).

Question whether defendant killed victim in self-defense is one of fact for the jury to determine. Spivey v. State, 47 So. 2d 855 (Miss. 1950).

Issues in homicide prosecution of justification as well as of extent of force employed were for the jury, where the fatal wound was inflicted while defendant was undertaking to arrest the victim and defendant sought to justify the act as in necessary self-defense. Howard v. State, 18 So. 2d 148 (Miss. 1944).

Whether accused, killing a visitor at her home in ejecting him therefrom after forbidding him to re-enter, used more force than reasonably appeared to be necessary for that purpose, or whether she killed decedent in what reasonably appeared to be in her necessary self-defense, were questions for the jury to determine. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

7. Instructions; generally.

Defendant’s challenge to the castle doctrine jury instruction failed because the judge gave the instruction defendant asked for and the instruction he sought was unsupported by the evidence that did not show the victim ever reached for the back door of the car where the children allegedly were. Bernard v. State, 288 So.3d 301, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 403 (Miss. 2019).

In a manslaughter case, the trial court committed reversible error in giving a castle-doctrine jury instruction favoring the victim because a castle-doctrine instruction had never been given to a victim regarding the mandatory rebuttable presumption that a person was entitled to use whatever force was necessary to meet or repel an attack from another person, and such an instruction was patently inappropriate as the statute clearly indicated that the rebuttable presumption was granted to defendant, not the victim; and a reasonable juror could have interpreted the challenged instruction to create a presumption that lessened the State’s burden of proof and required rebuttal evidence from defendant to overcome the presumption. Husband v. State, 204 So.3d 353, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 472 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

In murder prosecution, state is entitled, upon request, to instruction submitting lessor included offense of manslaughter committed in heat of passion to jury even though heat of passion is affirmative element of manslaughter not present in murder. Cook v. State, 467 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1974 (Miss. 1985).

While a manslaughter instruction should not be given in a case of murder or complete justification, such instruction is not reversible error. Vassar v. State, 200 Miss. 412, 27 So. 2d 541, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 303 (Miss. 1946).

Instruction that every killing of a human being without authority of law is either murder or manslaughter, murder when done with deliberate design to effect death, and manslaughter when done in heat of passion without malice and without any premeditation, did not constitute error, either as not correctly stating the law or as depriving defendant of her plea of necessary self-defense. Wiggins v. State, 199 Miss. 114, 23 So. 2d 691, 1945 Miss. LEXIS 274 (Miss. 1945).

Concluding an instruction in murder prosecution authorizing conviction if defendant was in no real or apparent danger of losing his own life or suffering great bodily injury, with the phrase “this is true regardless of every other fact or circumstance in the case,” did not constitute reversible error, where considerable irrelevant testimony concerning the so-called “unwritten law” was admitted prejudicial to the prosecution, and the concluding phrase probably disabused the minds of the jurors of its influence. Kilgore v. State, 198 Miss. 816, 23 So. 2d 690, 1945 Miss. LEXIS 252 (Miss. 1945).

Instruction in manslaughter prosecution that the jury should not give the defendant the benefit of mere timidity or needless fear, but that she must reasonably have believed herself in danger of death or great bodily harm, satisfactorily contracted capricious or groundless fear with reasonable apprehension, and was not prejudicial. Bangren v. State, 198 Miss. 359, 22 So. 2d 360, 1945 Miss. LEXIS 206 (Miss. 1945).

Instruction authorizing jury to disregard testimony, which did not consider whether such testimony was immaterial, collateral, incompetent, or irrelevant, was error. Boykin v. State, 86 Miss. 481, 38 So. 725, 1905 Miss. LEXIS 76 (Miss. 1905).

Error to grant instructions for state without first submitting them to defendant’s attorney. Boykin v. State, 86 Miss. 481, 38 So. 725, 1905 Miss. LEXIS 76 (Miss. 1905).

Error for court to charge that if defendant was cutting witness with a knife, which was a deadly weapon, not in his necessary self-defense, then deceased was entitled to attack defendant while he was so cutting witness with a knife, even to taking his life. Boykin v. State, 86 Miss. 481, 38 So. 725, 1905 Miss. LEXIS 76 (Miss. 1905).

8. —Self-defense.

Defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to request a castle doctrine jury instruction because although defendant owned the home, she had allowed the victim to live with her for over a year and it was his residence as much as hers. Defendant had not sought shelter in her home and was not fighting off an assault by an intruder, but rather she had a dispute there with someone she had allowed to live with her. Byrd v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 269 (Miss. Ct. App. June 11, 2019).

Trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s castle doctrine jury instruction because there was no evidence that the victim unlawfully tried to enter defendant’s hotel room, and thus the castle doctrine did not apply. Reid v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 613 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2019).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in responding to the jury’s question as to the definition of depraved heart because the instructions it provided demonstrated the proper rules of law and were not erroneous, and the supplemental instruction was a proper statement of the law. the jury received three separate instructions on self-defense. Swanagan v. State, 229 So.3d 698, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 2017).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s proffered “stand your ground” instruction because the evidence in the record did not point to an opportunity to retreat, and other instructions adequately covered the general rules of law pertaining to self-defense. Shaheed v. State, 205 So.3d 1105, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

There was sufficient evidence to support a conviction for manslaughter; the jury was given instructions on self-defense, the duty to retreat, and manslaughter. Defendant’s assertion of self-defense did not occur until after her arrest, and no other party heard the threats that the victim allegedly made prior to the shooting. Knight v. State, 157 So.3d 839, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 35 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Because defendant was engaged in unlawful activities, including the carrying of a gun by a person under 18, the purchase of tobacco by a person under 18, and, possibly, stealing gas from the victim’s store, the castle doctrine was inapplicable and counsel could be ineffective for failing to request a castle-doctrine instruction. Beal v. State, 225 So.3d 1276, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 462 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. denied, 222 So.3d 311, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 285 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant was denied her right to have the jury properly instructed on her self-defense claim because enough evidence was presented at defendant’s trial to at least raise a question as to whether she was entitled to the “Castle Doctrine” statutory presumption; a question arose to whether the victim was trespassing when she crossed the street, came onto the property surrounding defendant’s residence, and prevented defendant from leaving by blocking her access to her vehicle. White v. State, 127 So.3d 170, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 577 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant’s murder conviction was appropriate because the trial court did not err in refusing to give a self-defense instruction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-15(1)(f) since there was no testimony introduced that defendant through that he was in imminent danger. Whittington v. State, 49 So.3d 107, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 182 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 49 So.3d 1139, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 636 (Miss. 2010).

Court rejected as without merit defendant’s claim that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, given that the jury was instructed to consider whether the victim’s killing was murder, manslaughter, or committed in self-defense and the jury had sufficient evidence to convict defendant of murder; although defendant argued that the facts supported either excusable or justifiable homicide, the facts were conflicting and created a jury question, as testimony and physical evidence contradicted defendant’s testimony that the victim backed him up steps and defendant having left the scene immediately after the stabbing created the impression that he knew the victim was no longer a threat. Ray v. State, 27 So.3d 416, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 496 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss. 2010).

Court committed reversible error in instructing the jury to find the defendant guilty of manslaughter if it found that he killed the victim while resisting the victim’s unlawful trespass; this instruction prevented the jury from returning a finding of justifiable homicide and left it with the choice of either murder or manslaughter. Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

In absence of any other instruction that presented defendant’s theory of defense to jury, trial court improperly failed to place defendant’s proffered instruction, on self-defense by use of deadly weapon against larger, unarmed person, in proper form, in light of evidence which supported claim of justification. Manuel v. State, 667 So. 2d 590, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 591 (Miss. 1995).

Trial court properly refuses self defense instruction in homicide case in which uncontroverted testimony is that victim was asleep and had been asleep approximately 30 minutes at time victim was shot and killed. Merrill v. State, 482 So. 2d 1147, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2369 (Miss. 1986).

Murder defendant is not entitled to have jury instructed peremptorily that he should be found not guilty where, although evidence shows that person shot by defendant struck him in head with beer bottle before defendant lifted so much as finger, following receipt of beer bottle blow, defendant did nothing but just stood at bar for 5 or 10 minutes, person shot went to cash register and started counting money, and at point when person had ceased to be aggressor, defendant shot and killed person. Gavin v. State, 473 So. 2d 952, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2163 (Miss. 1985).

Self-defense instruction which states that party acting upon mere fear, apprehension or belief, however sincerely entertained acts at own peril in taking life is improper and constitutes reversible prejudicial error where case is close factually and instruction has previously been condemned by Supreme Court of Mississippi number of times. Flowers v. State, 473 So. 2d 164, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2140 (Miss. 1985).

Defendant pleading self defense to murder charge is entitled to instruction which in substance advises jury that so long as defendant was in place where he had right to be and was neither immediate provoker or aggressor, he was not required to flee on pain of forfeiting defense of self defense. Cook v. State, 467 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1974 (Miss. 1985).

The trial court’s instruction in a murder prosecution resulting in a conviction of manslaughter, that defendant had a right to kill the deceased if it reasonably appeared that he was undertaking to force entrance into defendant’s house with the design to do defendant great personal injury, adequately set forth defendant’s right under this section to protect her domicile from unlawful entry. Hull v. State, 350 So. 2d 60, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 2213 (Miss. 1977).

In a prosecution for murder, the instruction to the jury was erroneous where it failed to inform the jury that there are instances in which a deliberate design to kill may exist at the moment the fatal blow was struck and yet the homicide may be justifiable or excusable, and therefore required the jury to convict the defendant of murder if it found premeditation or deliberate design to kill even though the killing might have been justifiable by reason of self-defense. Pittman v. State, 297 So. 2d 888, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1544 (Miss. 1974).

In a prosecution for murder, an instruction to the jury that even if the deceased attempted to have unnatural intercourse with the defendant, but the danger of accomplishment of the crime by the deceased was over and at a time when such danger was not imminent or impending the defendant tied and gagged the deceased, and if the jury finds robbery, then the crime was murder, was proper in presenting defendant’s theory of self-defense and the state’s theory of felony murder. Burns v. State, 228 Miss. 254, 87 So. 2d 681, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 510 (Miss. 1956).

Instruction that if jury believed beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant killed victim at a time when he was in no immediate danger, real or apparent, of losing his life or suffering some great bodily harm at the hands of victim, then defendant is guilty, etc., was not erroneous as excluding from consideration of jury that if defendant reasonably believed or had reasonable cause to believe that he was in danger of losing his life or suffering some great bodily harm at the hands of deceased he had a right to take deceased’s life in defending himself even though he might have been in no actual danger whatever, especially in view of other instructions embodying the principal contended for by defendant. Johnson v. State, 46 So. 2d 924 (Miss. 1950).

It is not error to grant to state manslaughter instruction, it being contended by defense that accused was either guilty of murder or was justified in committing homicide in necessary self-defense, when under all of evidence accused cannot be properly convicted of greater offense than manslaughter and even that offense is not satisfactorily proved beyond every reasonable doubt. Leflore v. State, 44 So. 2d 393 (Miss. 1950).

Refusal of court to grant peremptory instruction to find defendant not guilty is not error where defendant’s testimony that he was in danger of death or great bodily harm at hands of deceased and that it was necessary for him to strike in self-defense was contradicted by undisputed evidence that killing occurred at crap table, with table and crowd of people between accused and deceased, and defendant advanced on deceased around table and struck at him by reaching around another person. Robinson v. State, 205 Miss. 281, 38 So. 2d 723, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 430 (Miss. 1949).

That an elderly father in ill health who claimed to have shot his robust son as he threateningly advanced upon the father in his bed was denied his defense of self-defense by an instruction that the homicide could not be excused by the mere fact that the defendant was a smaller man than the deceased, of less powerful build and proportions and of greater years, and was assaulted by the deceased with his fists at the time of the slaying, constituted reversible error. Bailey v. State, 202 Miss. 221, 31 So. 2d 123, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 262 (Miss. 1947).

The burden of proof is not shifted to the defendant by an instruction that in order to justify a homicide on the plea of self-defense there must be something shown in the conduct of the deceased indicating a present intention to kill or to do some great personal injury to the slayer, and imminent danger of such intention being accomplished. Dobbs v. State, 200 Miss. 595, 27 So. 2d 551, 29 So. 2d 84, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 330, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 354 (Miss. 1946), cert. denied, 331 U.S. 787, 67 S. Ct. 1318, 91 L. Ed. 1817, 1947 U.S. LEXIS 2295 (U.S. 1947), overruled in part, Flowers v. State, 473 So. 2d 164, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2140 (Miss. 1985).

Omission from state’s instruction defining justifiable self-defense that danger of death or great bodily harm may be either real or reasonably apparent, constituted reversible error where under state’s proof defendant was guilty of murder whereas under her proof jury could have found that defendant acted in justifiable self-defense, since in such a situation it is important that the state’s instruction be technically correct. Gooch v. State, 199 Miss. 280, 24 So. 2d 736, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 194 (Miss. 1946).

Instruction that “to justify a homicide on the plea of self-defense there must be something shown in the conduct of the deceased indicating a present intention to kill, or to do some great personal injury to the slayer, and immediate danger of such intention being accomplished,” was not erroneous, either on the ground that the word “apparent” should have preceded the word “danger,” even though such would have been technically correct, where rest of instruction informed jury that this danger might be actual or apparent, or on ground that the word “imminent” should have been used instead of the word “immediate,” although the former word, which is used in this section [Code 1942, § 2218], would have been preferable. Holmes v. State, 199 Miss. 137, 24 So. 2d 90, 1945 Miss. LEXIS 277 (Miss. 1945), overruled, Flowers v. State, 473 So. 2d 164, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2140 (Miss. 1985).

In a prosecution for homicide, in which the defendant testified that the acts resulting in the death of the decedent had been done at a time when the decedent was attempting to impose his attentions upon the defendant, over her protest and against her will, in such manner as to commit a statutory offense against her person, an instruction to the jury, which would seem to require that the jury should believe that the defendant entertained a reasonable apprehension that he intended to take her life, or to do her great bodily harm, in the sense of endangering her life, before the jury would be warranted in acquitting her, entirely leaving out of consideration the right to protect her person against the commission of the threatened felony testified to, was erroneous. Hodges v. State, 192 Miss. 322, 6 So. 2d 123 (Miss. 1942).

Instruction on law of self-defense held erroneous as shifting burden of proof. Reddix v. State, 134 Miss. 393, 98 So. 850, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 270 (Miss. 1924).

9. —Defense of others.

Failure to give defendant’s jury instruction on self-defense that included a defense-of-others rationale was reversible error as the instruction correctly stated the law regarding how a jury should have interpreted his actions and would have extended defendant’s claim to defense of his infant daughter. The self-defense instructions given did not cover those points. Maye v. State, 49 So.3d 1124, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s manslaughter conviction was reversed for failure to instruct the jury that it should presume defendant used defensive force despite exiting his vehicle before shooting the victim. Threats from the victim that led to the shooting that occurred while defendant was occupying his vehicle satisfied Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-15(3) (Rev. 2006) requirements. Newell v. State, 49 So.3d 66, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 633 (Miss. 2010).

An instruction regarding defense of another was sufficient, notwithstanding that the instruction did not precisely follow the language of subsection (1)(f), as there was no evidence regarding a felony other than an aggravated assault and, therefore, it was not error to eliminate the alternative felony language of the statute. Moore v. State, 776 So. 2d 717, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 428 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Though the statute casts the killing of a man in the necessary defense of another in terms of justification, this license does not justify shooting wildly and blindly into a crowd of people, some of whom are mere bystanders; such indiscriminate use of deadly force cannot be thought to be a reasonable use. Moore v. State, 776 So. 2d 717, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 428 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence was insufficient in a murder prosecution to justify an instruction to the jury with regard to defense of others where there was no evidence that the defendant drew his gun in an attempt to break up the fight between the defendant and another. Robinson v. State, 758 So. 2d 480, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 162 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

In a prosecution for murder arising out of the killing of a man who was allegedly attacking the defendant’s wife, the trial court properly refused the defendant’s request for a directed verdict of acquittal under this section where the evidence was in conflict as to whether the victim had actually been attacking the defendant’s wife; however, where the evidence did not rise to that high degree which would justify a jury in finding the defendant guilty of murder beyond a reasonable doubt, his motion for a directed verdict as to the charge of murder should have been sustained, leaving only the charge of manslaughter under §97-3-31 to be considered by the jury. Edge v. State, 393 So. 2d 1337, 1981 Miss. LEXIS 1926 (Miss. 1981).

The trial court did not commit reversible error in refusing to instruct that if accused shot deceased in the lawful defense of his sister-in-law, wife of deceased, the jury should acquit him, in view of insufficient evidence showing that the sister-in-law was in any real or apparent danger of losing her life or sustaining great bodily harm at the hands of the deceased at the time of the killing. Folks v. State, 230 Miss. 217, 92 So. 2d 461, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 361 (Miss. 1957).

Where the accused shot the deceased who was shooting at accused’s unarmed brother, while the latter was seated at a booth in a dining room of a cafe and it appeared that the brother had made no hostile demonstration at the decedent, the court should have given a peremptory instruction as requested by the defendant. Newman v. State, 222 Miss. 660, 77 So. 2d 282, 1955 Miss. LEXIS 651 (Miss. 1955).

10. —Defense of property.

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing a jury instruction based on the “castle doctrine” because defendant was not in the immediate premises of a dwelling when he shot his girlfriend’s ex-boyfriend; there was no evidence that the ex-boyfriend unlawfully and forcibly entered the girlfriend’s dwelling or its immediate premises because the girlfriend voluntarily went outside to speak with him, and he voluntarily went with her. Shaheed v. State, 205 So.3d 1105, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Evidence established the elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt; appellant armed himself with a baseball bat with the intent to cause serious bodily injury or death to the victim and struck an unarmed victim in the head three times with the baseball bat, the first of which would have knocked him unconscious and defenseless. These actions resulted in the victim’s death; the victim was not in the process of unlawfully and forcibly entering, or had unlawfully and forcibly entered the business when appellant began attacking the victim. Westbrook v. State, 29 So.3d 828, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 648 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 124 (Miss. 2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 849, 131 S. Ct. 98, 178 L. Ed. 2d 62, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 5934 (U.S. 2010).

Giving instruction upon murder charge, where defendant’s explanation of killing as in defense of home was uncontradicted, held error. Bowen v. State, 164 Miss. 225, 144 So. 230, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 235 (Miss. 1932).

Where defendant sought to justify killing as in defense of home, instruction killing could not be justified unless to save defendant’s life, or prevent great bodily harm, or unless defendant was in immediate danger, held erroneous as ignoring defense of habitation. Bowen v. State, 164 Miss. 225, 144 So. 230, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 235 (Miss. 1932).

11. —Justification.

In defendant’s prosecution on a charge of manslaughter, the trial court improperly refused defendant’s instruction on justification that included a right to use deadly force: (1) to resist commission of a felony; (2) to protect his son; and (3) to protect himself from a group of men surrounding his car. The instruction correctly stated the law, had a foundation in evidence, and was not otherwise covered. Ford v. State, 52 So.3d 1245, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 53 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Homicide: Extent of premises which may be defended without retreat under right of self-defense. 52 A.L.R.2d 1458.

Admissibility on behalf of accused in homicide case of evidence that killing was at victim’s request. 71 A.L.R.2d 617.

Relationship with assailant’s wife as provocation depriving defendant of right of self-defense. 9 A.L.R.3d 933.

Homicide: duty to retreat where assailant and assailed share the same living quarters. 26 A.L.R.3d 1296.

Private person’s authority, in making arrest for felony, to shoot or kill alleged felon. 32 A.L.R.3d 1078.

Homicide: duty to retreat as condition of self-defense when one is attacked at his office, or place of business or employment. 41 A.L.R.3d 584.

Homicide: modern status of rules as to burden and quantum of proof to show self-defense. 43 A.L.R.3d 221.

Unintentional killing of or injury to third person during attempted self-defense. 55 A.L.R.3d 620.

Withdrawal, after provocation of conflict, as reviving right of self-defense. 55 A.L.R.3d 1000.

What constitutes “imminently dangerous” act within homicide statute. 67 A.L.R.3d 900.

Modern Status: right of peace officer to use deadly force in attempting to arrest fleeing felon. 83 A.L.R.3d 174.

Homicide: duty to retreat where assailant is social guest on premises. 100 A.L.R.3d 532.

Accused’s right, in homicide case, to have jury instructed as to both unintentional shooting and self-defense. 15 A.L.R.4th 983.

Homicide: physician’s withdrawal of life supports from comatose patient. 47 A.L.R.4th 18.

Standard for determination of reasonableness of criminal defendant’s belief, for purposes of self-defense claim, that physical force is necessary-modern cases. 73 A.L.R.4th 993.

Homicide: Liability where death immediately results from treatment or mistreatment of injury inflicted by defendant. 50 A.L.R.5th 467.

Am. Jur.

40 Am. Jur. 2d, Homicide §§ 104 et seq.

5A Am. Jur. Pl & Pr Forms (Rev), Civil Rights, Forms 3.1, 5.1, 5.2 (pleadings in federal civil rights case involving use of deadly force in preventing escape of suspected felon).

2 Am. Jur. Trials, Investigating Particular Crimes §§ 40-57 (homicide).

7 Am. Jur. Trials, Homicide §§ 1 et seq.

40 Am. Jur. Trials 501, Forensic Pathology in Homicide Cases.

3 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d, Withdrawal by Aggressor Reviving Right of Self-defense, §§ 9 et seq. (proof of withdrawal by aggressor – subsequent homicide committed in self-defense).

33 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 211, Privileged Use of Force in Self-Defense.

34 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 1, Criminal Law: The Battered Woman Defense.

38 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d 731, Justified Use of Force in Defense of Private Property.

CJS.

40 C.J.S., Homicide §§ 150-152.

Law Reviews.

1983 Mississippi Supreme Court Review: Instruction on self-defense. 54 Miss L. J. 133, March, 1984.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

Cross References —

Justifiable homicide, see §97-3-15.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. In general.

2. Killing by accident or misfortune.

3. Killing in sudden combat.

4. Instructions to jury.

5. Applicability to assault.

6. Illustrative cases.

1. In general.

According to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-17(a), a homicide may be excused when committed by accident and misfortune in doing any lawful act by lawful means, with usual and ordinary caution, and without any unlawful intent. By extension, it follows that the same principles should apply to make an assault that does not result in death excusable under the same circumstances. Rogers v. State, 994 So. 2d 792, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 170 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 668 (Miss. 2008).

This section was inapplicable in a murder prosecution arising from the shooting death of a game warden where, at the time of the homicide, the defendant was in the process of headlighting deer, an unlawful activity under subsection (a) of this section, and was in possession of a firearm, a dangerous weapon under subsection (c) of this section, and a “heat of passion” defense was not argued by the defendant. Thibodeaux v. State, 652 So. 2d 153, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 1995).

A jury instruction in a murder prosecution, which listed sudden combat, as stated in subsection (c) of this section, as the only excuse for killing, but which completely failed to mention accident, misfortune, the heat of passion, or any sudden and sufficient provocation, as set out in (a) and (b) of that section, was reversible error, notwithstanding another instruction that was given, which did mention those factors, but which was in hopeless conflict with the first instruction. Scott v. State, 446 So. 2d 580, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1627 (Miss. 1984).

Statute defining excusable homicide does not extend to homicide committed in the course of an unlawful act nor to homicide committed with a deadly weapon. Hailes v. State, 315 So. 2d 917, 1975 Miss. LEXIS 1701 (Miss. 1975).

This section [Code 1942 § 2219] does not excuse an offense in the commission of which a deadly weapon is used nor does it excuse the killing of a human being when done in the course of an unlawful act. Powell v. State, 279 So. 2d 161, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1462 (Miss. 1973).

One may not repel the attack of an unarmed man, not his superior in physical power, by slaying him; for such attack does not furnish sufficient evidence to one of ordinary strength and courage to anticipate either that his life will be taken, or great bodily harm done, such as justifies the killing of his adversary. Reed v. State, 197 So. 2d 811, 1967 Miss. LEXIS 1544 (Miss. 1967).

Insulting words can never justify a homicide, unless they are of such nature as to cause defendant to believe he is threatened with grave, impending danger. Reed v. State, 197 So. 2d 811, 1967 Miss. LEXIS 1544 (Miss. 1967).

2. Killing by accident or misfortune.

Defendant’s manslaughter conviction was proper because the circuit court did not err when it refused a proffered instruction since, whether the victim was the initial aggressor was a question of fact for the jury to resolve; moreover, there was no evidence that the victim died as a result of a “tragic accident.” Defendant deliberately grabbed the victim’s wrist, intentionally struck the victim in the face three times, and it was only the victim’s subsequent death that defendant did not intend; such an intentional act followed by an unintended consequence could not serve as a basis for excusable homicide, accident, and misfortune. Booker v. State, 64 So.3d 988, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 329 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), aff'd, 64 So.3d 965, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 316 (Miss. 2011).

Court rejected as without merit defendant’s claim that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, given that the jury was instructed to consider whether the victim’s killing was murder, manslaughter, or committed in self-defense and the jury had sufficient evidence to convict defendant of murder; although defendant argued that the facts supported either excusable or justifiable homicide, the facts were conflicting and created a jury question, as testimony and physical evidence contradicted defendant’s testimony that the victim backed him up steps and defendant having left the scene immediately after the stabbing created the impression that he knew the victim was no longer a threat. Ray v. State, 27 So.3d 416, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 496 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict pursuant to the Weathersby rule was properly overruled by the trial court because the physical evidence and collective testimony of a police officer, a former friend of defendant, and a forensic pathologist, substantially contradicted defendant’s version of events. Testimony that the victim sat in a chair and faced away from defendant and that defendant stepped back and shot the victim created a jury issue as to whether defendant shot the victim by accident. Gilbert v. State, 934 So. 2d 330, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 241 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Since defendant presented no evidence to support a defense of killing by accident or misfortune, the trial court did not err in not instructing the jury on that defense in his murder case. Montana v. State, 822 So. 2d 954, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 2002).

Trial court did not err in not giving defendant’s requested instruction on killing by accident or misfortune as that defense was precluded by the fact that defendant intentionally fired defendant’s gun within the city limits, which was an unlawful act, as commission of an unlawful act prevented a defendant from asserting such a defense. Montana v. State, 822 So. 2d 954, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 2002).

Since an intentional act could not fit within the doctrine of killing by accident or misfortune, and because all evidence showed defendant fired defendant’s gun intentionally, defendant could not assert the defense of killing by accident or misfortune in defendant’s murder case where the victim was struck in the head as the victim was driving away in a minivan and defendant fired his gun at the minivan. Montana v. State, 822 So. 2d 954, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 2002).

In a murder prosecution arising from events surrounding an altercation between the defendant and others at a bar, the court properly instructed the jury with regard to accident where the defendant claimed that he did not think that he shot the victim, but that if he did, he did not intend to shoot her and it happened while he was preparing to shoot his gun in the air to scare off attacking bar patrons. Evans v. State, 797 So. 2d 811, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 186 (Miss. 2000).

The court properly instructed the jury with regard to the defense of accident where the defendant asserted that he did not think that he shot the victim, but that if he did, he did not intend to do so, and it happened as he was preparing to fire his gun in the air to scare off patrons in a bar who were attacking him. Evans v. State, 797 So. 2d 811, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 186 (Miss. 2000).

Under the circumstances presented, there was no evidentiary basis capable of supporting a factual finding that defendant had accidentally stabbed the victim, and the requested jury instruction for excusable homicide was properly denied. Webster v. State, 754 So. 2d 1232, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 19 (Miss. 2000).

In the prosecution of a 14 year old for manslaughter arising from an incident in which he shot another child after teasing her, he was not entitled to have the jury instructed in regard to “accident and misfortune in doing any lawful act by lawful means, with usual and ordinary caution, and without any unlawful intent,” where the defendant admitted to unlawfully carrying a concealed weapon. Towner v. State, 726 So. 2d 251, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1106 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

Whether killing was result of accident or misfortune is question for jury to decide after proper instruction. Miller v. State, 677 So. 2d 726, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 331 (Miss. 1996).

Refusal to grant murder defendant’s request for jury instruction on accident or misfortune was reversible error; under defendant’s version of events, he and victim were struggling over gun when it discharged, and thus, it was not sudden combat situation, nor did shooting happen during commission of unlawful act. Miller v. State, 677 So. 2d 726, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 331 (Miss. 1996).

In context of determining whether defendant committed excusable homicide, which arises when committed by accident and misfortune in doing any lawful act by lawful means, “unlawful acts” are crimes or misdemeanors. Nicholson ex rel. Gollott v. State, 672 So. 2d 744, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 146 (Miss. 1996).

Defendant’s display of pistol and his heated request for victim to shoot him, following his repeated threats against victim, constituted violation of stalking statute and was an unlawful act which would preclude defendant’s use of accident as a defense to homicide charge. Nicholson ex rel. Gollott v. State, 672 So. 2d 744, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 146 (Miss. 1996).

Defense of accident to homicide charge was inapplicable if defendant, as he alleged, fatally shot victim while attempting to commit suicide, an unlawful act, and thus defendant was not entitled to requested instruction on accident. Nicholson ex rel. Gollott v. State, 672 So. 2d 744, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 146 (Miss. 1996).

In a homicide prosecution under this section, it was error to exclude evidence of prior threats made by the victim to the defendant, even though the defendant took the position that the ultimate shooting was accidental, where the prior threats had bearing on the issue of whether the result was manslaughter or murder because they were relevant to show the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the incident. Day v. State, 589 So. 2d 637, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 767 (Miss. 1991).

Prosecuting examination may examine defendant in manslaughter prosecution who raises defenses of justifiable homicide by reason of self-defense as well as excusable homicide by reason of accident or misfortune regarding why defendant did not back off or flee when deceased pulled knife on defendant where jury is specifically instructed that defendant is under no duty to flee but rather has right to stand ground. Burge v. State, 472 So. 2d 392, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2129 (Miss. 1985).

It is for jury to decide whether slaying constitutes manslaughter or justifiable homicide by reason of self-defense or excusable homicide by reason of accident or misfortune where evidence shows that during course of argument, deceased displayed knife, defendant pulled gun, pointed it at deceased and cocked it, and during ensuing scuffle, gun discharged, striking deceased. Burge v. State, 472 So. 2d 392, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2129 (Miss. 1985).

Failure of court to authorize manslaughter verdict is not error where proof showed no element of manslaughter, theory of defense was that of accidental killing, and neither state nor defense requested an instruction on manslaughter. Hendrix v. State, 41 So. 2d 48 (Miss. 1949).

Instructions for state defining malice aforethought is not erroneous on ground that it omits reference to accidental killing when there is little, if anything, in record from which inference could be drawn by jury that killing was accidental and this was matter of defense fully submitted to jury under instruction obtained by defendant. Price v. State, 207 Miss. 111, 41 So. 2d 37, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 321 (Miss.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 844, 70 S. Ct. 92, 94 L. Ed. 516, 1949 U.S. LEXIS 1836 (U.S. 1949).

An instruction permitting the jury to find the defendant guilty of manslaughter if it believed that the defendant cut or stabbed the deceased with a knife “as shown by the testimony,” is not in direct conflict with an instruction to the effect that defendant could be acquitted if the jury found that he had killed the deceased as a result of an accident or misfortune while in the heat of passion upon a sudden and sufficient provocation, and does not constitute reversible error, where the only positive evidence in the case was to be found in the dying declarations of decedent wherein the declarant said that defendant “knifed him,” and the defendant himself admitted that he was armed with an open knife at the time. Morris v. State, 182 Miss. 763, 183 So. 694, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 209 (Miss. 1938).

Where accused unlawfully pointed pistol at deceased who was killed as result, court properly refused to submit accidental killing to jury. Long v. State, 163 Miss. 535, 141 So. 591, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 71 (Miss. 1932).

3. Killing in sudden combat.

The defendant was not entitled to an instruction with regard to sudden combat where (1) after the defendant and his wife left a nightclub, the victim walked by his wife while she was making a telephone call, knocked her into a wall, and called her a name, (2) the defendant saw the incident from about 45 feet away, went to aid his wife, and pursued the victim into a dark breezeway, (3) upon entering the breezeway, he felt someone (the victim) grab his shirt and he responded by hitting him twice and kicking him twice, (4) the victim fell and hit his head and died over a month later. Goff v. State, 778 So. 2d 779, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 287 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Only time homicide cannot be excusable when dangerous weapon is used is when it takes place during sudden combat. Miller v. State, 677 So. 2d 726, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 331 (Miss. 1996).

Paragraph (c) of this section [Code 1942, § 2219] is not available to an aggressor. Jeffcoat v. State, 21 So. 2d 8 (Miss. 1945).

Evidence that accused struck deceased when deceased was doing no overt act in or toward a combat, and that there was no conduct on part of deceased sufficient to produce any appearance that deceased intended any such act, did not authorize peremptory charge for accused under statute defining “excusable homicide.” Conner v. State, 179 Miss. 795, 177 So. 46, 1937 Miss. LEXIS 89 (Miss. 1937).

4. Instructions to jury.

Trial court did not err by refusing to instruct the jury on the excuse of “accident” because defendant offered no explanation for the instruction and he identified no evidence in the record that the killing was an “accident.” The fact that defendant shot the victim six times and then shot two other men, all as they tried to run away, belies any suggestion of “accident.” Allen v. State, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 122 (April 14, 2020).

In an aggravated assault case, in which defendant alleged that he inadvertently stabbed the victim, trial counsel was not ineffective for not offering what defendant called an “accident instruction” based on the excusable homicide statute because the instruction might have confused the jury; and defendant failed to rebut the presumption that counsel’s failure to offer the proffered instruction was trial strategy. Greenleaf v. State, 267 So.3d 749, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 125 (Miss. 2019).

Trial court correctly denied defendant’s accident-or-misfortune jury instruction because, while she suffered from depression, none of the experts testified that she was insane under M’Naghten standard, and the evidence did not show that she acted with usual and ordinary caution as statutorily required where she was able to walk to her car, drive to the church, carry the suitcase to the woods, drive home, bathe, wash her clothes, attend church the following morning, and go to work the following week. Ealey v. State, 158 So.3d 283, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 80 (Miss. 2015).

Jury instruction granted by the circuit court did not correctly state the applicable law on accident since it lacked all the elements; the jury should have been privy to all subsections of the statute to determine if any of the subsections applied to defendant’s case. McTiller v. State, 113 So.3d 1284, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 295 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on defendant’s alternative heat-of-passion theory was reversible error where: (1) the requested instruction correctly stated the law, and directly paralleled Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-17(b); (2) the theory encompassed in the rejected instruction was not covered elsewhere; and (3) sufficient evidence existed for the jury to be instructed on accident and misfortune as defendant testified that he did not mean to do it and that it was an accident, defendant and his wife were engaged in an escalating argument and the wife had used a knife to threaten and cut defendant moments before he shot her, and defendant testified that, just before he shot her, his wife looked like she was fixing to get him and had the knife drawn back. Clayton v. State, 106 So.3d 802, 2012 Miss. LEXIS 615 (Miss. 2012).

In defendant’s prosecution on a charge of manslaughter, the trial court correctly denied an instruction on excusable homicide as the evidence showed that defendant’s act of shooting the victim was an intentional act; thus, the instruction on accidental killing did not apply to the facts of the case. Ford v. State, 52 So.3d 1245, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 53 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

In a murder case, the trial court correctly denied defendant’s jury instruction because defendant’s theory of the case was based upon his own testimony that he intentionally fired each shot, and there was no evidence from which a jury could have found that he fired the shots accidentally. Further, there was sufficient evidence to find that defendant shot into the trailer house with a deliberate design to kill; although there was sufficient evidence that defendant had a deliberate design to kill his brother, defendant’s intent to kill his brother was transferred to the sister-in-law, the actual victim. Walden v. State, 29 So.3d 17, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 462 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 105 (Miss. 2010).

Where a defendant was convicted of manslaughter in the shooting death of his wife, the trial court erred when it denied defendant’s request to present a theory of the defense instruction; the denial of this fundamental right was reversible error. Chinn v. State, 958 So. 2d 1223, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 381 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s argument that he acted in the heat of passion as a consequence of his being distraught over the denial of his visitation request was not provocation that the appellate court considered to be either sudden or sufficient within the meaning of the statute. Jackson v. State, 815 So. 2d 1196, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 168 (Miss. 2002).

Where defendant presented no evidence that any of the shots fired were accidentally fired, but only that the direction of the bullet was accidental, the court correctly held that because the defendant intentionally fired the weapon, the defendant was precluded from receiving the requested jury instructions. Montana v. State, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 172 (Miss. May 9, 2002), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 822 So. 2d 954, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 2002).

Evidence was insufficient in a murder prosecution to justify an instruction to the jury with regard to excusable homicide where there was no evidence that the defendant drew his gun in an attempt to break up the fight between the defendant and another. Robinson v. State, 758 So. 2d 480, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 162 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

5. Applicability to assault.

Defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault were inappropriate because the undisputed evidence showed that he was acting in necessary self-defense when the projectiles from his firearm struck the bystanders that led to his two aggravated assault convictions. The same principles contained in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-17 were applicable to make an assault that did not result in death excusable. Rogers v. State, 994 So. 2d 792, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 170 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 668 (Miss. 2008).

6. Illustrative cases.

Culpable-negligence manslaughter instruction’s mistaken reference to “his” negligence, when defendant was female, was not plain error because (1) no jury confusion was shown, and (2) the jury was properly instructed on defendant’s accident theories. McCarty v. State, 247 So.3d 260, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 623 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, 246 So.3d 885, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 263 (Miss. 2018).

Defendant was properly convicted of capital murder with the underlying felony of child abuse because she gave birth to a baby in a hotel room, wrapped the baby in a comforter, put him in a suitcase, left the suitcase partially hidden in a wooded area behind her church, and did not tell anyone what happened. Ealey v. State, 158 So.3d 283, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 80 (Miss. 2015).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Criminal liability for excessive or improper punishment inflicted on child by parent, teacher, or one in loco parentis. 89 A.L.R.2d 396.

Insulting words as provocation of homicide or as reducing the degree thereof. 2 A.L.R.3d 1292.

Mental or emotional condition as diminishing responsibility for crime. 22 A.L.R.3d 1228.

Homicide predicated on improper treatment of disease or injury. 45 A.L.R.3d 114.

Unintentional killing of or injury to third person during attempted self-defense. 55 A.L.R.3d 620.

Homicide: burden of proof on defense that killing was accidental. 63 A.L.R.3d 936.

Venue in homicide cases where crime is committed partly in one country and partly in another. 73 A.L.R.3d 907.

Accused’s right, in homicide case, to have jury instructed as to both unintentional shooting and self-defense. 15 A.L.R.4th 983.

Homicide: physician’s withdrawal of life supports from comatose patient. 47 A.L.R.4th 18.

Standard for determination of reasonableness of criminal defendant’s belief, for purposes of self-defense claim, that physical force is necessary – modern cases. 73 A.L.R.4th 993.

Homicide: Liability where death immediately results from treatment or mistreatment of injury inflicted by defendant. 50 A.L.R.5th 467.

Am. Jur.

40 Am. Jur. 2d, Homicide §§ 104 et seq.

2 Am. Jur. Trials, Investigating Particular Crimes §§ 40-57 (homicide).

7 Am. Jur. Trials, Homicide §§ 1 et seq.

27 Am. Jur. Trials 261, Hunting Accident Litigation.

40 Am. Jur. Trials 501, Forensic Pathology in Homicide Cases.

CJS.

40 C.J.S., Homicide §§ 150-152.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

Joint Legislative Committee Note —

Section 1 of ch. 393 Laws, 2004, effective from and after passage (approved April 20, 2004), amended this section. Section 2 of ch. 515, Laws, 2004, effective from and after passage (approved May 4, 2004), also amended this section. As set out above, this section reflects the language of both amendments pursuant to Section 1-1-109 which gives the Joint Legislative Committee on Compilation, Revision and Publication of Legislation authority to integrate amendments so that all versions of the same code section enacted within the same legislative session may become effective. The Joint Committee on Compilation, Revision and Publication of Legislation ratified the integration of these amendments as consistent with the legislative intent at the July 8, 2004 meeting of the Committee.

Amendment Notes —

The first 2004 amendment (ch. 393), in (2)(a), inserted “senior status judge, special judge, district attorney, legal assistant to a district attorney, county” in the second sentence following “parole officer a judge,” and made minor stylistic changes; and added (3).

The second 2004 amendment (ch. 515) inserted (1)(d).

The 2013 amendment added “shall be first-degree murder” at the end of (1)(a); added “shall be second-degree murder” at the end of (1)(b); added “shall be first-degree murder” at the end of (1)(c); added “shall be first-degree murder” at the end of (1)(d); substituted “Department of Revenue” for “state tax commission” at the end of the second sentence of (2)(a); and made minor stylistic changes.

The 2015 amendment added (2)(i) and (j).

The 2017 amendment added (2)(k), and made related stylistic changes.

Cross References —

Construction of the terms “capital case,” “capital offense,” “capital crime,” and “capital murder,” see §1-3-4.

Prohibition of person convicted of crimes affecting children or other violent crimes from being licensed as foster parent or a foster home, see §43-15-6.

Investigation of hunting accidents, see §49-4-31.

Effect of conviction of homicide as disqualification to hold office in labor union, etc., see §71-1-49.

Murder, as provided in this section, defined as crime of violence, see §97-3-2.

Assault and battery with deadly weapon, see §97-3-7.

Penalty for murder, see §97-3-21.

Applicability of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act to this section, see §97-43-1 et seq.

Reward for arrest of one fleeing homicide, see §§99-3-35 through99-3-39.

Requisites of indictment for homicide, see §99-7-37.

Procedures requisite in capital crime cases, see §99-17-20.

Conviction of constituent offense, see §99-19-5.

Enhancement of offenses listed in99-19-401(2) if the instrumentality used in the commission of the99-19-401(2) offense was initially obtained in the course of the commission of the crime(s) provided for in this section, see § 99-19-401.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

I. IN GENERAL.

1. In general.

2. Definitions and distinctions.

3. Plea.

4. Sentence.

5. Jury selection.

6. Request for state funds.

7. Practice and procedure.

8. Deliberate design; malice.

9. —Interference, use of deadly weapon.

10. Corpus delicti.

11. Provocation.

12. Defenses; generally.

13. —Self-defense.

14. Questions for jury.

15. Mutual combat; dueling.

16. Killing of one other than person intended.

17. Death in consequence of improper treatment of wound.

18. Murder for hire.

19. Homicide by persons joining in commission of felony.

20. Homicide by commission of dangerous act.

21. Killing as manslaughter.

22. Indictment.

23. Variance between pleading and proof.

24. Deliberations of jury; verdict.

25. Conviction of lesser offense.

26. Trial; generally.

27. —Prosecutorial misconduct.

28. —Selection and removal of jurors.

29. —Ineffective assistance of counsel.

30. —Continuance.

31. Prejudicial or harmless error; generally.

32. —Comment or act of counsel.

33. —Instructions.

34. —Self-defense.

II. EVIDENTIARY MATTERS.

35. — Death certificate.

36. Evidence; generally.

37. Witnesses—defendant as only witness to offense.

38. —Defendant's family members.

39. Admissibility; generally.

40. —Statement against interest.

41. —Res gestae; continuing acts.

42. —Admissions; confessions.

43. —Motive; propensity for violence.

44. —Photographs, other prejudicial evidence.

45. — —Photographs as admissible.

46. —Expert testimony; scientific techniques.

47. Circumstantial evidence.

48. Prior difficulty.

49. Threats.

50. Self-defense.

51. Insanity.

52. Sufficiency of evidence; generally.

53. — Conviction sustained — murder.

54. — — Capital murder.

55. —Conviction not sustained.

III. INSTRUCTIONS.

56. In general.

57. Variance between pleadings and instructions.

58. Terms and definitions.

59. Lesser included offenses.

60. – – Depraved heart murder.

61. Failure to give manslaughter instruction—where accused fails to request.

62. —Where evidence supports manslaughter.

63. —Where evidence does not support manslaughter.

64. —Where underlying offense is robbery.

65. Manslaughter instruction given where evidence sufficient for murder.

66. Failure to limit conviction to manslaughter.

67. Accessories, accomplices.

68. Cautionary instructions.

69. Peremptory instructions.

70. —Pre-arming instruction.

71. Defendant's theory of defense.

72. Flight as evidence of guilt.

73. Malice or deliberate design.

74. Self-defense.

75. Miscellaneous.

76. Death penalty.

77. Aiding And Abetting.

78. Instructions properly denied.

79. Instructions improperly denied.

I. IN GENERAL.

1. In general.

Double jeopardy did not bar defendant’s prosecution for murder, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e), and kidnapping, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-53, because murder and kidnapping had separate statutory elements, requiring different facts. McBeath v. State, 66 So.3d 663, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 666 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), cert. denied, 69 So.3d 9, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 373 (Miss. 2011).

Defendant’s capital murder conviction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) was reversed where his indictment was insufficient to charge him with capital murder or burglary because it failed to assert the underlying offense that comprised the burglary; it also failed to charge him with murder or manslaughter where it omitted the term “unlawfully” or the phrase “without the authority of law.” Jackson v. State, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 170 (Miss. Apr. 1, 2010).

Defendant’s capital murder conviction in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(a) was proper where the statute did not violate U.S. Const. amends. VIII and XIV. The fact that Mississippi’s capital murder scheme made the death penalty a possible punishment for felony murder where there was no requirement to prove an intent to kill, and not premeditated murder, did not make the Mississippi capital murder statute unconstitutional. Davis v. State, 914 So. 2d 200, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 269 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 921 So. 2d 344, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 746 (Miss. 2005), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 856, 127 S. Ct. 133, 166 L. Ed. 2d 98, 2006 U.S. LEXIS 6743 (U.S. 2006).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for capital murder pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) based on an underlying burglary felony where the evidence showed that defendant killed his ex-girlfriend’s brother after breaking into the girlfriend’s home with the intent to kill her and her mother. Also the indictment sufficiently specified the underlying burglary offense. Hodges v. State, 912 So. 2d 730, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 164 (Miss.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1037, 126 S. Ct. 739, 163 L. Ed. 2d 579, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 8670 (U.S. 2005).

It was previously determined that Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(e), the portion of Mississippi’s death penalty statute that provides for the application of the statute to all defendants found guilty of felony murder, is constitutional, as is Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101, which provides that a jury is to determine punishment in capital cases, and lists the mitigating and aggravating factors to be considered; jury instructions used in defendant’s capital murder trial were in compliance with Enmund and Tison, in that the jury found that all four factors contained in Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101 as to intent beyond a reasonable doubt were present, including that defendant had intended to kill the victim. Grayson v. State, 879 So. 2d 1008, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 721 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1155, 125 S. Ct. 1301, 161 L. Ed. 2d 122, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 1593 (U.S. 2005).

Where four eyewitnesses testified they saw the defendant point a gun and fire at the victim, that the victim was unarmed and made no gestures to suggest that he had a weapon or that he intended any harm to defendant, and where other witnesses testified that defendant, after the first confrontation of the day, acquired a gun and made purposeful efforts to located the victim, a jury could reasonably have found that defendant had a deliberate design to kill the victim and that he carried out that plan. Carter v. State, 845 So. 2d 748, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 440 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Defendant’s supported allegations that his guilty plea to murdering his girlfriend was involuntary and the result of coercion because his attorney refused to investigate an allegedly incorrect criminal record that would have shown defendant to be a habitual criminal could properly be rejected by the trial court considering defendant’s motion for postconviction relief without holding an evidentiary hearing; trial court could properly impose a life sentence without referring the matter to a jury. Riley v. State, 848 So. 2d 888, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 196 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Where a trial court fails to instruct the jury on the underlying felony in a capital murder prosecution, the Mississippi Supreme Court applies a harmless error analysis. Kolberg v. State, 829 So. 2d 29, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 268 (Miss. 2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 981, 123 S. Ct. 1787, 155 L. Ed. 2d 672, 2003 U.S. LEXIS 3010 (U.S. 2003), overruled in part, Harrell v. State, 134 So.3d 266, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 52 (Miss. 2014), overruled in part, Rowsey v. State, 188 So.3d 486, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 573 (Miss. 2015).

Trial court did not err in not declaring Mississippi’s death penalty statute, contained in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(e), unconstitutional as the death sentence was not excessive in relation to defendant’s crime of stabbing a 78-year old woman to death and death sentences were imposed with reasonable consistency in Mississippi such that imposing a death sentence in defendant’s case was not improper. Grayson v. State, 806 So. 2d 241, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 303 (Miss. 2001), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 973, 123 S. Ct. 466, 154 L. Ed. 2d 329, 2002 U.S. LEXIS 7800 (U.S. 2002).

Subsection (2)(f) of this section is constitutional, notwithstanding that it does not require deliberate design. Miller v. State, 748 So. 2d 100, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 291 (Miss. 1999).

The phrase “without authority of law” is an element of capital murder as defined by subsection (2)(e) of this section. Edwards v. State, 737 So. 2d 275, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 80 (Miss. 1999).

The State supreme court rejected the contention that this section is unconstitutional due to its failure to clearly define “deliberate design;” the defendant did not meet his burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the statute is unconstitutionally vague. Jones v. State, 710 So. 2d 870, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 1998).

Capital murder defendant cannot be convicted of both capital murder and underlying felony, as defendant cannot be twice prosecuted for the same actions. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1053, 118 S. Ct. 705, 139 L. Ed. 2d 647, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 149 (U.S. 1998).

Aggravating factor of murder committed during course of robbery is constitutional. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1053, 118 S. Ct. 705, 139 L. Ed. 2d 647, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 149 (U.S. 1998).

Defendant could be prosecuted for capital murder based on felony murder, even though he could also have been charged with manslaughter. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Where defendant was charged with two acts of sexual battery, one of which constituted the underlying felony to the capital murder and the other of which served as the basis of separate sexual battery conviction, the latter aggravated the crime and narrowed the class of defendants eligible for the death penalty substantially. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Because defendant had previously been convicted of aggravated assault and certified as an adult, he would not have been entitled to a youth court hearing for his capital murder charge even if such a hearing would otherwise be required. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

A defendant’s convictions for both murder-for-hire capital murder under subsection (2)(d) of this section and conspiracy to commit capital murder under §97-1-1 violated the constitutional protection against double jeopardy, since the definition of murder-for-hire in subsection (2)(d) of this section completely encompasses the agreement or conspiracy to commit capital murder. Colosimo v. Senatobia Motor Inn, 662 So. 2d 552, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 479 (Miss. 1995).

The constitutional principles of double jeopardy are not violated by the “double use” of the pecuniary gain factor in elevating a murder to the status of capital murder because it was perpetrated by one who had been given something of value for the killing pursuant to subsection (2)(d) of this section and in imposing the death penalty for committing murder by pecuniary gain pursuant to §99-19-101(5)(f). Nixon v. State, 533 So. 2d 1078, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2917 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1102, 109 S. Ct. 2458, 104 L. Ed. 2d 1012, 1989 U.S. LEXIS 2745 (U.S. 1989), overruled, Wharton v. State, 734 So. 2d 985, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 576 (Miss. 1998).

Merger doctrine does not apply, and therefore underlying crime of felonious child abuse does not merge into murder, because societal interests are different regarding capital murder statute and felonious child abuse statute, former designed to punish and act as deterrent to such crimes should death result, the latter intended to protect children. Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2656 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1210, 108 S. Ct. 2858, 101 L. Ed. 2d 894, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 2778 (U.S. 1988).

Intent of legislature was that serious child abusers would be guilty of capital murder if child died. Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2656 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1210, 108 S. Ct. 2858, 101 L. Ed. 2d 894, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 2778 (U.S. 1988).

District Attorney’s statements that defendant had spent 6 years in jail in Cuba and had been arrested and imprisoned in Texas, both of which showed significant history of criminal activity, were not used against defendant as aggravating circumstances, because it was proper for District Attorney to rebut defendant’s argument that absence of criminal activity should be regarded as mitigating circumstance. Defendant admitted he had previously been convicted in Cuba for possession of marijuana, had been imprisoned in Cuba for 4 years as political prisoner, and had been arrested in Texas but was not convicted of anything. Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2656 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1210, 108 S. Ct. 2858, 101 L. Ed. 2d 894, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 2778 (U.S. 1988).

Circuit Court did not err when it allowed witness to testify who had refused to talk to defense counsel prior to trial unless District Attorney could be present during interview; it was also not error for Circuit Court to refuse to order disclosure of pre-trial statement of same witness, where there was no inconsistency between pre-trial statement and testimony of witness at trial. Tolbert v. State, 511 So. 2d 1368, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2681 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1016, 108 S. Ct. 723, 98 L. Ed. 2d 672, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 259 (U.S. 1988).

Trial court may deny defendant’s request for permanent injunction enjoining media from covering pretrial motions and hearings in capital murder case. Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2257 (Miss. 1985).

Venue for murder prosecution is proper in county in which body of victim is found. Hickson v. State, 472 So. 2d 379, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2132 (Miss. 1985).

Trial judge does not impermissibly deny murder defendant right to counsel by denying motion by defense counsel for leave to withdraw which is filed within 2 weeks from date case is to be tried where attorney ably cross-examines state’s witnesses at trial, raises appropriate objections to inadmissible material, files numerous pretrial motions, succeeds in having defendant’s custodial statements suppressed and in fact is successful in obtaining verdict of less than capital murder. Fairley v. State, 467 So. 2d 894, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1902 (Miss.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 855, 106 S. Ct. 160, 88 L. Ed. 2d 133, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 3725 (U.S. 1985).

In a prosecution for capital murder (subsection (2)(e) of this section), the trial court did not err in failing to suppress defendant’s confession, despite defendant’s contention that the confession was not voluntary because he was concerned that the police were implicating his brother in the murder when in fact his brother was not involved, where the record was replete with evidence that defendant was given his Miranda rights on several occasions and where the record would not support a conclusion that his concern was used by officers to overreach him. Reddix v. State, 381 So. 2d 999, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 1845 (Miss.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 986, 101 S. Ct. 408, 66 L. Ed. 2d 251 (U.S. 1980).

This section is constitutional despite the language permitting the imposition of death upon one who harbors no specific intent to kill. Furthermore, since there are no statutory limitations on the mitigating factors that may be considered in the capital sentencing process (§97-3-21), it suffers no constitutional infirmities. Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 57 L. Ed. 2d 973, 1978 U.S. LEXIS 133 (U.S. 1978); Culberson v. State, 379 So. 2d 499, 1979 Miss. LEXIS 2528 (Miss. 1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 986, 101 S. Ct. 406, 66 L. Ed. 2d 250, 1980 U.S. LEXIS 3943 (U.S. 1980).

Where a victim was raped and murdered during a connected chain of events, a conviction for capital murder was proper under subsection (2)(e) of this section even though the death of the victim was not a result of the actual rape. Pickle v. State, 345 So. 2d 623, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 2472 (Miss. 1977).

Test of defendant’s criminal responsibility is his ability at the time he committed the act to realize the nature and quality thereof, and to distinguish right from wrong. Smith v. State, 95 Miss. 786, 49 So. 945, 1909 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 1909).

2. Definitions and distinctions.

Although depraved-heart murder and culpable-negligence manslaughter share some elements, they are separate crimes with differing states of culpability; depraved-heart murder involves a higher degree of recklessness from which malice of deliberate design may be implied. Nichols v. State, 27 So.3d 433, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 473 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 70 (Miss. 2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 849, 131 S. Ct. 97, 178 L. Ed. 2d 61, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 5836 (U.S. 2010).

Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) did not address whether the victim in a felony-murder case had to be innocent as it simply stated that capital murder was the killing of a human being without authority of law by any means or in any manner when committed, regardless of intent, by a person engaged in one of several enumerated felonies; robbery was one of the enumerated felonies, and the jury found that defendant killed the victim during the commission of a robbery. Grant v. State, 8 So.3d 213, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 495 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 12 So.3d 531, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 207 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant’s prosecutions for both shooting into a vehicle under Miss. Code Ann. §97-25-47 and murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), did not subject him to double jeopardy since the crimes charged required additional facts separate from each other; murder, unlike shooting into a vehicle, required the deliberate killing of an individual and did not require defendant to have shot into a vehicle, while shooting into a vehicle required only that defendant willfully shot into or at a vehicle, Further, the facts were such that it was not clear whether defendant shot into the vehicle when he killed the victim, as there was testimony to the effect that the victim may have had all or part of his head outside the vehicle when he was shot; in essence, the facts were such that defendant could have been found guilty of murder and of shooting into a vehicle without any risk of exposure to double jeopardy. Peacock v. State, 970 So. 2d 197, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 763 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2) capital murders were found where underlying felonies of burglary and felony child abuse elevated murders of defendant’s ex-wife’s family to captial status; the offenses were not merged. Stevens v. State, 806 So. 2d 1031, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 234 (Miss. 2001), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1232, 123 S. Ct. 1384, 155 L. Ed. 2d 195, 2003 U.S. LEXIS 1755 (U.S. 2003).

Subsections (a) and (b), which define premeditated murder and depraved heart murder, respectively, have been coalesced by long standing and widely accepted case law because, as a matter of common sense, every murder done with deliberate design to effect the death of another human being is by definition done in the commission of an act imminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, without regard for human life. Ruttley v. State, 746 So. 2d 872, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1061 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

Statute allowing conviction of capital murder if murder is committed by one who is “under sentence of life imprisonment” applies to persons who are on parole from life term. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the State’s closing argument did not constitute a comment on the defendant’s failure to take the witness stand in his own defense where the State made the following argument: “Do you think she was suffering? Do you think that’s cruel and atrocious, and what’s even more than that, what do you think was running through [defendant’s] head as he sat through watching her gag on her own blood? What do you think he was thinking?” Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

Although the structure of this section suggests that deliberate design/premeditated murder and depraved heart murder are 2 different, mutually exclusive categories of murder, every murder done with deliberate design to effect the death of another human being is by definition done in the commission of an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, regardless of human life; Mississippi cases have for all practical purposes coalesced the 2 so that subsection (1)(b) subsumes (1)(a) of this section. Mallett v. State, 606 So. 2d 1092, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 538 (Miss. 1992).

The difference between attempted murder and aggravated assault is the specific intent requirement, for the former, and the element of deadly weapon use, for the latter. In many fact scenarios, both charges are established by the same evidence. McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 180 (Miss. 1989).

A burglary perpetrated with the specific intent of killing a person inside of the burglared premises will not be deemed to be merged into, or an integral part of the, murder committed, so as to preclude a capital murder charge. Smith v. State, 499 So. 2d 750, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2853 (Miss. 1986).

A killing subsequent to a burglary does not negate the burglary but, rather, the burglary remains a separate and distinct crime from the succeeding killing, and the 2 crimes form the foundation for a capital murder charge. Smith v. State, 499 So. 2d 750, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2853 (Miss. 1986).

The chief distinction between murder and manslaughter is the presence of deliberation and malice in murder and its absence in manslaughter. Carter v. State, 198 Miss. 523, 21 So. 2d 404, 1945 Miss. LEXIS 226 (Miss. 1945).

Death of woman from abortion either “murder” or “manslaughter.” Lee v. State, 124 Miss. 398, 86 So. 856, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 522 (Miss. 1920).

3. Plea.

Defendant was not entitled to post-conviction relief as to a guilty plea because, after the charge was read, defendant persisted in pleading guilty, admitted not being under the influence of anything that might affect defendant’s thinking, and acknowledged both the charge and the penalty of life imprisonment. Barton v. State, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 59 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2020).

Factual basis supported appellant’s guilty plea to deliberate-design murder. Appellant was given the opportunity to disagree with the factual basis recited by the State but did not. Pipkin v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 476 (Miss. Ct. App. Oct. 1, 2019), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. LEXIS 217 (Miss. 2020).

Defendant’s charge was only reduced to manslaughter pursuant to his plea agreement, and once the guilty plea was withdrawn, his charge of capital murder was reinstated, even if the circuit court neglected to enter an order rescinding the order that had reduced the charge; there was no merit to defendant’s contention that he should have been tried on a manslaughter charge instead of a capital murder charge. Cozart v. State, 226 So.3d 639, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 270 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Inmate who pled guilty to murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) waived his right to challenge the sufficiency of the State’s evidence. Higginbotham v. State, 114 So.3d 9, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 595 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. denied, 116 So.3d 1072, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 317 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant’s guilty plea to murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent as defense counsel correctly advised the inmate that when he reached the 65, he could petition to be released from custody under Miss. Code Ann. §47-5-139(1)(a); while counsel might have used the term “parole eligibility” rather than the correct term “conditional release,” he correctly advised the inmate that he would be eligible for release at age 65. Higginbotham v. State, 114 So.3d 9, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 595 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. denied, 116 So.3d 1072, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 317 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant was not entitled to post-conviction relief because the motion was filed outside of the three-year limitation of Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-5(2) and when defendant pled guilty to murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), defendant stated that he understood the nature of the charge, the elements of the crime, and the consequences of pleading guilty to such a crime; thus, defendant was sufficiently informed of the elements of murder and the consequences of pleading guilty to such a crime to make defendant’s guilty plea intelligent and voluntary. Shanks v. State, 972 So. 2d 734, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 410 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 244, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 24 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant’s ex post facto rights were knowingly waived where there was testimony that defendant’s attorneys indicated that defendant would waive any and all rights to effectuate the plea agreement for armed robbery as an habitual offender, and avoid a possible death sentence on a murder charge. Bell v. State, 751 So. 2d 1035, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 400 (Miss. 1999).

Defendant who pleaded guilty to charges of capital murder and conspiracy was properly informed by trial court of possible sentences, and guilty plea was not involuntarily entered and was valid; defendant was fully advised of nature of charges against him and of consequences of guilty pleas, life sentence was only sentence court could impose, no minimum sentence existed for conspiracy, and defendant was not coerced, intimidated, or promised any reward beyond district attorney’s announced recommendation for sentence. Simpson v. State, 678 So. 2d 712, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 413 (Miss. 1996).

A trial court erred in allowing a defendant to plead guilty to both capital murder and the underlying felony of burglary which elevated the murder to capital murder; sentencing the defendant separately for both felony murder and the underlying felony violated his right against double jeopardy. Fuselier v. State, 654 So. 2d 519, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 222 (Miss. 1995).

A trial court erred in allowing a defendant to plead guilty to both capital murder and burglary where the burglary was the underlying felony elevating the crime of murder to capital murder, and there was no separate indictment for burglary. Fuselier v. State, 654 So. 2d 519, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 222 (Miss. 1995).

A circuit court properly summarily denied a defendant’s post-conviction relief motion to vacate his murder conviction on the ground that his guilty plea was not made knowingly and intelligently and was devoid of a factual basis, even though the defendant did not admit outright that the killing of the victim was malicious, where the defendant struck the victim twice with the butt of a gun during an altercation and continued to knock the victim down each time he pulled himself up, and there was nothing in the record to suggest that the defendant was offered any hope of reward for entering his plea of guilty or that he was coerced, threatened or intimidated into making it, but, to the contrary, the circuit court interrogated the defendant thoroughly and carefully explained to him the full gamut of constitutional protections available to him as well as the ramifications of entering a guilty plea. Lott v. State, 597 So. 2d 627, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 149 (Miss. 1992).

Before a trial court may accept a guilty plea, it must have before it substantial evidence that the accused did commit the legally defined offense to which he or she is offering the plea. What facts must be shown are a function of the definition of the crime and its assorted elements. A factual showing does not fail merely because it does not flush out the details which might be brought forth at trial. Rules of evidence may be relaxed at plea hearings, and fair inference favorable to guilt may facilitate the finding. There must be enough that the court may say with confidence that the prosecution could prove the accused guilty of the crime charged. Thus, there was an adequate factual basis for a defendant’s plea of guilty to murder, even though the defendant advised the trial court at the plea hearing that he “didn’t do the shooting,” where the defendant admitted that he was at the crime scene, the prosecution’s summary of the proof showed guilt and was made in the defendant’s presence, and, even taking the defendant’s version of the facts, it was fairly inferable that a third party shot and killed the victim under circumstances where the defendant was an accessory before the fact. Corley v. State, 585 So. 2d 765, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 591 (Miss. 1991).

Defendant who is granted new trial, after having previously been tried for capital murder and found guilty, and who enters plea of guilty to murder prior to second trial on basis of erroneous advice from counsel that he could be given death penalty upon retrial is entitled to withdraw guilty plea and be given new trial at which, upon conviction, maximum penalty imposed could be life imprisonment. Odom v. State, 483 So. 2d 343, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2374 (Miss. 1986).

Prosecutor’s disclosure in capital murder case of plea agreement with state witness does not constitute impermissible affirmation or bolstering by prosecutor of credibility of witness. Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2059 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 106 S. Ct. 2291, 90 L. Ed. 2d 732, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 1720 (U.S. 1986).

Where defendant fired a deadly weapon into a crowd the jury was justified in finding malice and motive from this act and could find the defendant guilty of murder. Bass v. State, 54 So. 2d 259 (Miss. 1951).

4. Sentence.

In sentencing the juvenile to life without parole after he pleaded guilty to murder, the trial court applied the correct legal standard, and therefore the juvenile was properly denied postconviction relief, because it observed in its sentencing order that under Miller it had to determine whether the juvenile’s action, applying the applicable factors, constituted transient immaturity or irreparable corruption. Shoemake v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 553 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 12, 2019).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion by concluding that the juvenile should be sentenced to life without parole because the record showed that he was 18 days short of his 18th birthday when he committed the crime, he came from a stable and caring family, the case involved a planned murder, and the juvenile participated equally in the murder, disposing of the body, and covering up the crime. Shoemake v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 553 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 12, 2019).

Trial court properly resentenced defendant to life in prison without the possibility of parole for murder because, while defendant was a juvenile at the time of the murder, the trial court considered the factors in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), heard testimony from several of defendant’s family members, who testified that he was raised in a dysfunctional household with a mother who abused drugs and alcohol, there was no evidence that defendant succumbed to any peer pressure in committing the crime, it was defendant’s premeditated idea to kill the victim in addition to robbing him, and it was defendant who slashed the victim more than 30 times with a knife. Davis v. State, 234 So.3d 440, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 379 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 19 (Miss. 2018).

Trial court exceeded its authority by suspending all but twenty years of defendant’s life sentence for first-degree murder because life imprisonment was the applicable sentence for first-degree murder; therefore, the trial court had no authority to suspend any part of defendant’s life sentence.Shaheed v. State, 205 So.3d 1105, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

As defendant was 15 at the time of the murder and pursuant to Miss. Code Ann §47-7-3(1)(h) was not eligible for parole, and as Miller v. Alabama, 2012 U.S. LEXIS 4873, was decided while his appeal was pending, his life sentence was vacated and the case was remanded so the trial court could consider the Miller factors before determining sentence. Parker v. State, 119 So.3d 987, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 321 (Miss. 2013).

In a post-conviction relief proceeding in which a pro se state inmate had been indicted for capital murder and pled guilty to the reduced charge of murder, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), the only exception that he alleged allowed him to file a successive writ was the existence of an intervening decision. With regard solely to his proposed unconstitutional life sentence, he argued that the Apprendi decision and the Blakely decision satisfied the intervening-decision exception; however, those decisions did not provide any support for his claim since life was the only sentence available under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21. Glass v. State, 45 So.3d 1200, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 126 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 49 So.3d 636, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 554 (Miss. 2010).

In a case in which defendant appealed his sentence of death by lethal injection for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f), nothing in the record supported a finding that the death sentence was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor. The findings by the trial judge were supported by the record, and upon comparison to other factually similar cases where the death sentence was imposed, the sentence of death was not disproportionate in the present case. Wilson v. State, 21 So.3d 572, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 450 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 909, 130 S. Ct. 3282, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1191, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3966 (U.S. 2010).

Defendant asserted that he was improperly sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for murder; however, that was the sentence for capital murder. Because defendant was only sentenced to life imprisonment, not to life without the possibility of parole, under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21, defendant’s sentence for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1) was proper. Staten v. State, 989 So. 2d 938, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 76 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 993 So. 2d 832, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 400 (Miss. 2008).

Where defendant entered a plea of guilty to murder as a habitual offender, he was sentenced to serve a term of life in custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections, without the possibility of parole. Defendant was not entitled to post-conviction relief. Padgett v. State, 938 So. 2d 876, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 150 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 937 So. 2d 450, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 603 (Miss. 2006).

Inmate’s claim that when reading Miss. Code Ann. §97-5-39(2)(c) in conjunction with Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f), the result was an automatic implication of a capital crime regardless of how or in what manner the child suffered death, was procedurally barred under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(1) because it could have been raised on direct appeal and was not; the claim was also without merit because the Mississippi Supreme Court had previously found that upon reading the statutes in conjunction that they were constitutional. Brawner v. State, 947 So. 2d 254, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 625 (Miss. 2006).

There was no merit in the allegation that the jury considered extraneous religious matters in connection with the sentencing phase of an inmate’s capital murder trial because the inmate failed to show how the jury was improperly influenced and jurors were entitled to rely on all their experiences as long as they followed the law. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Court found no merit in an inmate’s claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately investigate, develop, and present mitigation evidence at the sentencing phase for capital murder; some of the proposed evidence would have been irrelevant or inadmissible, and most of the proposed testimony was testified to by the inmate’s mother, and there was a minimal showing of deficient performance and no assertion of prejudice. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Because the court had already determined on direct appeal that an inmate’s sentence for capital murder was not disproportionate, even though it appeared that co-defendant was the actual triggerman, and nothing changed the court’s determination, the inmate’s claim that the inmate’s death sentence was subject to review was without merit. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Given case law, the court could not constitutionally deny an inmate the opportunity to present the issue of the inmate’s possible mental retardation to the trial court in connection with the inmate’s death sentence for capital murder. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

There was no merit in the allegation that the jury failed to consider an inmate’s conviction and sentence for capital murder separately from co-defendant’s; the court first noted that the issue was raised on direct appeal and was therefore barred pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(2), and in any event, the jury returned individualized verdicts and the evidence showed that the jury considered the inmate separately. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Jury executed process for narrowing class of persons eligible for death penalty by finding that defendant intended to kill and actually killed victim while contemplating that lethal force would be used in her murder, and, thus, felony murder aggravating circumstance was not constitutionally infirm and penalty was not disproportionate to crime. Berry v. State, 703 So. 2d 269, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 639 (Miss. 1997).

Felony-murder aggravator is not disproportionate within meaning of Eighth Amendment, although unintentional felony murder is punishable by death, while premeditated murder, standing alone, is not; not every defendant eligible for death penalty will have committed murder while in course of robbery or kidnapping or other statutorily enumerated felonies, and thus, felony-murder aggravator genuinely narrows class of defendants eligible for death penalty. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1123, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 101 (Miss. 1997).

In order to impose death sentence, jury must determine that defendant either actually killed, attempted to kill, and intended that killing take place, or intended that lethal force would be employed. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Upon determining that defendant actually killed or intended that a killing take place, jury must identify and weigh aggravating circumstances against mitigating circumstances which it has identified and, if it is unable to find aggravating circumstance or determines that aggravating circumstance is outweighed by mitigating circumstances, death penalty is statutorily barred. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Sentence of death imposed upon 17-year-old defendant with IQ of 67 who struck victim with baseball bat, inserted it into her anus, and had sex with her after she was dead was not disproportionate. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Instructing jury that defendant could be sentenced to life in prison precluded claim that overlapping statutes for felonious child abuse and manslaughter, one which permitted death penalty and another that did not, gave prosecutors and juries unfettered discretion to impose the death penalty, in violation of Eighth Amendment rights. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Death sentence was not excessive or disproportionate for defendant convicted of fatal stabbing of 4 children and inflicting life-threatening wounds upon an adult and another child while in search of money kept in residence. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Imposition of death penalty on defendant who killed victim during course of robbery was not disproportionate to penalty imposed in similar cases, although defendant was 17 years old at time of offense, had disadvantaged background and had low IQ. Holly v. State, 671 So. 2d 32, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss.), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4179 (U.S. 1996).

Proportionality requirement was satisfied in capital murder case involving kidnapping of stranger, sexual assault prior to killing, and efforts to hide body and obscure evidence; death penalty had been given, and found to be proportional, in another case involving same elements. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Imposition of death penalty, on defendant convicted for kidnapping, sexually assaulting and killing victim, was not disproportionate even though accomplice who provided evidence against defendant received sentence of life imprisonment; it was defendant’s idea to take victim to deserted location, and defendant had been actual perpetrator of assaults, other than one rape perpetrated by accomplice. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Sentence of death, imposed on defendant convicted of killing prison guard, was not excessive or disproportionate to other similar cases in which death sentence had been imposed. Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 617 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982, 117 S. Ct. 436, 136 L. Ed. 2d 333, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 6884 (U.S. 1996), cert. dismissed, 520 U.S. 1249, 117 S. Ct. 2406, 137 L. Ed. 2d 1064, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3537 (U.S. 1997).

Death penalty was not disproportionate sentence for felony murder, where defendant instigated and planned robbery of victim, she had several opportunities to back out of robbery, she provided guns to accomplices to use against victim, and she burned victim’s house to cover her guilt. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

In imposing a sentence of death in a capital murder case, the fact that the jury’s specific written findings supporting its verdict were “parroted” from the sentencing forms did not render the verdict ambiguous in violation of the 6th and 14th Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article 3, § 24 of the Mississippi Constitution. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

An agreement between a capital murder defendant and the State for the imposition of a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole was void and unenforceable on public policy grounds where the defendant was not an habitual offender, since a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole is not an option unless the defendant is adjudged an habitual offender; the agreement was an attempt to circumvent §99-19-101, which only authorizes a sentence of life imprisonment or death for capital murder, and its enforcement by the court would bind the parole board, which would effect judicial encroachment on an executive function. Lanier v. State, 635 So. 2d 813, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 165 (Miss. 1994), overruled in part, Twillie v. State, 892 So. 2d 187, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1322 (Miss. 2004).

A sentence of death was not so disproportionate as to require reversal, in spite of the defendant’s argument that his mental condition and emotional history, including a diagnosis of schizophrenia, his pre-trial suicidal “gesture,” and his “limited intelligence,” mitigated against a sentence of death where the record did not indicate that the defendant was ever diagnosed as suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, a report from a mental hospital, at which the defendant was examined prior to trial, stated that the defendant exhibited few, if any, symptoms of schizophrenia and that he knew the difference between right and wrong in relation to his actions, and a community health center placed the defendant’s level of intelligence on the low side of average. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

The Weathersby Rule is applicable only in the context of whether or not the defendant killed with malice or intent, i.e., whether there is sufficient evidence to prove that the defendant killed with malice or intent where his or her version of the incident as the only eyewitness, says otherwise. Where the trial on a capital offense has reached the sentencing phase, the defendant’s guilt has been found and Weathersby considerations are no longer applicable. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

Death sentence is valid if based on single statutory aggravating factor. Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2656 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1210, 108 S. Ct. 2858, 101 L. Ed. 2d 894, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 2778 (U.S. 1988).

Prosecutor did not improperly argue possibility of parole during sentencing phase by stating that defendant needed death penalty and not life sentence, and in any event comment was in response to defense counsel’s argument for life sentence instead of death penalty and therefore proper in rebuttal. Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2656 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1210, 108 S. Ct. 2858, 101 L. Ed. 2d 894, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 2778 (U.S. 1988).

Where respondent was charged with capital murder for participating in assault during course of which respondent’s companion killed victim, and was sentenced to death under capital murder statute, but death sentence was vacated under intervening U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that Eighth Amendment forbids imposition of death penalty on one who aids and abets felony in the course of which murder is committed but who does not himself kill, attempt to kill, or intend that killing take place or that lethal force be employed, curt on federal habeas corpus review should require state’s judicial system to examine entire course of proceedings to determine whether at some point requisite factual finding has been made to support death penalty, which under proper circumstances does not offend Eighth amendment. Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S. Ct. 689, 88 L. Ed. 2d 704, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 46 (U.S. 1986), overruled in part, Pope v. Illinois, 481 U.S. 497, 107 S. Ct. 1918, 95 L. Ed. 2d 439, 1987 U.S. LEXIS 1934 (U.S. 1987).

In light of “special interest” in affording protection to law enforcement officers, state’s inclusion of subsection (2)(a) of this section as category of murder for which death penalty may be imposed can in no manner be termed arbitrary where any mitigating circumstances may be considered at sentencing phase. Johnson v. Thigpen, 623 F. Supp. 1121, 1985 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12803 (S.D. Miss. 1985), aff'd, 806 F.2d 1243, 1986 U.S. App. LEXIS 36450 (5th Cir. Miss. 1986).

While there may be legitimate differences of opinion as to just when and how heightened scrutiny on appeal works in death penalty cases, it would seem clear that heightened scrutiny approach is most needed and most applicable in cases resting upon circumstantial evidence and where matter of whether defendant is guilty at all is by no means free of all doubt. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

A trial judge in a murder prosecution was well within his discretion in sentencing the 14-year-old defendant to life imprisonment for aiding and abetting in the murder, in spite of the defendant’s argument that the judge abused his discretion by not stating in the record his reasons for declining to utilize possible alternative criminal sanctions for juvenile offenders provided for in §43-21-159 of the Youth Court Act, where the judge stated that he was very much aware of the requirements in May v. State (Miss. 1981) 398 So. 2d 1331 because of the many cases he had handled dealing with teenagers charged with capital offenses; although minimal, the trial court adequately addressed the reasons for not utilizing the alternatives afforded. Swinford v. State, 653 So. 2d 912, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 1995).

Discretion of prosecutor and his power to plea bargain did not render capital murder law unconstitutional, since both practices are necessary to the system of justice, nor did imposition of the mandatory death penalty pursuant to the statute constitute cruel and unusual punishment, especially since there was no showing that it was discriminatorily applied. Stevenson v. State, 325 So. 2d 113, 1975 Miss. LEXIS 1601 (Miss. 1975).

5. Jury selection.

Trial court’s decision denying defendant’s Batson challenge to the State’s use of a preemptory challenge to exclude a black juror was not clearly erroneous; defendant failed to establish a prima facie case that the challenge of the juror was racially motivated. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

The trial court erred in finding that defendant’s counsel exercised his peremptory challenges in a racially motivated manner when his reason for striking the juror was because the juror was a member of management at a company that the attorney had successfully sued for discriminatory employment practices on behalf of defendant’s sister-in-law. Webster v. State, 754 So. 2d 1232, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 19 (Miss. 2000).

Prosecutor’s question to prospective jurors during voir dire asking whether they would be influenced by fact that thirty years had passed between murder and current trial was appropriate to determine whether any jurors were predisposed to finding defendant not guilty simply due to passage of such length of time. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

Prosecutor’s question to individual venireperson in chambers regarding racial attitudes during earlier mistrial did not amount to prejudicial error in prosecution for murder of African-American civil rights leader, as such venireperson was not finally seated on jury. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

Trial court’s refusal to excuse for cause jurors who stated on voir dire that they had read newspaper articles or seen television newscasts about the case after being admonished by trial court not to do so was not prejudicial error in murder prosecution; upon questioning, none of these jurors said that his or her opinion would be affected by anything they had read or seen. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

Defendant was not denied opportunity to intelligently use peremptory challenges when trial court conducted voir dire itself; trial court asked venire whether anyone would automatically vote for death penalty regardless of mitigating circumstances, counsel for both sides stated they were satisfied with voir dire, and defendant did not ask trial court to further voir dire jurors and did not ask that she be allowed to do so. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

A trial court in a capital murder prosecution did not err by allowing the prosecutor to question potential jurors first in individual sequestered voir dire or by allowing the prosecutor to use leading questions during voir dire. Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 287 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1192, 116 S. Ct. 1684, 134 L. Ed. 2d 785, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 3101 (U.S. 1996).

A murder defendant did not establish that the trial judge abused his discretion by refusing the defendant’s request to draw venire members from both of the county’s judicial districts where the defendant did not offer evidence indicating that the jury selected was biased or partial. Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 287 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1192, 116 S. Ct. 1684, 134 L. Ed. 2d 785, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 3101 (U.S. 1996).

A trial court in a capital murder prosecution did not abuse its discretion by refusing to grant the defendant’s motion for individual sequestered voir dire of the entire venire where the court asked the collective venire about the effect of pretrial publicity or information received about the case, and the court later asked if there was any reason that a juror felt that he or she could not be fair and impartial, and anyone who responded affirmatively was questioned individually in chambers. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

Circuit Court did not commit error when it refused to grant new trial upon discovery that father of one juror had been murdered, where that fact having not been disclosed in voir dire would not per se have rendered juror subject to defense challenge for cause, and question propounded to prospective jurors during voir dire was ambiguous. Tolbert v. State, 511 So. 2d 1368, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2681 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1016, 108 S. Ct. 723, 98 L. Ed. 2d 672, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 259 (U.S. 1988).

When coverage by local media, including television, radio and newspaper, of capital murder case, which in effect tries and finds defendant guilty not only of capital murder as charged, but also of capital murder in another, uncharged case, is so extensive that at proceedings on voir dire of prospective jurors some 101/2 months after defendant’s arrest, everyone of prospective jurors has heard of case, there is presumption that defendant cannot obtain fair and impartial jury and venue of case should be transferred to county substantially outside area of coverage of local media. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

Trial court is not required to excuse juror for cause on basis of juror’s acquaintance with witness for prosecution where credibility of witness is not crucial issue and where defense has unexercised peremptory challenges remaining. Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2059 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 106 S. Ct. 2291, 90 L. Ed. 2d 732, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 1720 (U.S. 1986).

The jury selection process under this section and §99-19-101 is constitutional. Billiot v. State, 454 So. 2d 445, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1777 (Miss. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1230, 105 S. Ct. 1232, 84 L. Ed. 2d 369, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 171 (U.S. 1985).

6. Request for state funds.

In appellant’s trial regarding the death of a one-year-old child who had been in appellant’s care, a trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s request for expert funds because appellant had not been declared indigent and appellant’s attorney failed to show a concrete need for a state-funded expert; although the attorney had filed a motion for expert funds in July 2008, she did not request the motion be heard until thirteen months later at an emergency telephonic hearing the Friday before trial was scheduled to begin on Monday. Brandon v. State, 109 So.3d 128, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 49 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Defendant admitted that he shook a two-year-old girl, the victim, so hard that she flew from his hands and hit the television; he also admitted that he was the only person who could have effected the victim’s death. Thus, even if defendant had produced an expert witness to testify that the cause of death was shaken baby syndrome or suffocation, he would remain guilty of depraved heart murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b); as the exact cause of the victim’s death was not an essential component of the defense, there was no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of funds for an expert witness for the defense. McFadden v. State, 929 So. 2d 365, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 105 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Trial court did not err in denying defendant’s request to authorize defense counsel and a court-appointed investigator to personally contact out-of-state witnesses or a request to appoint a forensic entomologist to review the report of a court-appointed pathologist; counsel and the investigator could conduct all necessary interviews by phone and the entomologist would not have been able to reach any conclusions from the pathologist’s report without some missing photographs. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

In sentencing phase of capital murder prosecution, jury cannot doubly weigh commission of underlying felony and motive behind underlying felony as separate aggravating circumstances. Foster v. State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 216 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1108, 117 S. Ct. 2488, 138 L. Ed. 2d 996, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3936 (U.S. 1997).

In a prosecution for capital murder committed during the commission of a rape, the trial court’s failure to provide funds to the defendant to retain an independent pathologist constituted reversible error where the opinion of the State’s pathologist that the victim was raped was the only evidence offered to prove this critical aspect of the State’s case. In re the Reinstatement of Turner, 635 So. 2d 894, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 197 (Miss. 1994).

A murder defendant was not denied a fair trial because his motion for a court-appointed expert criminalist was denied, in spite of the defendant’s argument that he was thereby prevented from properly presenting his theory of defense of accidental discharge of the pistol used to kill the victim, where the State did not present any expert and the defendant elicited testimony from witnesses to support his defense of accidental discharge. Green v. State, 631 So. 2d 167, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 13 (Miss. 1994).

A murder defendant was not denied a fair trial by the denial of his motion for a court-appointed psychologist, in spite of the defendant’s argument that he was thereby prevented from properly presenting his theory of defense related to his state of mind when he was assaulted by the victim, where the State offered no expert testimony regarding the defendant’s state of mind, the defendant did not testify as to his state of mind, and the record did not “even hint at a defense of this nature.” Green v. State, 631 So. 2d 167, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 13 (Miss. 1994).

A murder defendant was not entitled to state funds to employ an independent fingerprint expert where the defense counsel had full access to the state’s experts and their reports, counsel were able to subject them to rigorous cross-examination, and there was nothing to indicate that the experts were biased or incompetent. Johnson v. State, 529 So. 2d 577, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 1988).

Capital murder defendant is not denied due process by trial court’s refusal to provide defendant funds with which to obtain own experts, nor does defendant suffer any disadvantage thereby where defendant’s counsel has full access to experts of state, together with investigation and reports of those experts, counsel is able to subject them to rigid cross-examination, and there is nothing to indicate that state experts are biased or incompetent. Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2257 (Miss. 1985).

Trial court may refuse defense request for funds to hire criminal investigator to aid defense counsel in preparation of defense where there is no indication of purpose and value of investigator to defense and where there is no contention that state’s expert witnesses are not impartial and independent. Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2059 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 106 S. Ct. 2291, 90 L. Ed. 2d 732, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 1720 (U.S. 1986).

In a prosecution under section 97-3-19(2)(e) for murder while in the commission of the crime of rape, the overruling by the trial court of a defense motion for the payment by the state of the expenses of hiring independent experts to examine fingerprints and blood, hair, fiber, and spermatazoa samples obtained by the prosecution did not constitute reversible error, since an indigent’s right to defense expenses is not absolute but is conditioned upon a showing that such expenses are needed to prepare and present an adequate defense, and since (1) the prosecution’s evidence as to blood, hair, and spermatazoa was admitted by stipulation, (2) defense counsel had had an opportunity to ask the state’s investigating officers whether or not the defendant’s fingerprints had been found anywhere in or around the victim’s residence, and (3) if examination of samples tested by the state’s laboratory could have had any possible benefit to the defendant, diligent counsel could somehow have raised the small sum necessary for such tests. Ruffin v. State, 447 So. 2d 113, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1629 (Miss. 1984).

7. Practice and procedure.

In a case in which a jury convicted defendant of the capital murder of a sheriff, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion to quash the indictment. Defendant was indicted for capital murder pursuant to a depraved-heart theory, and the indictment satisfied statutory requirements. Williams v. State, 234 So.3d 1278, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 388 (Miss. 2017).

A murder indictment which stated that the defendant, “willfully, and feloniously, with the deliberate design to effect the death” of the two victims, killed them by “suffocation,” sufficiently notified defendant of the charges against her, even though expert testimony established the victims died of strangulation, which is not exactly synonymous with suffocation; the purpose of the indictment is to give the accused notice and a reasonable description of the charges, to enable her to prepare a defense, and there is no requirement that it set forth the means of the victims’ death. Blakeney v. State, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 887 (Miss. Ct. App.), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 978 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 8, 2009).

In a case in which defendant appealed his sentence of death by lethal injection for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f), he argued his lawyer’s ineffective assistance prevented him from receiving the benefit of the plea agreement with the State, which would have resulted in a sentence of life imprisonment rather than death. That issue was better suited for future post-conviction-relief proceedings commenced pursuant to the Mississippi Uniform Post-Conviction Collateral Relief Act, Miss. Code Ann. §§99-39-1 to99-39-29. Wilson v. State, 21 So.3d 572, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 450 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 909, 130 S. Ct. 3282, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1191, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3966 (U.S. 2010).

In a case in which defendant appealed his sentence of death by lethal injection for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f), he argued unsuccessfully that the trial court abused its discretion and arbitrarily refused to accept the first guilty plea, thus preventing him from accepting the plea-bargain agreement for life imprisonment. Given that defendant had no absolute right to have his plea accepted and given that the trial judge did not accept the plea due to his expressed dissatisfaction with appointed counsel, defendant’s argument that his plea was arbitrarily rejected was without merit. Wilson v. State, 21 So.3d 572, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 450 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 909, 130 S. Ct. 3282, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1191, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3966 (U.S. 2010).

It was proper, under the Eighth Amendment, for an aggravating circumstance in a capital case to duplicate an element of the capital crime of conviction, specifically rape as set forth in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e). Holland v. Anderson, 583 F.3d 267, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 20769 (5th Cir. Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 1073, 130 S. Ct. 2100, 176 L. Ed. 2d 731, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3429 (U.S. 2010).

Federal court’s denial of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.S. § 2254 to an inmate convicted of capital murder pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) was proper because there was a clear split among federal courts as to whether there was a constitutional right to present evidence of innocence at sentencing when such evidence would contravene prior guilty adjudication. Holland v. Anderson, 583 F.3d 267, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 20769 (5th Cir. Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 1073, 130 S. Ct. 2100, 176 L. Ed. 2d 731, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3429 (U.S. 2010).

Denial of petitioner state death row inmate’s motion for severance did not violate his Fifth Amendment rights because Miss. Code Ann. §99-7-2 allowed for joinder of the four counts of capital murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2) and the state did not tie a weak case to a stronger one; the evidence against the inmate in each count was roughly the same and overwhelming, and it was not likely that four different juries would have returned different verdicts. Stevens v. Epps, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69564 (S.D. Miss. Sept. 15, 2008), aff'd, 618 F.3d 489, 2010 U.S. App. LEXIS 18696 (5th Cir. Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s convictions for murder and for shooting into an occupied dwelling did not violate the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment. In order to convict defendant for shooting into an occupied dwelling, the State was required to prove that defendant shot into a dwelling house, but no such showing was required to convict defendant under the felony-murder statute. Boyd v. State, 977 So. 2d 329, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 2008).

Prosecutors remark asking jury to convict defendant of capital murder was proper rebuttal where defense counsel had based his closing argument on premise that defendant should be convicted of murder instead of capital murder; also, prosecutor’s remarks could not be construed as arguing possibility of parole and did not rise to level of reversible error. Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2656 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1210, 108 S. Ct. 2858, 101 L. Ed. 2d 894, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 2778 (U.S. 1988).

It was not reversible error for prosecutor to recall witness to stand to repeat statements, made by defendant when he was struggling immediately after commission of murder, for purposes of impeaching defendant’s testimony about his activities immediately following incident. Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2656 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1210, 108 S. Ct. 2858, 101 L. Ed. 2d 894, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 2778 (U.S. 1988).

Homicide defendant is entitled to fully cross-examine prosecution witness regarding witness’ relationship and conduct with defendant and victim where state’s theory of homicide is that homicide resulted from romantic triangle between defendant, witness and victim. Miskelley v. State, 480 So. 2d 1104, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2309 (Miss. 1985).

8. Deliberate design; malice.

In a case in which defendant, who was 15 years old when he shot and killed the victim, was indicted for deliberate design murder, but pled guilty to manslaughter and kidnapping, his second petition for post-conviction relief was properly denied as he was not actually and factually innocent of deliberate design murder, for which he was originally indicted; or kidnapping, as he agreed under oath that he and another juvenile planned in advance to kill the victim and that he killed the victim by shooting him in the back of the head. Mason v. State, 235 So.3d 129, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 322 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 48 (Miss. 2018).

Evidence was sufficient to prove that defendant acted with deliberate design when he shot and killed his wife where it showed that he gave inconsistent accounts of the events surrounding his wife’s death, a forensic scientist testified that defendant’s gun would not have misfired in the circumstances described, defendant’s daughter testified about his life-long insistence on gun safety, and defendant had motive to kill his wife given his affair with another woman. Parvin v. State, 212 So.3d 863, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 101 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 95 (Miss. 2017), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 138 S. Ct. 140, 199 L. Ed. 2d 36, 2017 U.S. LEXIS 5483 (U.S. 2017).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s deliberate-design murder conviction because, inter alia, (1) the jury rejected defendant’s properly instructed “castle doctrine” defense, and (2) the killing was not justified under this doctrine, as a matter of law, as the victim had not entered defendant’s home and was not doing so when defendant shot the victim. Rodgers v. State, 166 So.3d 537, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 656 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), cert. denied, 166 So.3d 38, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 344 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for murder as defendant admitted that he shot the victim in one typewritten statement, indicating that he and the victim got into an argument, that he worked on a puzzle, that he then walked over to a cabinet where he retrieved his pistol, and that he proceeded to the bedroom where he shot the victim in the neck. In a second handwritten statement defendant admitted that he shot the victim during an argument over her taking his pills; thus, these statements strongly supported the State’s position that defendant acted with deliberate design. Adams v. State, 62 So.3d 432, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 66 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Defendants’ murder convictions were appropriate under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) because the evidence showed the intent of three defendants to kill the victim; all defendants joined together once one defendant found out that his mother had been in an altercation with the victim and the group went together to the victim’s apartment where they waited for the victim. Then, one defendant punched the victim and everyone in the group kicked the victim. Sneed v. State, 31 So.3d 33, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 556 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 150 (Miss. Mar. 25, 2010), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 152 (Miss. 2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 1150, 131 S. Ct. 931, 178 L. Ed. 2d 775, 2011 U.S. LEXIS 350 (U.S. 2011).

Defendant’s conviction for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) was affirmed because a rational jury could find that defendant possessed the deliberate design required for murder based on defendant’s statement to interrogating officers, the eyewitnesses’ testimonies, and the autopsy results which materially contradicted defendant’s version of the killing. Griffin v. State, 13 So.3d 833, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 394 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Petitioner state death row inmate’s argument that the charge of murder for each victim was enhanced by underlying offenses that used murder as an element, thus violating the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment, was rejected because Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1), described murder to include killing with deliberate design to effect the death of the person killed, and in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) defined capital murder as including such a killing when done without any design to effect death by any person engaged in the commission of the crime of felonious child abuse and/or battery of a child in violation Miss. Code Ann. §97-5-39(2) and child abuse, as had been alleged in the indictment, was not so much an “underlying felony” as an element of the offense of capital murder, thus, the merger doctrine did not really apply. Stevens v. Epps, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69564 (S.D. Miss. Sept. 15, 2008), aff'd, 618 F.3d 489, 2010 U.S. App. LEXIS 18696 (5th Cir. Miss. 2010).

When considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, a rational juror could conclude that defendant acted not out of the heat of passion, but with deliberate design to kill the victim where the evidence showed that defendant repeatedly hit the victim with multiple bricks, that defendant struck the victim from behind, that the victim had no defensive wounds on his hands, and that defendant had plenty of time to contemplate hitting the victim; thus, a jury could find that defendant acted with deliberate design. Givens v. State, 967 So. 2d 1, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 2007).

Sufficient evidence existed to convict defendant of depraved heart murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) and (b) because, at the very least, defendant shot into a home where people were present. Chatman v. State, 952 So. 2d 945, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 541 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 951 So. 2d 563, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 532 (Miss. 2007).

Court rejected defendant’s argument that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction of the offenses for which he was indicted, arson and capital murder with the underlying felony of arson, because defendant was not convicted of the offenses for which he was indicted, but rather the jury found him guilty of deliberate design murder pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 (1)(a), which the jury was instructed on by the trial court in addition to the indicted offenses. Defendant’s statements before and after the crime about his desire to burn down his ex-wife’s house and kill his grandson, and his requests that others burn down the house, constituted admissions on deliberate design, a significant element of murder, and were direct evidence of his guilt. Smith v. State, 897 So. 2d 1002, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1128 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

In a case where defendant was convicted of murdering his wife and her son, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict because there was ample evidence of deliberate design, as two of the State’s seven witnesses testified that defendant admitted killing his wife and her child, defendant used a kitchen knife to stab his unarmed wife 29 times and his unarmed son 27 times, and defendant admitted that the he lived in the mobile home where the victims were found. Wortham v. State, 883 So. 2d 599, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 618 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant’s effort to locate the victim after an earlier altercation and effort in obtaining a gun was sufficient evidence to prove the “deliberate design” element of deliberate design murder. Carter v. State, 845 So. 2d 748, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 440 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence that defendant lured the victim to a field and shot the victim in the back because defendant thought the victim had “snitched” to police about a burglary supported defendant’s conviction for murder rather than manslaughter; whether the offense was murder or manslaughter was a question for the jury. Hodge v. State, 823 So. 2d 1162, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 251 (Miss. 2002).

Malice aforethought is not an element of the capital murder of a peace officer. Stevenson v. State, 733 So. 2d 177, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 627 (Miss. 1998).

In a depraved heart murder, malice can be inferred from circumstances if actions involved very high degree of carelessness evincing reckless indifference to danger to human life. Clark v. State, 693 So. 2d 927, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 162 (Miss. 1997).

Finding that state presented sufficient evidence that defendant acted with deliberate design in killing victim, so as to preclude directed verdict, was supported by defendant’s statement to police following incident, transcript of 911 emergency call from victim, and testimony at trial, all of which indicated sufficient degree of recklessness and indifference to human life pointing to conviction, at the very least, for manslaughter or murder, and not culpable negligence. Clark v. State, 693 So. 2d 927, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 162 (Miss. 1997).

Act which poses risk to only one individual and which results in that individual’s death may be deemed depraved heart murder. Catchings v. State, 684 So. 2d 591, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 214 (Miss. 1996).

Death resulting from injuries inflicted through use of sawhorse was within scope of depraved-heart murder statute. Catchings v. State, 684 So. 2d 591, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 214 (Miss. 1996).

“Malice aforethought,” “premeditated design,” and “deliberate design” all mean same thing for purposes of offense of murder. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

Although a “deliberate design” to kill a person, as required for murder under subsection (1)(a) of this section, may be formed very quickly, and perhaps only moments before the act of consummating the intent, it is a contradiction in terms to state that a “deliberate design” can be formed at the very moment of the fatal act. Windham v. State, 520 So. 2d 123, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2880 (Miss. 1987).

Defendant’s statement that he wanted to kill the victim, which was made prior to the fatal stabbing, was evidence of malice. Russell v. State, 497 So. 2d 75, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2696 (Miss. 1986).

Subsection (2)(e), making a homicide a capital murder when done “with or without any design to effect death” by any person engaged in the commission of designated major crimes, is not unconstitutionally vague. Gray v. State, 351 So. 2d 1342, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 1951 (Miss. 1977).

Malice aforethought is the single most important element in the crime of murder. Pendergraft v. State, 213 So. 2d 560, 1968 Miss. LEXIS 1293 (Miss. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 715, 89 S. Ct. 1453, 22 L. Ed. 2d 671, 1969 U.S. LEXIS 1875 (U.S. 1969).

In murder prosecution it is unnecessary and unwise to define malice. Smith v. State, 237 Miss. 626, 114 So. 2d 676, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 513 (Miss. 1959).

The universal malice murder statute is not applicable to one who kills a woman as a result of performing an attempted abortion upon her at her request. Lackey v. State, 211 Miss. 892, 53 So. 2d 25, 1951 Miss. LEXIS 421 (Miss. 1951).

No particular period of deliberation is required to make killing deliberate, since malice may be suddenly formed and deliberate design to effect the death of another may be formed in an instant. Howard v. State, 212 Miss. 722, 55 So. 2d 436, 1951 Miss. LEXIS 501 (Miss. 1951).

Actual malice is not a necessary ingredient of murder; deliberate design is all that is required. Hughes v. State, 207 Miss. 594, 42 So. 2d 805, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 372 (Miss. 1949).

To constitute murder, the malice must precede the unlawful act which is being attempted or committed by the person killed, where the killing is done in resisting his attempt to do an unlawful act. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

While malice aforethought is a necessary element in the crime of murder, it does not always follow therefrom that the existence of actual malice at the time of the slaying would necessarily have the effect of rendering a particular homicide a case of murder, since a person may be guilty only of manslaughter or justifiable homicide when slaying another even though the accused is mad and is bearing ill will toward his adversary at the time of the killing, if the act is done while resisting an attempt of the latter “to do any unlawful act, or after such attempt shall have failed,” if such anger or ill will is engendered by the particular circumstances of the unlawful act then being attempted, or the commission of which is then thwarted, and is nonexistent prior thereto, each case depending upon its own facts and circumstances. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

“Malice aforethought” is equivalent to “premeditated design” or “deliberate design” and not “felonious design to effect the death of the person killed.” Dye v. State, 127 Miss. 492, 90 So. 180, 1921 Miss. LEXIS 249 (Miss. 1921).

Design to effect death and lack of justification are essential to malice aforethought. Ellis v. State, 108 Miss. 62, 66 So. 323, 1914 Miss. LEXIS 168 (Miss. 1914).

“Malice” may be ascertained from previous threat and preparatory measures, or may arise suddenly and be implied from circumstances, as from intentional use at outset of deadly weapon. Brown v. State, 98 Miss. 786, 54 So. 305, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 124 (Miss. 1910), overruled, 200 Miss. 881, 27 So. 2d 838, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 349 (Miss. 1946).

Malice is necessary element of murder. Guest v. State, 96 Miss. 871, 52 So. 211, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 209 (Miss. 1910).

Deliberation is necessary element of murder. Guest v. State, 96 Miss. 871, 52 So. 211, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 209 (Miss. 1910).

Absence of deliberation is one of things distinguishing manslaughter from murder. Guest v. State, 96 Miss. 871, 52 So. 211, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 209 (Miss. 1910).

Law sometimes presumes malice from existence of certain facts; jury alone can determine whether such facts exist. Burnett v. State, 92 Miss. 826, 46 So. 248, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 225 (Miss. 1908).

The statute does not alter the common law so as to limit murder to killing with express malice. The words “premeditated design,” in the old statute, meant the same as “malice aforethought” in the common-law definition. McDaniel v. State, 16 Miss. 401, 1847 Miss. LEXIS 36 (Miss. 1847).

9. —Interference, use of deadly weapon.

A killing with a deadly weapon may be susceptible of clear explanation by the accused or eyewitnesses as an accident, or justified as having been committed by the accused acting in lawful self-defense, or mitigated manslaughter. When no such proof is forthcoming the jury is warranted in finding the accused guilty of murder. Nicolaou v. State, 534 So. 2d 168, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 524 (Miss. 1988).

Malice may be inferred from defendant’s use of a deadly weapon. Russell v. State, 497 So. 2d 75, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2696 (Miss. 1986).

Though malice is essential element of murder, malice may be implied from deliberate use of deadly weapon and it is not necessary that actual malice be shown. Smith v. State, 205 Miss. 283, 38 So. 2d 725, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 431 (Miss. 1949); Stokes v. State, 240 Miss. 453, 128 So. 2d 341, 1961 Miss. LEXIS 477 (Miss. 1961).

Law presumes malice from killing of human being with deadly weapon, and this presumption prevails and characterizes homicide as murder unless facts are introduced in evidence changing character of killing and showing either justification or necessity, but unless facts in evidence explain character of killing, presumption stands and state is entitled to instruction announcing this legal principle. Dickins v. State, 208 Miss. 69, 43 So. 2d 366, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 1949).

If accused armed himself with a deadly weapon with the purpose of killing the deceased on sight, and in pursuance of such intent, did so, then, under the law, accused’s right of self-defense is cut off and it is wholly immaterial which one provoked the difficulty or who was the aggressor immediately before the homicide. Lewis v. State, 188 Miss. 410, 195 So. 325, 1940 Miss. LEXIS 47 (Miss. 1940).

Evidence in murder trial that defendant discharged deadly weapon at passing truck, crowded with human beings, killing one of them, held to warrant finding of malice by jury. Talbert v. State, 172 Miss. 243, 159 So. 549, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 120 (Miss. 1935).

If facts relied on to change presumption of murder from killing with deadly weapon are unreasonable and improbable, verdict of murder will not be disturbed on appeal. McGehee v. State, 138 Miss. 822, 104 So. 150, 1925 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1925).

Effect of presumption of innocence in murder trial stated; presumption of malice from use of deadly weapon will not support conviction of murder as against evidence of justification. Patty v. State, 126 Miss. 94, 88 So. 498, 1921 Miss. LEXIS 13 (Miss. 1921).

10. Corpus delicti.

Witness testified that (1) the victim and defendant got out of his car and walked into an empty field; (2) the witness then heard a shot, looked up, and saw defendant holding a gun; (3) defendant ran to the car and they left; (4) when the witness and defendant came to a bridge defendant threw the gun into the river because he said that he needed to get rid of if; (5) early that morning, defendant knocked on the witness’s window and told him that they needed to move the body; (6) the witness drove back to the location at which he heard the shot; and (7) although the witness did not see the clothes or the victim’s body as they were already in garbage bags, he testified that he and defendant disposed on the victim’s clothes in a dumpster and threw her body into the river. The witness’s testimony was sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to infer that defendant shot and killed the victim; thus, the State proved its corpus delicti for homicide. Jackson v. State, 924 So. 2d 531, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 451 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), cert. denied, 927 So. 2d 750, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 175 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s conviction for murdering her husband in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 was proper where her confession to a State witness was sufficient to establish the corpus delicti of murder. Stephens v. State, 911 So. 2d 424, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 386 (Miss. 2005).

Corpus delicti in capital murder case consists of death of victim and existence of criminal agency as cause of death. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Medical evidence is not required to prove elements of corpus delicti in capital murder case. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

State had proven corpus delicti in capital murder case by showing that victim left home under unusual circumstances, that victim was dead, and that victim’s family had identified clothing and objects found on victim’s body as same items that victim was wearing when she disappeared; state could, therefore, introduce inculpatory statements that defendant had made to witness. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Corpus delecti of criminal homicide was established despite argument of defendant that because 21 days had elapsed between injury and death, and there was no expert or lay testimony as to cause of death, it had not been established, where death certificate and medical examiner’s report were admitted into evidence by stipulation; death certificate listed cause of death as cardio-pulmonary arrest due to or as consequence of generalized sepsis and multiple systems failure due to or as consequence of gunshot wound to abdomen; report of medical examiner also listed gunshot wound as cause of death; cause of death may be established not only by physician or pathologist, but by lay and circumstantial evidence. Luster v. State, 515 So. 2d 1177, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2912 (Miss. 1987).

In a homicide case, the corpus delicti consists of the fact of death, and the fact of the existence of criminal agency as the cause of death. Freeman v. State, 228 Miss. 687, 89 So. 2d 716, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 564 (Miss. 1956).

Corpus delicti must be established by evidence. Taylor v. State, 108 Miss. 18, 66 So. 321, 1914 Miss. LEXIS 164 (Miss. 1914).

11. Provocation.

Weight of the evidence did not support a manslaughter conviction rather than a murder conviction because defendant failed to detail what he considered “sufficient provocation,” and his sister testified that the victim had gotten up and had began walking into the kitchen when defendant ran and grabbed the victim from behind. There was no testimony that the victim had a weapon and there was no testimony that defendant had to use deadly force under the circumstances. Ravencraft v. State, 989 So. 2d 437, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 480 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Defendant’s murder conviction in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 was proper because, although the victim’s comments might have been crude and insulting, mere words, no matter how provocative, were insufficient to reduce an intentional and unjustifiable homicide from murder to manslaughter. Booze v. State, 942 So. 2d 272, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 852 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

After defendant had a confrontation with his wife, she sat down outside a relative’s home, and he fired a fatal shot into her head. The record supported the jury’s verdict of murder, rather than manslaughter, because there was no evidence of provocation. Bradford v. State, 910 So. 2d 1232, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 598 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Mere words of reproach, however grievous or provoking, are not sufficient to reduce to manslaughter what otherwise is murder. Gaddis v. State, 207 Miss. 508, 42 So. 2d 724, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 359 (Miss. 1949).

Facts that accused was provoked over domestic difficulties with wife, that he was intoxicated, that he resented interference of deceased in his family row, neither singly nor collectively, were sufficient to reduce his crime from murder to manslaughter. Gaddis v. State, 207 Miss. 508, 42 So. 2d 724, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 359 (Miss. 1949).

An opprobrious epithet directed to the slayer by the deceased immediately preceding the stabbing is not sufficient to reduce to manslaughter what otherwise is murder. Camden Fire Ins. Co. v. New Buena Vista Hotel Co., 199 Miss. 585, 26 So. 2d 174, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 230 (Miss. 1946).

Where express malice is shown, and the killing afterward takes place with a deadly weapon, and the question is whether the killing sprang from the heat of passion or previous grudge, no mere provocation at the time the act is done will reduce the homicide from murder to manslaughter. Riggs v. State, 30 Miss. 635, 1856 Miss. LEXIS 14 (Miss. 1856).

12. Defenses; generally.

In a murder prosecution, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to instruct the jury on imperfect self-defense because the requested instruction was without foundation in the evidence. The only theory presented through witnesses called by the defense was that defendant was not the shooter, and no evidence was presented that defendant feared the victim or believed the victim to be a threat. Morgan v. State, 117 So.3d 619, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 371 (Miss. 2013).

In defendant’s capital murder case, he was not entitled to an instruction that duress was a defense to the underlying felony of kidnapping because defendant never indicated that the victim had threatened him or had done anything in particular to cause a well-founded fear of death or serious bodily injury. Moreover, on at least two occasions–once at the home and once at the cornfield–defendant actually possessed the gun; additionally, defendant could have attempted to renounce any further participation in the crime, and joined the other occupants at the back of the home. Ruffin v. State, 992 So. 2d 1165, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 518 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence, though wholly circumstantial, was sufficient to convict defendant of murdering his wife’s lover; the theory that the victim committed suicide was unreasonable because, inter alia, the victim would not have packed an ice chest if he planned to kill himself, and though he had guns, he had no shells that fit defendant’s shotgun. Cox v. State, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 103 (Miss. Mar. 13, 2003), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 849 So. 2d 1257, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 337 (Miss. 2003).

A defendant is presumed sane until a reasonable doubt of his or her sanity is created. When such a doubt arises, the burden is then placed upon the State to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant’s sanity. The issue of a defendant’s insanity is a determination for the jury to make, and the finding will not be reversed if it is supported by substantial evidence. In making this determination, the jury may accept or reject expert and lay testimony. Davis v. State, 551 So. 2d 165, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 364 (Miss. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1074, 110 S. Ct. 1796, 108 L. Ed. 2d 797, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 1741 (U.S. 1990).

A finding that one is mentally ill does not necessarily mean that one is M’Naghten insane. Davis v. State, 551 So. 2d 165, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 364 (Miss. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1074, 110 S. Ct. 1796, 108 L. Ed. 2d 797, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 1741 (U.S. 1990).

Where respondent was charged with capital murder for participating in assault during course of which respondent’s companion killed victim, and was sentenced to death under capital murder statute, but death sentence was vacated under intervening U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that Eighth Amendment forbids imposition of death penalty on one who aids and abets felony in the course of which murder is committed but who does not himself kill, attempt to kill, or intend that killing take place or that lethal force be employed, curt on federal habeas corpus review should require state’s judicial system to examine entire course of proceedings to determine whether at some point requisite factual finding has been made to support death penalty, which under proper circumstances does not offend Eighth amendment. Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S. Ct. 689, 88 L. Ed. 2d 704, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 46 (U.S. 1986), overruled in part, Pope v. Illinois, 481 U.S. 497, 107 S. Ct. 1918, 95 L. Ed. 2d 439, 1987 U.S. LEXIS 1934 (U.S. 1987).

Fact that a defendant suffers from schizophrenia, paranoia type mental disorder does not in itself make him M’Naghten insane. Laney v. State, 486 So. 2d 1242, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2890 (Miss. 1986).

The defense of irresistible or uncontrollable impulse is unavailable unless such impulse springs from mental illness to such a degree as to overwhelm reason, judgment and conscience. Burr v. State, 237 Miss. 338, 114 So. 2d 764, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 475 (Miss. 1959).

Uncontrollable impulse cannot be inferred from the severity of the beating by a mother of her child for a trivial reason. Burr v. State, 237 Miss. 338, 114 So. 2d 764, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 475 (Miss. 1959).

Where defendant denies that he fired a gun, there is no issue of justification and the homicide is therefore murder or no crime at all. Wright v. State, 209 Miss. 795, 48 So. 2d 509, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 444 (Miss. 1950).

Partial intoxication will not lessen criminality. Butler v. State, 39 So. 1005 (Miss. 1906).

13. —Self-defense.

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder because defendant initiated an altercation when an employee of a power utility company came to defendant’s home to turn off the power, used a deadly weapon to shoot and kill the employee, and hid the employee’s body. Defendant failed to show that defendant acted in self-defense as defendant acted without any threat or provocation from the unarmed employee. Davis v. State, 165 So.3d 537, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 297 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for deliberate design murder where the State put on evidence that placed a reasonable doubt regarding defendant’s self-defense claim; there were no signs of a struggle or altercation, other than the shooting, and defendant shot the victim four times in the back. Davis v. State, 158 So.3d 1190, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 63 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Murder conviction was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because the evidence against defendant included his admission to shooting the victim, the gunshots striking the victim from behind, the evidence conveying a scene without a struggle, and the statements from the victim naming defendant as the shooter. The question of a self-defense claim fell under the purview of the jury as fact-finders. Davis v. State, 158 So.3d 1190, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 63 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Trial judge should have allowed defendant to introduce evidence of his knowledge of victim’s violent criminal history. The trial judge committed reversible error by refusing to allow defendant to defend himself with evidence that tended to show his state of mind at the time of the killing, as the evidence was crucial to defendant’s claim of self-defense. Richardson v. State, 147 So.3d 838, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 310 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant’s conviction for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b) was proper, in part because the jury was properly instructed regarding the State’s burden to prove that defendant did not act in self-defense. In part, because defendant, not the State, requested jury instruction D-1, defendant was unable to complain on appeal that the instruction was erroneous; further, jury instruction S-6 cited the appropriate standard regarding reasonableness. Franklin v. State, 72 So.3d 1129, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 125 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 71 So.3d 1207, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 508 (Miss. 2011).

Defendant’s conviction for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b) was proper, in part because evidence was presented to show that defendant and the victim had gotten into an altercation earlier that evening, which resulted in gunfire. It was the jury’s province to consider the evidence and determine whether defendant shot the victim in self-defense. Franklin v. State, 72 So.3d 1129, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 125 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 71 So.3d 1207, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 508 (Miss. 2011).

Even though he contended that he shot her in self-defense, the evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) (2006) because there was sufficient contradictory evidence from which a reasonable juror could have rejected this claim, including testimony from a neighbor, who heard an altercation, and testimony from a friend, who averred that defendant stated he intended to kill his girlfriend due to her infidelity. Reed v. State, 31 So.3d 48, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 611 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 151 (Miss. 2010).

Where defendant asserted self defense in what he alleged was the accidental killing of his former girlfriend when he allegedly was confronted by her male friend, the trial court abused its discretion when it prohibited the question on the male friend’s prior gun ownership. However, in a second instance, the State elicited the same information on redirect examination that defendant was barred from eliciting on cross-examination, in regard to whether the male friend had also been a suspect early in the investigation; in the former respect, the error was harmless given the overwhelming weight of the evidence against defendant, and in the latter respect, defendant’s right to confrontation was not violated as he suffered no prejudice. Raiford v. State, 907 So. 2d 998, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 279 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Defendant’s murder conviction was proper under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), where a hypothetical juror could have been convinced that physical facts contradicted defendant’s claims that the shooting was in self-defense or accidentally inflicted. Davis v. State, 891 So. 2d 256, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 914 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant was not entitled to a directed verdict based on the theory of “imperfect self-defense” for the killing of her abusive husband where at least 45 minutes elapsed between the last act of abuse by the husband and the time defendant killed him and during that time, defendant could have obtained help against her husband, could have requested aid from the owner of the trailer where defendant and her husband resided, or could have left the premises completely. Moore v. State, 859 So. 2d 379, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 654 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant in a murder trial was not entitled to a directed verdict or JNOV when the jury was entitled to reject defendant’s claim of self-defense. Thomas v. State, 818 So. 2d 335, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 130 (Miss. 2002).

The defense of self-defense is unavailable to a defendant who is charged with capital felony-murder. Layne v. State, 542 So. 2d 237, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 190 (Miss. 1989).

A murder defendant who claimed self-defense should have been permitted to present testimonial evidence that the deceased habitually went armed with concealed weapons, and that the defendant was cognizant of that fact, in order to enable the jury to determine whether there was a reasonable cause to apprehend danger. Stoop v. State, 531 So. 2d 1215, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 493 (Miss. 1988).

Refusal to grant instruction that jury should put themselves in place of defendant and judge his acts by facts and circumstances by which he was surrounded at time of difficulty was not erroneous where theory of self-defense was fully covered in another instruction. Fairman v. State, 513 So. 2d 910, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2791 (Miss. 1987).

The fact that deceased husband was found to have been shot in back contradicted defendant wife’s testimony that she had shot her husband in self-defense as he was approaching her. Mullins v. State, 493 So. 2d 971, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2591 (Miss. 1986).

It is well settled in Mississippi that the person who provokes the difficulty and remains the aggressor throughout the difficulty cannot invoke the plea of self-defense. Weatherspoon v. State, 243 So. 2d 53, 1971 Miss. LEXIS 1499 (Miss. 1971).

Where defendant, armed with a pistol, left the victim’s yard upon being told to do so by the victim, but after leaving came back into the yard at which time the victim rose from his chair on the porch and started toward the defendant with a pistol in his hand and both parties began shooting, resulting in the victim’s death, such evidence was sufficient to justify the jury in finding that the defendant provoked the difficulty and was the aggressor throughout, and that the defendant was guilty of manslaughter. Weatherspoon v. State, 243 So. 2d 53, 1971 Miss. LEXIS 1499 (Miss. 1971).

To justify a killing in self-defense the defendant must have believed, and had good reason to believe, that at the time he was in danger of the loss of his life, or great bodily harm at the hands of the deceased. Spivey v. State, 47 So. 2d 855 (Miss. 1950).

Right to resist unlawful arrest is phase of right of self-defense. Wilkinson v. State, 143 Miss. 324, 108 So. 711, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 270 (Miss. 1926).

Killing after blow struck in self-defense and when no real or apparent danger existed held murder. Hays v. State, 130 Miss. 381, 94 So. 212, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 208 (Miss. 1922).

Fact that accused, while unarmed and with no intention to kill, brought about difficulty did not preclude him from setting up self-defense. Lucas v. State, 109 Miss. 82, 67 So. 851, 1915 Miss. LEXIS 117 (Miss. 1915).

One who kills another, reasonably believing that he is in real or apparent danger of his life or great bodily harm, is not guilty of murder. Echols v. State, 99 Miss. 683, 55 So. 485, 1911 Miss. LEXIS 238 (Miss. 1911).

14. Questions for jury.

When the defendant or the defendant’s witnesses are the only eyewitnesses to the homicide, their version, if reasonable, must be accepted as true, but when there is a contradiction between the physical evidence and the defendant’s version of what happened, the matter properly sits before the jury as a question of fact. Hudson v. State, 754 So. 2d 582, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 10 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Due process clause, through vagueness doctrine, places limits on state’s ability to define different courses of conduct or states of mind as alternative means of committing single offense, thereby permitting conviction without jury agreement as to which course of conduct or state of mind occurred; if two mental states are supposed to be equivalent means of satisfying mental state requirement of offense, they must reasonably reflect notions of equivalent blameworthiness or culpability; under right circumstances, such equivalence may reasonably be found, and first-degree murder conviction was not rendered invalid by trial court’s failure to require jury to agree whether defendant was guilty of first-degree murder by virtue of premeditation or by virtue of felony murder, each of which constitutes first-degree murder under state law. Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 111 S. Ct. 2491, 115 L. Ed. 2d 555, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 3631 (U.S. 1991).

In cases in which the defendant is the only eyewitness to the slaying, and in which the Weathersby rule is inapplicable (i.e., the defendant does not secure a directed verdict of acquittal), it then becomes a jury issue as to whether to believe or not believe the defendant’s testimony of how the slaying occurred, and to either convict or acquit. Blanks v. State, 547 So. 2d 29, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 322 (Miss. 1989).

Expert opinions of psychiatrists are not conclusive upon the issue of insanity but rather insanity is an issue for the jury. Laney v. State, 486 So. 2d 1242, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2890 (Miss. 1986).

A jury issue as to whether the accused had sexually assaulted victim while in commission of murder was made by evidence showing that a puddle of liquid was found under the pelvic area of the partially unclad body, although testimony of witnesses showed that a shot was fired almost immediately after accused had forced his way into victim’s apartment, and the pathologist testified that bullet had gone through victims heart. West v. State, 485 So. 2d 681, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2445 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 983, 107 S. Ct. 570, 93 L. Ed. 2d 574, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 4897 (U.S. 1986).

In a prosecution for capital murder whether or not defendant “robbed” the victim of his car was a question for the jury, in light of the circumstances of the murder including the facts that the feet and hands of the victim’s body were tied and there was a bullet hole through the back of his head and shortly after the time of the murder the defendant was solely in possession of the victim’s vehicle and its contents. Wheat v. State, 420 So. 2d 229, 1982 Miss. LEXIS 2206 (Miss. 1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1056, 103 S. Ct. 1507, 75 L. Ed. 2d 936, 1983 U.S. LEXIS 4354 (U.S. 1983).

In a prosecution for murder the court did not err in failing to instruct the jury to restrict its verdict and find the defendant “guilty of manslaughter or not guilty,” where the evidence was for the jury to resolve the issue of whether the defendant was guilty of murder, manslaughter, or no crime. Polk v. State, 417 So. 2d 930, 1982 Miss. LEXIS 2101 (Miss. 1982).

Evidence presented jury question as to whether accused fired the shot in his necessary self-defense at a time when he was in danger, either real or apparent, of losing his life or sustaining great bodily harm at the hands of the victim. Pickert v. State, 234 Miss. 513, 106 So. 2d 681, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 525 (Miss. 1958).

The testimony of accused, charged with murder of his wife, which contained many contradictions as to material matters, as well as the physical facts and the contradiction of the accused by other credible witnesses in particular matters, clearly established that the accused was not entitled to a peremptory instruction under the rule that where the defendant or his witnesses are the only eyewitnesses to the homicide their version must be accepted unless substantially contradicted in material particulars by credible witnesses, physical facts, or facts of common knowledge. Murphy v. State, 232 Miss. 424, 99 So. 2d 595, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1958).

In a prosecution of a husband for the killing of his wife, state’s evidence, including testimony with reference to the accused’s anger at being served with a summons in wife’s divorce action, his prior purchase of a pistol and bullets, his entry without invitation into his father-in-law’s home where the wife was living, the location of her body in the room with the fatal shot behind her right ear, and the accused’s statements, made a jury issue as to whether accused shot his wife with an intentional design to do so, as against accused’s contention that he had accidentally shot her while shooting at his father-in-law. Dykes v. State, 232 Miss. 379, 99 So. 2d 602, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 484 (Miss. 1957).

Where there was both circumstantial and direct evidence, and there was some conflict in the testimony of the witnesses, the question of whether or not the accused was the man who fired the shot that killed the deceased was a question for the determination of the jury. Freeman v. State, 228 Miss. 687, 89 So. 2d 716, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 564 (Miss. 1956).

State’s proof that accused without cause or justification cruelly and brutally beat his wife with an ax handle and slab of wood and choked her to such an extent as to cause her death by strangulation was sufficient to take the question of the accused’s guilt to the jury, where the accused’s sole defense was intoxication, and the evidence as to this issue was in conflict. Jackson v. State, 228 Miss. 604, 89 So. 2d 626, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 552 (Miss. 1956).

Evidence that accused without cause or justification cruelly and brutally beat his wife with an axe handle and slab of wood and choked her to such an extent as to cause her death by strangulation made a jury question as to the guilt of the accused, whose sole defense was intoxication, and the evidence as to this was conflicting. Jackson v. State, 228 Miss. 604, 89 So. 2d 626, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 552 (Miss. 1956).

Testimony of doctor in response to hypothetical question, embodying the material facts in the case, to the effect that he did not believe accused knew the difference between right and wrong, was erroneously excluded, since it was for the jury to determine whether such testimony, and similar testimony of accused’s father, was such as to be calculated to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether accused was of such mental condition as to be able to distinguish between right and wrong at the time he shot and killed his wife. Lewis v. State, 209 Miss. 110, 46 So. 2d 78, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 365 (Miss. 1950).

Ordinarily, whether a homicide is murder or manslaughter is a question for the jury. Anderson v. State, 199 Miss. 885, 25 So. 2d 474, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 258 (Miss. 1946).

Whether accused, killing a visitor at her home in ejecting him therefrom after forbidding him to re-enter, used more force than reasonably appeared necessary for that purpose, or whether she killed decedent in what reasonably appeared to be in her necessary self-defense, were questions for the jury to determine. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

In prosecution for murder incident to defendant’s alleged battering of infant, defendant’s testimony as only witness to baby’s death was materially contradicted by physical facts and circumstances in evidence, as indicated by photographs and medical testimony and, under Weathersby v. State (1933) 164 Miss 898, 147 So2d 481, matter became question for jury and court was not required to direct verdict for defendant. Wetz v. State, 503 So. 2d 803, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2362 (Miss. 1987).

Jury have wide discretion where quality of act in issue; verdict for manslaughter upon indictment for murder held authorized by the evidence. Woodward v. State, 130 Miss. 611, 94 So. 717, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 232 (Miss. 1922).

Whether killing in quarrel was in self-defense, held question for jury. Staiger v. State, 110 Miss. 557, 70 So. 690, 1915 Miss. LEXIS 72 (Miss. 1915).

15. Mutual combat; dueling.

A man commits murder when he kills another in a duel, whether formal or extemporary, and however fairly conducted. Thomas v. State, 61 Miss. 60, 1883 Miss. LEXIS 72 (Miss. 1883).

To make the killing of an adversary in a duel necessarily murder, in such case the weapon must have been procured for the combat, or the accused must have provoked the difficulty or entered into it with an intention to use the weapon. Long v. State, 52 Miss. 23, 1876 Miss. LEXIS 160 (Miss. 1876).

If a party enter into a mutual combat dangerously armed, and fight under an undue advantage and kill his adversary, it is murder. Price v. State, 36 Miss. 531, 1858 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1858), limited, Helm v. State, 66 Miss. 537, 6 So. 322, 1889 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 1889).

The fact that the accused sought the difficulty and brought it about, being armed with a deadly weapon with which he killed the deceased, does not necessarily render him guilty of murder; for if he commence the contest, intending at the outset to inflict little or no violence on his antagonist, he may justifiably slay him if the danger of his own destruction be imminent and impending and otherwise unavoidable; or, when the necessity to kill does not exist, if the killing be done not in pursuance of a premeditated design, but on a sudden quarrel, it will, in such case, amount to manslaughter only. Cotton v. State, 31 Miss. 504, 1856 Miss. LEXIS 108 (Miss. 1856).

16. Killing of one other than person intended.

In a murder case, the trial court correctly denied defendant’s jury instruction because defendant’s theory of the case was based upon his own testimony that he intentionally fired each shot, and there was no evidence from which a jury could have found that he fired the shots accidentally. Further, there was sufficient evidence to find that defendant shot into the trailer house with a deliberate design to kill; although there was sufficient evidence that defendant had a deliberate design to kill his brother, defendant’s intent to kill his brother was transferred to the sister-in-law, the actual victim. Walden v. State, 29 So.3d 17, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 462 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 105 (Miss. 2010).

Where there is an express intent to kill or do grievous bodily harm directed toward one person and another is killed unintentionally by the act, it is murder at common law. Dykes v. State, 232 Miss. 379, 99 So. 2d 602, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 484 (Miss. 1957).

The transferred intent doctrine does not apply where it appears that the accused in shooting or striking at another person with intent to kill, unintentionally kills another, if the accused has previously been acquitted of the death of the person at whom he was shooting or striking, and such acquittal will bar a subsequent prosecution of the accused for the murder of the other person, unless the killing of the other person was not accidental, but an independent separate offense arising out of the transaction. In the latter event the accused may be successively prosecuted for two offenses. Dykes v. State, 232 Miss. 379, 99 So. 2d 602, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 484 (Miss. 1957).

Accidental killing of human being other than one intended constitutes “murder,” where there is express malice and intent to kill. Ross v. State, 158 Miss. 827, 131 So. 367, 1930 Miss. LEXIS 119 (Miss. 1930).

17. Death in consequence of improper treatment of wound.

Where act of accused contributed to death of victim, he was not relieved of responsibility by fact that other causes also contributed to death, such as maltreatment by physician who administered treatment in emergency room. Fairman v. State, 513 So. 2d 910, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2791 (Miss. 1987).

If death ensue from a wound given in malice, but not of its nature mortal, but of which, being neglected or mismanaged, the party die, this will not excuse the party who gave it; but he will be held guilty of murder, unless it clearly and certainly appear, either by the evidence of the state or defendant, that the neglect and want of care on the part of the deceased, and not the wound itself, was the cause of his death. Quinn v. State, 106 Miss. 844, 64 So. 738, 1914 Miss. LEXIS 26 (Miss. 1914).

18. Murder for hire.

Where the jury is properly instructed to determine whether a secondary killing was reasonably anticipated to be necessary in order to accomplish the contract killing, then that secondary killing is also part of the contract and the absent principal can be found guilty of capital murder. Saunders v. State, 733 So. 2d 325, 1998 Miss. App. LEXIS 1115 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).

19. Homicide by persons joining in commission of felony.

Although defendant, who was convicted of murder while engaged in the crime of drive-by shooting and for shooting into an occupied dwelling, argued that the State failed to prove that he willfully discharged a pistol into a dwelling, the evidence amply supported the jury’s finding that defendant willfully shot into an occupied dwelling. Two witnesses testified that defendant expressed his intent to shoot at the victim’s house and that he admitted shooting the victim, and the victim’s girlfriend identified defendant’s voice during an altercation that took place outside the victim’s home immediately prior to the shooting. Boyd v. State, 977 So. 2d 329, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 2008).

In order to obtain a valid conviction of a defendant for felony murder while engaged in the crime of drive-by shooting, the State is required to prove all essential elements of both Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(c) and Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-109(1). Thus, the State is required to prove under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-109(1) that the defendant caused serious bodily injury to another purposely, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life by discharging a firearm while in or on a vehicle. Boyd v. State, 977 So. 2d 329, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 2008).

Post-conviction relief was properly denied where: (1) trial counsel did not err in failing to seek a change of venue because of pretrial publicity; (2) petitioner’s culpability as a capital murder accomplice would not be reduced by testimony of a clinical psychologist who opined that petitioner was not by nature a violent person; (3) although the aggravating circumstances which invoked the death penalty were not charged in the indictment, the fact that the capital murder statute listed the possible aggravating circumstances refuted the contention that petitioner had inadequate notice; (4) because the record supported no findings of error, there could be no prejudicial cumulative error; (5) use of the underlying felony as an aggravating sentencing factor did not constitute impermissible double prejudice; and (6) other issues raised on direct appeal could not be considered on collateral appeal under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21. Thong Le v. State, 967 So. 2d 627, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 452 (Miss. 2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1300, 128 S. Ct. 1747, 170 L. Ed. 2d 547, 2008 U.S. LEXIS 2913 (U.S. 2008).

Where a shooting was committed during a robbery, the evidence supported the jury’s finding of an aggravating circumstance under Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101(5)(d), even if defendant was not the shooter; whether or not defendant intended to kill the victim was irrelevant because Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) defines capital murder, in part, as the killing of a human being when done with or without any design to effect death, by any person engaged in the commission of the crime of robbery. Dycus v. State, 875 So. 2d 140, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 366 (Miss. 2004), vacated, 544 U.S. 901, 125 S. Ct. 1589, 161 L. Ed. 2d 271, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 2212 (U.S. 2005).

State was not required to prove that murder was committed in furtherance of both underlying felonies to obtain conviction for felony murder, although indictment charged defendant with murder during course of kidnapping and robbery. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1123, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 101 (Miss. 1997).

Capital murder defendant cannot be convicted of both capital murder and underlying felony, as defendant cannot be twice prosecuted for the same actions. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1053, 118 S. Ct. 705, 139 L. Ed. 2d 647, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 149 (U.S. 1998).

Fact that indictment charged defendant with murder during course of kidnapping and with robbery did not require state to prove that offense was committed in furtherance of both underlying felonies in order to support death penalty. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1053, 118 S. Ct. 705, 139 L. Ed. 2d 647, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 149 (U.S. 1998).

Aggravating factor of murder committed during course of robbery is constitutional. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1053, 118 S. Ct. 705, 139 L. Ed. 2d 647, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 149 (U.S. 1998).

Felony-murder aggravator is not disproportionate within meaning of Eighth Amendment even though unintentional felony-murder is punishable by death while premeditated murder, standing alone, is not, as not every defendant eligible for death penalty will have committed murder while in the course of statutorily enumerated felonies, so that felony-murder aggravator genuinely narrows class of defendants eligible for the death penalty. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1053, 118 S. Ct. 705, 139 L. Ed. 2d 647, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 149 (U.S. 1998).

During penalty phase of capital murder prosecution involving murder of child victim while engaging in felonious abuse and/or battery, it was proper to instruct jury that it could consider as aggravating factor that murder had occurred during commission of crime of felonious abuse and/or battery of child. Brown v. State, 690 So. 2d 276, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 681 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 849, 118 S. Ct. 136, 139 L. Ed. 2d 85, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 5165 (U.S. 1997), rev'd, — So.3d —, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 524 (Miss. 2017).

Capital murder defense counsel did not provide ineffective assistance of counsel in failing at punishment stage to object to robbery aggravator on ground that aggravating circumstance unconstitutionally duplicated element of offense of capital murder because jury found that defendant committed capital murder in commission of crime of robbery; Supreme Court had already rejected that contention and, thus, there was no reason for counsel to object to underlying felony being counted as aggravator. Foster v. State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 216 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1108, 117 S. Ct. 2488, 138 L. Ed. 2d 996, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3936 (U.S. 1997).

Capital murder defense counsel did not provide ineffective assistance of counsel in failing at sentencing phase to object to double use of robbery and pecuniary gain aggravating circumstances; defendant’s trial took place before effective date of later state Supreme Court decision prospectively prohibiting double counting for same conduct and, thus, defense counsel had no basis to object. Foster v. State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 216 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1108, 117 S. Ct. 2488, 138 L. Ed. 2d 996, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3936 (U.S. 1997).

Defendant charged with capital offense of killing while engaged in commission of child abuse or battery was not entitled to lesser included offense instruction on manslaughter based on killing while committing a felony. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

Existence of two separate statutes under which defendant could be prosecuted for killing during course of committing felonious child abuse, only one of which could result in capital murder conviction, did not give prosecutor impermissible discretion to impose death penalty, in violation of Eighth Amendment, where jury was instructed that it could impose life sentence. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

Whether felonious child abuse statute was void for vagueness and whether jury instructions did not sufficiently narrow definition of child abuse was procedurally barred, where defendant failed to object at trial. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

Instructing jury on armed robbery, after indictment charged robbery, constituted formal rather than substantive amendment to indictment, and thus any variance which existed between indictment and proof was harmless error, where all defenses and evidence available to defendant remained equally applicable, and jury could not have convicted defendant of armed robbery and found him not guilty of robbery, inasmuch as armed robbery is simply robbery with weapon. Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 292 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1170, 117 S. Ct. 1437, 137 L. Ed. 2d 544, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2295 (U.S. 1997).

In prosecution for capital offense of murder during commission of robbery, jury instruction given regarding sequence of the robbery and murder did not sufficiently instruct jury on elements of underlying crime of robbery, for purposes of determining whether failure to specifically instruct jury on elements of robbery constituted reversible error. Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d 625, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 288 (Miss. 1996).

State had duty, in prosecution for capital offense of murder during commission of robbery, to ensure that jury was properly instructed on elements of underlying crime of robbery, and therefore failure to give such instruction constituted reversible error, even though defendant did not present acceptable robbery instruction. Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d 625, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 288 (Miss. 1996).

Sentencing court in bifurcated capital murder prosecution properly allowed jury to consider, as aggravating circumstance, whether capital offense was committed while defendant was engaged in commission of armed robbery, notwithstanding fact that robbery was also element of capital murder for which defendant was being prosecuted. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Convictions for both murder during course of armed robbery and grand larceny violated double jeopardy prohibition against multiple punishments for same offense, where robbery charge, which was used to elevate case to capital murder, encompassed elements of grand larceny. Holly v. State, 671 So. 2d 32, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss.), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4179 (U.S. 1996).

Sexual battery could be used as underlying felony, to elevate murder to level of capital murder, and could be used again for sentencing purposes as an aggravator to support imposition of death penalty, without violating prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Robbery is not a component of murder and is, therefore, not a lesser included offense of murder. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Use of robbery as both aggravating factor in sentencing and as essential element of crime of capital murder did not unconstitutionally fail to narrow class of death eligible offenders; required narrowing had been done legislatively. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

A defendant’s right to be shielded from double jeopardy was violated where the defendant was convicted and punished for both kidnapping under §97-3-53 and capital murder while engaged in the crime of kidnapping under subsection (2)(e) of this section; since the defendant was indicted, tried and found guilty of capital murder under subsection (2)(e) of this section with the kidnapping as the underlying felony, and thereafter exposed to trial for his life, the State was precluded from punishing him further for the §97-3-53 kidnapping. Meeks v. State, 604 So. 2d 748, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 400 (Miss. 1992).

In a prosecution for murder while engaged in the crime of robbery, the jury could reasonably have found that the defendant intended the killings and intended that lethal force be used, for purposes of imposing the death penalty, where the defendant actually participated in the robbery with his accomplice and was present in some role while both murders were committed. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

Defendant, who was indicted under subsection (2)(a) of this section, had no standing to argue that felony murder provision in subsection (2)(e) of this section was unconstitutional, as he was never charged with that crime. Johnson v. Thigpen, 449 So. 2d 1207, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1713 (Miss. 1984).

Subsection (2)(e) of this section is not constitutionally infirm even though it permits verdict of guilty absent finding of design to effect death and allows imputation of intent from one defendant to another, although applicable standard for determination of guilt must not be confused with constitutionally mandated standard for imposition of capital punishment, such standard precluding capital punishment based upon imputed intent. Bullock v. Lucas, 743 F.2d 244, 1984 U.S. App. LEXIS 18361 (5th Cir. Miss. 1984), modified, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S. Ct. 689, 88 L. Ed. 2d 704, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 46 (U.S. 1986).

Under subsection (2)(e) of this section a defendant may apparently be convicted of capital murder if someone is killed during the course of a robbery in which he was participating. Furthermore, no murder committed during the course of a robbery can be simple murder. Bell v. Watkins, 692 F.2d 999, 1982 U.S. App. LEXIS 23546 (5th Cir. Miss. 1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 843, 104 S. Ct. 142, 78 L. Ed. 2d 134, 1983 U.S. LEXIS 1426 (U.S. 1983).

Where evidence showed that defendant and his brothers kidnapped the deceased, and during the commission of this crime, she was killed by one of defendant’s brothers alone without any participation by the defendant, defendant could be guilty of no greater crime than manslaughter. Griffin v. State, 293 So. 2d 810, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1811 (Miss. 1974).

Where the evidence proved a combination or conspiracy entered into by the defendant and others to commit armed robbery, and the victim was thereafter shot to death by a codefendant at a time when all conspirators were present and each was doing his or her assigned part in the conspiracy to rob, the defendant became an accessory to armed robbery before the fact, and under the specific provisions of Code 1942, § 1995 was deemed and considered a principal so that every essential element of the crime of murder listed in Code 1942, § 2215 was proved by the state against the defendant. Alexander v. State, 250 So. 2d 629, 1971 Miss. LEXIS 1185 (Miss. 1971).

Where evidence showed that both defendant and his companion fired shots at deceased, defendant was properly convicted of murder, though fatal shot may have been fired by companion. Wilkerson v. State, 209 Miss. 360, 46 So. 2d 807, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 399 (Miss. 1950).

Where the evidence disclosed that the murder took place during the robbery of deceased by accused and others, the fact that the accused did not himself strike the fatal blow but that it was struck by one of his confederates as an aid in carrying out the common purpose to rob, did not relieve him of responsibility therefore. Carrol v. State, 183 Miss. 1, 183 So. 703, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 211 (Miss. 1938).

Evidence held to sustain conviction for murder of officer while attempting arrest of parties who had committed robbery; refusal of requested instruction that defendant could not be convicted of murder unless he fired fatal shot held not erroneous. Hurd v. State, 137 Miss. 178, 102 So. 293, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 230 (Miss. 1924).

Where two parties aid in commission of homicide, it is not law that neither can be convicted unless shown beyond reasonable doubt that he, by his own act, did the killing. McCoy v. State, 91 Miss. 257, 44 So. 814, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 147 (Miss. 1907).

20. Homicide by commission of dangerous act.

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of depraved-heart murder because he fired a gun into a fleeing group of people, which was a classic case of this offense. Humphries v. State, 18 So.3d 305, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 606 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Depraved-heart murder as defined in subsection (1)(b) of this section and culpable-negligence manslaughter as defined in §97-3-47 are distinguishable simply by degree of mental state of culpability, in that depraved-heart murder involves a higher degree of recklessness from which malice or deliberate design may be implied; thus, an instruction on depraved-heart murder did not amount to a “denial, or substantial diminishing, of a manslaughter consideration” by the jury. Windham v. State, 602 So. 2d 798, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 227 (Miss. 1992).

The evidence justified an instruction on, and a finding of, depraved-heart murder where the defendant used a hammer to assault a 79-year-old, one-armed man, who was running away, and his 78-year-old wife, during a dispute over a debt he owed them. Windham v. State, 602 So. 2d 798, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 227 (Miss. 1992).

An act which poses a risk to only one individual and which results in that individual’s death may be deemed depraved-heart murder within the meaning of subsection (1)(b) of this section; a distinction between the risk of death to one particular individual and the risk of death to more than one individual is senseless and outmoded and was properly discarded. Windham v. State, 602 So. 2d 798, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 227 (Miss. 1992).

The Weathersby rule applies with equal force in a case involving a killing “done in the commission of an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, regardless of human life, although without any premeditated design to effect the death of any particular individual” as well as one in which the defendant is charged with murder by deliberate design. Blanks v. State, 547 So. 2d 29, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 322 (Miss. 1989).

A defendant who seized an officer’s gun and fired it recklessly and at random engaged in the type of conduct contemplated by subsection (1)(b) of this section, which provides that killing is murder when done in the commission of an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, regardless of human life, although without any premeditated design to effect the death of any particular individual. Wheeler v. State, 536 So. 2d 1341, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 605 (Miss. 1988).

Having been indicted separately for both murder, under this section, and for felony of shooting into occupied building, under §97-37-29, defendant who was tried on murder indictment alone, and who had been convicted only of manslaughter, could not be prosecuted in second trial for shooting felony, since, under circumstances of case, it was lesser offense that was included in murder charge. Davis v. Herring, 800 F.2d 513, 1986 U.S. App. LEXIS 31243 (5th Cir. Miss. 1986).

Where the trial judge in a murder prosecution implied that no murder committed during the course of a robbery could be simple murder and implied that it became, by definition, capital murder under this section, the appellate court would hold that theory of trial judge was flawed since it determined what instruction would be granted at the request of a capital murder defendant on the basis of a presumption that he had already been found guilty of the underlying felony. Fairchild v. State, 459 So. 2d 793, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1983 (Miss. 1984).

Evidence showing killing by shooting with pistol sustained murder conviction under statutory provision defining murder as killing in commission of act imminently dangerous to others, and evincing depraved heart regardless of human life, though without premeditated design to effect death. Jones v. State, 169 Miss. 292, 152 So. 879, 1934 Miss. LEXIS 43 (Miss. 1934).

Where defendant while drunk fired pistol in the highway and the bullet glanced and struck and killed deceased, it was not manslaughter unless killing was the natural or necessary consequence. Dixon v. State, 104 Miss. 410, 61 So. 423, 1913 Miss. LEXIS 40 (Miss. 1913).

It was fatal error to refuse instruction that malice aforethought was necessary element of murder. Burnett v. State, 92 Miss. 826, 46 So. 248, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 225 (Miss. 1908).

Under indictment for assault with intent to kill and murder a named person where proof showed defendant shot into wagon occupied by such person and others, instruction that jury may convict without proof of premeditated design to kill the person named is fatally erroneous. Gentry v. State, 92 Miss. 141, 45 So. 721, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 26 (Miss. 1907).

21. Killing as manslaughter.

In defendant’s trial for murder, defendant’s act of shooting the victim in the head at short range did not qualify as heat of passion of manslaughter because while the conversation might have been heated with defendant’s mother, the victim was a mere bystander to it; the victim’s statement that defendant and defendant’s mother needed to quit fighting did not cause a normal mind to be roused to the extent that reason was overthrown and that passion usurped the mind destroying judgment. Mullen v. State, 986 So. 2d 320, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 605 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 987 So. 2d 451, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 559 (Miss. 2008).

There was sufficient evidence to support a conviction for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), rather than manslaughter under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35, where the facts showed that defendant had been having domestic problems with his wife, he cashed a check for a large sum of money, and then went to her work where he shot her to death. Bennett v. State, 956 So. 2d 964, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 675 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 293 (Miss. May 17, 2007).

Where defendant was indicted for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), and the State failed to prove the charge, the trial judge should have been authorized to issue a limited directed verdict as to the murder charge and allow the State to proceed on the lesser unindicted offense of manslaughter, under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35. State v. Shaw, 880 So. 2d 296, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1027 (Miss. 2004).

Manslaughter indictment that stated the date and place of the crime, specifically named both victims, and alleged that defendant committed the crime with others while he and the others were committing the felony crime of aggravated assault was sufficient to inform the defendant of the charge against him. Stevens v. State, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 301 (Miss. Oct. 31, 2001).

Having been indicted separately for both murder, under this section, and for felony of shooting into occupied building, under §97-37-29, defendant who was tried on murder indictment alone, and who had been convicted only of manslaughter, could not be prosecuted in second trial for shooting felony, since, under circumstances of case, it was lesser offense that was included in murder charge. Davis v. Herring, 800 F.2d 513, 1986 U.S. App. LEXIS 31243 (5th Cir. Miss. 1986).

Capital sentencing scheme in which prosecutor has discretion as to which murders he can try as capital offenses did not grant unfettered discretion to prosecutor and did not violate constitutional protections, where discretion was statutorily limited, manslaughter instruction had to be given if warranted by facts, and imposition of death penalty was channelled through weighing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Berry v. State, 703 So. 2d 269, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 639 (Miss. 1997).

Defendant charged with capital offense of killing while engaged in commission of child abuse or battery was not entitled to lesser included offense instruction on manslaughter based on killing while committing a felony. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

In capital murder trial based on allegation that defendant killed child victim while engaged in commission of child abuse or battery, evidence that defendant used victim as shield while struggling with victim’s mother was insufficient to support heat of passion manslaughter instruction, in view of evidence that defendant planned robbery of victim’s home, had told victim’s mother that he was going to kill her and her family, and did not stab victim until after struggle with mother. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

A trial court erred in refusing a murder defendant’s proffered lesser included offense manslaughter instructions where, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant, the jury could have found that the defendant lacked the requisite intent of malice aforethought to assist in the murder but that he did participate in kidnapping the victim. Welch v. State, 566 So. 2d 680, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 152 (Miss. 1990).

The trial court in a capital murder prosecution erred reversibly in refusing defendant’s requested instruction on manslaughter, where, although a jury might have properly found that the threat of death or serious bodily injury had not been imminently pending and therefore might have rejected defendant’s self-defense theory, the jury might nevertheless, from the same facts, have found defendant not guilty of capital murder on the basis that the fatal shot had been in response to a shot first fired at him by an officer in a tense, sudden confrontation arising without the design of either party, thereby reducing the offense to manslaughter with a corresponding reduction in sentence. Lanier v. State, 450 So. 2d 69, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1695 (Miss. 1984).

Manslaughter charge not error where parties engaged in fight immediately prior to killing done in heat of passion and without malice. Springer v. State, 129 Miss. 589, 92 So. 633, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 72 (Miss. 1922).

One may have felonious design to kill and kill in the heat of passion, which is manslaughter. Dye v. State, 127 Miss. 492, 90 So. 180, 1921 Miss. LEXIS 249 (Miss. 1921).

22. Indictment.

Defendant’s second indictment was sufficient because it specified that he committed burglary by breaking and entering the victim’s trailer with the intent to commit the crime of assault, with or without any design to effect the death of the victim; and it alleged each offense necessary to charge defendant with capital murder: assault, burglary, and, ultimately, murder. Clark v. State, 233 So.3d 832, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 129 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 518 (Miss. 2017).

Although defendant maintained that the second indictment should have been dismissed because the crimes of burglary and capital murder were both predicated on his commission of an assault, which was subject to a two-year statute of limitations for prosecution, defendant’s argument was without merit as the passage of time would never bar prosecution against any person for the offenses of murder, aggravated assault, or burglary. Clark v. State, 233 So.3d 832, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 129 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 518 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant’s capital-murder charge was sufficiently pleaded, and the indictment was not defective, because the indictment identified the underlying felony as robbery and listed the section of the capital murder statute under which defendant was charged. Furthermore, although defendant contended that the indictment for capital murder was defective because it omitted the phrase “malice aforethought,” the capital murder statute did not require that the language “malice aforethought” be in the indictment. Burns v. State, 187 So.3d 1080, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 138 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Defendant’s indictment was not fatally defective; he was charged with capital murder as a result of felonious child abuse, which was a crime at the time of the commission of the offense and at the time of his indictment. Cozart v. State, 226 So.3d 639, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 270 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Defendant’s conviction for capital murder was reversed because the trial court erred in amending defendant’s indictment to charge him as a violent habitual offender because the State presented no evidence supporting its allegation that one of defendant’s prior burglaries actually involved violence; and the State did not allege with particularity the nature or description of the offense constituting the previous convictions and did not afford defendant a fair opportunity to present a defense to the habitual-offender charge. Burleson v. State, 166 So.3d 499, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 243 (Miss. 2015).

Indictment sufficiently identifying robbery under as the underlying offense and listing its statutory section is all that is required to charge capital murder premised on robbery; because petitioner’s indictment identified the underlying felony as robbery and listed the statutory section under which he was charged, the capital murder charge was sufficiently pleaded and the indictment was not defective. Randall v. State, 148 So.3d 686, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 575 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Defendant juvenile’s indictment was not defective because the capital-murder statute was cited in the heading of the indictment but not the body of the indictment since the indictment listed the appropriate section and subsection in the heading and tracked the language of the statute in the body, and Miss. Code Ann. §99-17-20 did not specify where the charged section and subsection number had to appear in the indictment. Hye v. State, 162 So.3d 818, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 292 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), aff'd in part, vacated in part, 162 So.3d 750, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 69 (Miss. 2015).

Indictment for robbery was appropriate because defendant’s due process rights were not violated as the indictment was not required to have specified the items alleged to have been taken in the robbery. Batiste v. State, 121 So.3d 808, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 2013), cert. denied, 572 U.S. 1117, 134 S. Ct. 2287, 189 L. Ed. 2d 178, 2014 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2014).

Defendant was placed in double jeopardy when he was convicted on two counts of armed robbery and two counts of capital murder for killing while engaged in the commission of those same two armed robberies; although there were several other armed robbery victims present, only the two murder victims were named in the indictment. Rowland v. State, 98 So.3d 1032, 2012 Miss. LEXIS 484 (Miss. 2012), overruled in part, Carson v. State, 212 So.3d 22, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 473 (Miss. 2016).

Court rejected defendant’s argument that his death sentence has to be vacated because the indictment failed to include a statutory aggravating factor or the mens rea standard required for capital murder. When defendant was charged with capital murder, he was put on notice that the death penalty might result, what aggravating factors might be used, and the mens rea standard that was required. Goff v. State, 14 So.3d 625, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 273 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 944, 130 S. Ct. 1513, 176 L. Ed. 2d 122, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 1251 (U.S. 2010).

Indictment against defendant alleged the essential elements of murder, even though the initial indictment did not allege that he acted out of “deliberate design,” because it alleged “malice aforethought.” Amending the indictment from “malice aforethought” to “deliberate design” was one of form, not substance, and the two terms were synonymous. Gilbert v. State, 934 So. 2d 330, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 241 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant contended that the indictment failed to charge all of the elements necessary to impose the death penalty under Mississippi law, but his argument failed because (1) pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101(7), a jury only needed to find that defendant killed, and did not need a true mens rea; (2) under Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101(5), aggravating circumstances existed; and (3) there was no increase in the maximum penalty because the maximum penalty for killing while engaged in the commission of sexual battery was death as the crime was defined as capital murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e), and, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §1-3-4, a capital murder was a crime punishable by death. Havard v. State, 928 So. 2d 771, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1119, 127 S. Ct. 931, 166 L. Ed. 2d 716, 2007 U.S. LEXIS 153 (U.S. 2007).

Capital murder indictment was not deficient for failing to list the aggravating factors the State intended to prove at sentencing; the death penalty statute clearly states the only aggravating circumstances that may be relied upon by the prosecution in seeking the death penalty, so that every time someone is charged with capital murder he or she is put on notice that the death penalty may result. Brown v. State, 890 So. 2d 901, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1104 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 981, 125 S. Ct. 1842, 161 L. Ed. 2d 735, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2005).

Felony murder as a capital crime by definition requires that there be two felonies, the homicide being the intentional or unintentional product of the other felony. The elements set out in the indictment against defendant only charged one felony, that defendant killed the victim by setting the victim on fire, and that act was not a capital offense; thus, the indictment as written did not charge capital murder, and reversal and remand of defendant to the custody of the sheriff pending the calling of a new grand jury was required. Buckley v. State, 875 So. 2d 1110, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 586 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Indictment charging defendant with murder using the language of the statute was not deficient; indictment did not have to allege which specific theory defendant was being charged under. Capnord v. State, 840 So. 2d 826, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 236 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Indictment charging defendant with murder that generally tracked the relevant statutory language and contained each element of the crime charged was sufficient to charge defendant with murder even though it omitted the words “although without any premeditated design to effect the death of any particular individual,” as the lack of premeditated design was not an essential element of the offense of depraved-heart murder. Montana v. State, 822 So. 2d 954, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 2002).

Indictment for depraved-heart murder that replaced the statutory phrase “without the authority of law” with the word “unlawfully” did not fail to charge defendant with an essential element of that crime, as the terms were synonymous. Turner v. State, 796 So. 2d 998, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 190 (Miss. 2001).

An indictment for capital murder was sufficient, notwithstanding the contention that it failed to identify the essential elements of the underlying felony offense of burglary, as the indictment adequately informed the defendant of the acts underlying the alleged burglary. Lockett v. Anderson, 230 F.3d 695, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 25501 (5th Cir. Miss. 2000).

An allegation that the deceased victim was a human being is not an essential element of the indictment. Coffield v. State, 749 So. 2d 215, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 508 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Only in capital murder cases predicated upon the felony of burglary will the Supreme Court require a more detailed indictment: to the extent of noticing the defendant with what felony was intended in the burglary. Turner v. State, 732 So. 2d 937, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 969, 120 S. Ct. 409, 145 L. Ed. 2d 319, 1999 U.S. LEXIS 7156 (U.S. 1999).

Because the original indictment adequately charged the defendant with murder, an amendment including the statutory language of subsection (1)(a) and facts added concerning the weapon used by the defendant were amendments as to form and not of substance. Greenlee v. State, 725 So. 2d 816, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 300 (Miss. 1998).

Mississippi capital murder indictments alleging that defendant entered house “to unlawfully do violence to the persons situated therein” were fatally defective for their failure to state intended felony that comprised charged burglary; “intent to do violence” was not a crime, prosecutor based his argument to support charge of burglary upon that “non-crime,” and jury was instructed that burglary charge could be predicated upon defendant’s intent either to steal or to “unlawfully do violence.” Lockett v. Puckett, 988 F. Supp. 1019, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20731 (S.D. Miss. 1997), rev'd, vacated, 230 F.3d 695, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 25501 (5th Cir. Miss. 2000).

Capital murder indictment predicated on burglary must state underlying offense that comprises burglary, and mere tracking in indictment of language of capital murder statute is insufficient; burglary is only capital murder predicate offense having essential element of intent to commit another felony, and permitting state to indict for capital murder without specifying underlying offense of burglary could result in trial on theory never placed before grand jury and with respect to which defendant had no opportunity to prepare defense. State v. Berryhill, 703 So. 2d 250, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 532 (Miss. 1997).

A capital murder indictment alleging that the murder was committed while the defendant was “engaged in the commission of the crime of robbery . . . ” gave the defendant sufficient notice of the nature and cause of the charges against him, even though the indictment did not specify the overt acts constituting the crime of robbery, where the indictment further read “contrary to and in violation of subsection (2)(e) of this section,” which is the statutory provision for capital murder, so that the indictment was in compliance with §99-17-20. Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 831 (Miss. 1990).

An indictment charging a killing occurring “while engaged in the commission of” one of the enumerated felonies in this section includes the actions of the defendant leading up to the felony, the attempted felony, and flight from the scene of the felony. Thus, in a capital murder prosecution, involving the underlying felony of sexual battery, the fact that the actual moment of the victim’s death preceded consummation of the underlying felony did not vitiate the capital charge. Baker v. Baker, 553 So. 2d 8, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 537 (Miss. 1989).

A multiple-count indictment, charging murder and aggravated assault, was permissible where both the murder and the aggravated assault arose from a single fusillade, the defendant presented the same self-defense defense to the 2 charges, almost all of the evidence admissible against the defendant on the murder count was also admissible against him on the assault count and visa-versa, and no legally cognizable prejudice could be said to have resulted from the consolidation at trial of the 2 charges. Blanks v. State, 542 So. 2d 222, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 165 (Miss. 1989).

When indictment charges defendant with capital murder in course of rape and robbery and trial judge’s instructions, as requested by state, tell jury that before it can convict defendant it must find that defendant killed victim while in course of committing rape and robbery, state undertakes burden of showing sufficiency of proof to establish both underlying rape and robbery as well as murder. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

Murder indictment which follows language of “depraved heart” provision of this section need not use words “malice aforethought.” Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2238 (Miss. 1985).

Indictment for murder includes all lower grades of felonious homicide, including manslaughter, and failure of state to elect between murder and manslaughter does not leave defendant ignorant of charge in violation of Sixth Amendment of United States Constitution and § 26 of Mississippi Constitution. Kelly v. State, 463 So. 2d 1070, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1878 (Miss. 1985).

In a prosecution for capital murder under this section, even though a technical error in the indictment charged the defendant under a different subsection of statute, the indictment was sufficient and the requirements of due process were met since the defendant and his attorney understood well in advance of trial that the charge was capital murder and that he was in jeopardy of the possible imposition of the penalty of death. Jones v. State, 461 So. 2d 686, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 2009 (Miss. 1984).

A person who intentionally sets fire to a building, with or without knowledge that it is occupied, may properly be charged with capital murder under subsection (2)(e) of this section, if the fire results in the death of an occupant of the building. Dycus v. State, 440 So. 2d 246, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2790 (Miss. 1983).

The trial court had jurisdiction over a prosecution for capital murder, a violation of subsection (2)(e) of this section, where the essential underlying element of the crime, kidnapping, started in Mississippi when defendant forcefully took the victim from her place of employment, notwithstanding the fact that the actual murder took place in Alabama. Pruett v. State, 431 So. 2d 1101, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2448 (Miss.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 865, 104 S. Ct. 201, 78 L. Ed. 2d 176, 1983 U.S. LEXIS 5350 (U.S. 1983).

In a prosecution for capital murder committed in the course of a robbery, the defendant’s demurrer to the indictment on the grounds that it did not set forth the necessary and essential elements of the crime of robbery and did not refer to the proper statute was properly denied where the indictment was sufficient to give the accused fair notice of the crime charged in clear and intelligible language. Bullock v. State, 391 So. 2d 601, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 2055 (Miss. 1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 931, 101 S. Ct. 3068, 69 L. Ed. 2d 432 (U.S. 1981).

The indictment in a murder prosecution was not defective for failure to adequately describe and define the offenses charged where the statutory language used in the indictment adequately defined the offense so as to give the defendant fair notice of the crime charged in clear and intelligible language. Bell v. State, 360 So. 2d 1206, 1978 Miss. LEXIS 2318 (Miss. 1978).

Trial court in prosecution for capital murder committed during armed robbery properly refused to quash indictment, which failed to cite section and subsection of code defining offense as required by §99-17-20, where indictment was amended prior to trial so as to cite applicable statutory offense involved. Bell v. State, 353 So. 2d 1141, 1977 Miss. LEXIS 2024 (Miss. 1977).

The court properly permitted the state to amend a murder indictment by striking from it the language “while engaged in commission of armed robbery or in violation of this section, Mississippi Code Annotated (1972)”, since all the ingredients charged by the amended indictment were there before the amendment, and thus no additional burden was placed on the defendant, and, though the indictment before amendment failed to specify that the charge was under subsection (2), which defines capital murder, this was not a fatal error or ground for demurrer, such as to prevent amendment, but rather the indictment thereby had merely charged defendant with murder (not capital). Porter v. State, 339 So. 2d 564, 1976 Miss. LEXIS 1675 (Miss. 1976).

Defendant’s indictment for murder was sufficient despite its failure to apprise him of whether he was charged under the capital murder section of the homicide statute [subsection (2) of this section] or under the section pertaining to murder [subsection (1) of this section], since, in light of the requirement of §99-17-20 that one can only be tried for capital murder if such offense was specifically cited in the indictment, defendant could only have been charged with and convicted of murder, and since §99-7-37, concerning requirements for indictments for homicide, does not require that the defendant be specifically apprised of whether he is being charged with murder or capital murder. Varnado v. State, 338 So. 2d 1239, 1976 Miss. LEXIS 1657 (Miss. 1976).

Where it was shown by direct evidence that the deceased was one and the same person as charged in the indictment to have been killed, the fact that the name of the deceased was shown by inference and hearsay would not render the conviction void. Duke v. State, 243 Miss. 602, 140 So. 2d 863, 1962 Miss. LEXIS 383 (Miss. 1962).

Murder indictment held not demurrable as not charging wilfulness and accused’s malice aforethought. Wexler v. State, 167 Miss. 464, 142 So. 501, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 203 (Miss. 1932).

Indictment charging defendant with killing unnamed infant, child of named parent, is sufficient. State v. Peek, 95 Miss. 240, 48 So. 819, 1909 Miss. LEXIS 242 (Miss. 1909).

23. Variance between pleading and proof.

An indictment charging a defendant with intentional murder and assigning a maximum penalty of life was sufficient to give the defendant fair notice of the crime charged, even though the jury instructions in the ensuing prosecution failed to include a charge that the murder was intentional. Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 849 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 928, 111 S. Ct. 2042, 114 L. Ed. 2d 126, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2673 (U.S. 1991).

In a prosecution for capital murder, the indictment charging defendant with willfull murder in the commission of the crime of robbery sufficiently informed defendant of the constituent offense with which he was charged, despite his contention that the testimony at trial only related to attempted robbery, since the statutory language “engaged in the commission of” includes an attempt to commit the constituent felony, the completed constituent felony, as well as immediate post-felony acts. Culberson v. State, 379 So. 2d 499, 1979 Miss. LEXIS 2528 (Miss. 1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 986, 101 S. Ct. 406, 66 L. Ed. 2d 250, 1980 U.S. LEXIS 3943 (U.S. 1980).

Where the accused’s contention that he was incapable of forming a criminal intent or a deliberate design to effect the death of the deceased was submitted to the jury with an instruction that the claimed state of intoxication would constitute a defense, there was not a fatal variance between the indictment charging that the accused wilfully, feloniously and with malice aforethought killed his wife and the proof, showing that the evidence upon the question of the extent accused’s intoxication was in conflict. Jackson v. State, 228 Miss. 604, 89 So. 2d 626, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 552 (Miss. 1956).

Where the record discloses that the witnesses, although calling the slain man by various names, were obviously referring to the person named in the indictment as having been killed, the rule is satisfied that it is necessary for the proof to show that the person killed is the same person as the one charged in the indictment as to have been killed. McDaniels v. State, 203 Miss. 239, 33 So. 2d 785, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 255 (Miss. 1948).

Variance between indictment charging defendant with the murder of “Myrtle” McCune and proof that defendant killed “Nettie” McCune, could not be availed of for the first time in the supreme court to reverse conviction of murder. Childress v. State, 188 Miss. 573, 195 So. 583, 1940 Miss. LEXIS 62 (Miss. 1940).

24. Deliberations of jury; verdict.

Inmate’s claim concerning error on a verdict form in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial was found to be without merit on direct appeal, and thus the issue was barred under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(2), and (2) in any event, the inmate raised nothing new before the court. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Inmate failed to show, in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial, any prejudicial jury misconduct as alleged in an affidavit submitted under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-9(1)(e); while the affidavit stated that some jurors heard that the inmate’s co-defendant had committed a rape in the past, there was no allegation that the jurors came to their decision based on a rape allegation against co-defendant. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Jurors were not prohibited, in connection with the sentencing phase of an inmate’s capital murder trial, from discussing among themselves whether parole was a possibility because they were instructed correctly; furthermore, the jury knew that if the inmate was sentenced to life, the inmate would never be paroled, and thus little stock could be put in the affidavits, submitted under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-9(1)(e), that said that the jurors were concerned that the inmate would be paroled one day. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

In defendant’s conviction for murder of the child while in the commission of felonious abuse and/or battery of the child, there were two notes passed to the trial judge by the bailiff from the jurors, but neither of the notes indicated that the jury had reached a conclusion or that they were deliberating; thus, defendant was not denied the right to an impartial jury. Seeling v. State, 844 So. 2d 439, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 119 (Miss. 2003).

That murder was committed (1) while engaged in crime of robbery and (2) for pecuniary gain may not be given as two separate and independent aggravating circumstances, as they essentially comprise one. When life is at state, a jury cannot be allowed to doubly weigh the commission of the underlying felony and the motive behind it as separate aggravators. Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

The Weathersby rule is not a jury instruction, but is a guide for the circuit judge in determining whether a defendant is entitled to a directed verdict. Blanks v. State, 547 So. 2d 29, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 322 (Miss. 1989).

If, after day and one-half of hearing trial of murder and manslaughter case, jury deliberates from 3:21 p.m. until 10:38 p.m., 3 jurors express desire to recess deliberation, but trial court nonetheless sends jury back for further deliberations, verdict comes at 11:07 p.m., special interrogatory confines jury until 11:35 p.m., and there has been excessive deliberation time. Isom v. State, 481 So. 2d 820, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2336 (Miss. 1985).

Capital murder defendant is not entitled to have jury separately instructed and separately to consider whether or not defendant is guilty of being accessory after fact. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

Mistrial is appropriate in capital murder prosecution in which, while jury is deliberating during sentencing phase, juror is given message by spouse that juror’s mother has died. Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2035 (Miss. 1985).

Trial court does not improperly communicate with individual juror by replying to juror in response to juror’s request to be excused that court will not excuse juror for reason expressed by juror. Fairley v. State, 467 So. 2d 894, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1902 (Miss.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 855, 106 S. Ct. 160, 88 L. Ed. 2d 133, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 3725 (U.S. 1985).

Juror’s receipt of telephone call from unidentified third party in middle of murder prosecution does not constitute jury tampering for which new trial will be ordered where defendant has failed to request that jury be sequestered and where defendant fails to place in record any objection upon learning that juror has received telephone call and where record reflects that defense counsel says nothing about matter until several days later when jury’s guilty verdict is returned. Gerlach v. State, 466 So. 2d 75, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1986 (Miss. 1985).

Where, in a prosecution under subsection (2)(e) of this section, for murder while engaged in the commission of the crime of rape, there was evidence that a crime had been committed and that the defendant and two other persons had been present, the only conclusion that could be drawn was that one or more of them had committed the crime, and when each of such persons proceeded to blame the other for the actual perpetration of the crime, it was up to the jury to determine which person or persons were guilty. Ruffin v. State, 447 So. 2d 113, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1629 (Miss. 1984).

A guilty verdict in a murder prosecution need not be signed by the jurors. Wright v. State, 209 Miss. 795, 48 So. 2d 509, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 444 (Miss. 1950).

Fact that death of victim was caused by a single stab wound does not entitle one of two defendants to directed verdict of acquittal when both defendants by concerted action did all within their power to effect death of victim with common design toward that end, and it is immaterial as to which of them proved to be successful in the effort. Riley v. State, 208 Miss. 336, 44 So. 2d 455, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 252 (Miss. 1950).

Where evidence disclosed that jury after twenty-three hours of deliberations stood 11 to 1 for verdict for guilty of murder when bailiff stated to jury that judge told him he had until next convening of court to wait until they reached verdict and that as far as he was concerned they could stay there until they rotted and that shortly thereafter the jury returned a verdict of guilty, such conduct constituted a coercive inference on the jury prejudicial to the defendant, it being immaterial whether the judge actually made such statement. McCoy v. State, 207 Miss. 272, 42 So. 2d 195, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 336 (Miss. 1949).

25. Conviction of lesser offense.

Defendant’s conviction for culpable negligence manslaughter was not against the weight of the evidence because (1) culpable negligence manslaughter was a lesser-included offense of the deliberate design murder for which defendant was indicted, and (2) the evidence allowed a reasonable jury to conclude that defendant barred the victim’s departure from the parties’ confrontation, defeating defendant’s self-defense claim. Brisco v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 481 (Miss. Ct. App. Oct. 1, 2019), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. LEXIS 142 (Miss. 2020).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s manslaughter conviction because (1) sufficient evidence of depraved-heart murder showed defendant knew her husband was sitting behind her car when she ran over him, showing culpable-negligence manslaughter, (2) presenting an alternate factual theory inadequate to sustain the conviction did not warrant reversal, as the jury could discard any factually insufficient theories, and (3) there was legally sufficient evidence of heat of passion. McCarty v. State, 247 So.3d 260, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 623 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017), cert. denied, 246 So.3d 885, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 263 (Miss. 2018).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of manslaughter under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35 as she was the only other person in the house, a deadly weapon was used, there was no evidence of self-defense, and scientific evidence of the gunshot wound showed that the victim could not have inflicted it himself, either by accident or suicide. Further, there was no prejudice to defendant as she was convicted of the lesser-included offense where proof would have supported conviction of the greater offense of deliberate-design murder. Simpson v. State, 993 So. 2d 400, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 334 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 997 So. 2d 924, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 552 (Miss. 2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1188, 129 S. Ct. 1348, 173 L. Ed. 2d 614, 2009 U.S. LEXIS 1379 (U.S. 2009).

Manslaughter is not a lesser-included offense of murder; therefore, a trial court was not permitted to enter a limited directed verdict on a murder charge and allow a jury to consider the unindicted offense of manslaughter because defendant did not receive notice of the manslaughter charge in the murder indictment. State v. Shaw, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 525 (Miss. Oct. 9, 2003), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 880 So. 2d 296, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1027 (Miss. 2004).

Where respondent was charged with capital murder for participating in assault during course of which respondent’s companion killed victim, and was sentenced to death under capital murder statute, but death sentence was vacated under intervening U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that Eighth Amendment forbids imposition of death penalty on one who aids and abets felony in the course of which murder is committed but who does not himself kill, attempt to kill, or intend that killing take place or that lethal force be employed, curt on federal habeas corpus review should require state’s judicial system to examine entire course of proceedings to determine whether at some point requisite factual finding has been made to support death penalty, which under proper circumstances does not offend Eighth amendment. Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S. Ct. 689, 88 L. Ed. 2d 704, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 46 (U.S. 1986), overruled in part, Pope v. Illinois, 481 U.S. 497, 107 S. Ct. 1918, 95 L. Ed. 2d 439, 1987 U.S. LEXIS 1934 (U.S. 1987).

In a prosecution for murder in which evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for capital murder, since it was not shown beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant murdered the victim while committing a kidnapping, the indictment for capital murder was sufficient to charge defendant with murder as a lesser included offense, and the jury could have been instructed that it could find the defendant guilty of such lesser included offense if the evidence justified such a finding; defendant’s conviction of capital murder was reversed, the jury’s verdict was affirmed as to guilt, and the case was remanded for resentencing of defendant for murder. Biles v. State, 338 So. 2d 1004, 1976 Miss. LEXIS 1646 (Miss. 1976), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 940, 97 S. Ct. 2655, 53 L. Ed. 2d 258, 1977 U.S. LEXIS 2010 (U.S. 1977).

Unwarranted conviction of manslaughter held harmless error under indictment for murder supported by evidence. Calicoat v. State, 131 Miss. 169, 95 So. 318, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 296 (Miss. 1922).

Conviction of manslaughter in prosecution for murder is an acquittal of murder. Walker v. State, 123 Miss. 517, 86 So. 337, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 50 (Miss. 1920).

On an indictment for murder the accused may be convicted of manslaughter. Dyson v. State, 26 Miss. 362, 1853 Miss. LEXIS 103 (Miss. 1853).

26. Trial; generally.

In defendant’s trial for capital murder, the State, for reasons that did not appear in the record, elected not to offer the subject incriminating statement into evidence, and it was purely speculative to suggest that the State would have attempted to belatedly offer the statement after ending its case in chief and then only if defendant took the stand. Thus, because the trial court determined the statement to be admissible as bearing directly on the central issue of defendant’s guilt, rather than for some alternate and limited purpose such as witness impeachment, the trial court’s ruling could not be seen as having had any chilling effect on defendant in deciding whether or not to take the stand. Bernardini v. State, 872 So. 2d 690, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 372 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Trial court’s cautionary admonition to defendant in prosecution for murder of African-American leader of civil rights organization to avoid racially inflammatory language during voir dire questioning was not unduly restrictive of defendant’s inquiry into racial prejudice; court permitted extensive questioning of jurors regarding racial matters, including civil rights activities. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

Testimony of accomplice, which was partially corroborated by fellow inmate of defendant and by state’s ballistics expert, presented question of fact to be determined by jury as to whether defendant was guilty of robbery and subsequent shooting of store clerk. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Experts who rendered diagnosis of “no mental disorder” for low intelligence quotient for capital murder defendant, after being appointed to perform mental examination of him to determine his competency to stand trial, afforded defendant constitutionally adequate evaluation and furnished constitutionally adequate report. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

The trial court in a capital murder prosecution did not err in permitting 3 off-the-record bench conferences and a jury instruction conference to be conducted when the defendant was not present where the defendant was represented by counsel at every critical stage of the proceedings, and he was not prejudiced by his absences at the conferences. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

In a prosecution for murder, an exclamation from the audience by the victim’s mother that the defendant “cold blooded killed my child” did not prejudice the defendant’s right to a fair trial where the victim’s mother was immediately escorted from the courtroom after her outburst, and the judge then properly admonished the jury to disregard the incident and questioned the jurors to determine whether they could disregard the comments. Bell v. State, 631 So. 2d 817, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 74 (Miss. 1994).

In a capital murder trial, the phrase “they haven’t shown it” used by the prosecutor in his closing argument with respect to the defendant’s alibi defense did not shift the burden of proof from the State to the defendant and deprive him of his right to a presumption of innocence where the prosecutor stated that the alibi instruction required the defendant to be in a place so remote and distant that he could not have committed the offense and “they haven’t shown it”; the prosecutor did not tell the jury that the defendant’s failure to establish his alibi should automatically translate into a verdict of guilty, but merely stated that the defense had not proven or “shown” that the defendant was “in a place so remote and distant that he could not have committed the offense” at the time when the crime occurred. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

A trial court’s refusal to permit a capital murder defendant to impeach an eyewitness regarding his statement that he had been employed by his cousin for part of the previous year did not deprive the defendant of his constitutional right to confront witnesses against him since the issue of the witness’ employment was a collateral matter; the constitutional right to confront witnesses applies only to issues pertinent to the crime charged, and the general rule that a party may not impeach a witness on collateral matters is applicable. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

A trial court in a murder prosecution erred in allowing the prosecutor to cross-examine a witness about a certified lab report of results of the defendant’s drug screen test, where the test results were never offered into evidence during the trial and the witness had no actual knowledge of the drug screen analysis; without the testimony of a sponsoring witness with personal knowledge of the facts contained therein, the drug screen report was inadmissible hearsay, and without the opportunity to cross-examine the person responsible for the information contained in the report, the defendant’s right to confront witnesses secured by the Sixth Amendment and Article 3, § 26 of the Mississippi Constitution were violated. Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 131 (Miss. 1992).

A trial court’s denial of a capital murder defendant’s request for a private mental examination did not violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, where the defendant did not attempt to use an insanity defense, the State did not produce psychiatric testimony against him, and he did not demonstrate that sanity was to be a significant factor at trial. Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1015, 112 S. Ct. 663, 116 L. Ed. 2d 754, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 7261 (U.S. 1991).

A trial court in a capital murder prosecution did not abuse its discretion in declining to grant a mistrial or a new trial on the ground that the victim’s daughter, who found the body of her mother, began to weep while testifying on direct examination, where the daughter’s testimony was elicited not as a family impact statement but to prove the conditions at the crime scene. Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1015, 112 S. Ct. 663, 116 L. Ed. 2d 754, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 7261 (U.S. 1991).

A trial court erred in not permitting a murder defendant himself to make an opening statement even though the judge had not been forewarned that the defendant wished to make the opening statement himself. A defense attorney who is made aware by his or her client that the client wishes to personally conduct his or her own defense first has an obligation to fully advise the client of the constitutional right to represent himself or herself, and also of the responsibility and risk entailed. The defense counsel also has an obligation to inform the judge prior to exercise of the right, of the client’s desire to do so, in order to give the judge an opportunity to instruct as well as warn the defendant outside the presence of the jury of his or her rights and responsibilities. Bevill v. State, 556 So. 2d 699, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 1990).

Defendant was not denied right to a speedy trial where, although almost 7 years elapsed between his indictment on charges of murder and aggravated assault and his arraignment, substantially all of the delay was due to defendant’s confinement in a state mental institution pursuant to court order, issued shortly after the indictment, finding defendant insane and not competent to stand trial, and trial was set in less than 6 weeks after the court was notified by institution’s staff of defendant’s competence to stand trial. Smith v. State, 489 So. 2d 1389, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2482 (Miss. 1986).

Judge is not disqualified from hearing homicide case on basis of fact that homicide defendant’s former attorney, against whom defendant has filed bar complaint, has at one time been law partner of judge. Ruffin v. State, 481 So. 2d 312, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2432 (Miss. 1985).

Refusal to provide indigent criminal defendant with free transcript of prior trial which ended in mistrial does not violate equal protection where defendant makes no showing that transcript would be useful or necessary to case or that alternative devices are unavailable. Ruffin v. State, 481 So. 2d 312, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2432 (Miss. 1985).

Defendant in capital murder case is not entitled to compulsory process, attendance fees, and travel expenses for out of state prospective character witnesses, particularly in case in which only thing presented to judge as to testimony of proposed witnesses is summary by counsel, not sworn to, as to what witnesses might testify. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

Refusal to grant capital murder defendant’s request for change of venue impermissibly deprives defendant of right to impartial jury where defendant has made prima facie showing of community prejudice by submitting affidavit signed by 2 witnesses with knowledge; furthermore, testimony of 15 defense witnesses who state specific reasons why defendant cannot receive fair trial in county in which offense has been committed raises irrebutable presumption of prejudice. Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2257 (Miss. 1985).

Trial court’s refusal to summon prisoners to testify in capital murder case, as requested by defendant, does not violate defendant’s right to compulsory process where testimony by prisoners would be inadmissible hearsay. Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409 (Miss. 1985), rev’d on other grounds, 481 U.S. 648, 107 S. Ct. 2045, 95 L. Ed. 2d 622 (1987), and see Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

One on trial for life or liberty may be handcuffed or otherwise shackled in presence of jury only by reason of clear and present danger to order or security. Hickson v. State, 472 So. 2d 379, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2132 (Miss. 1985).

Presence of law enforcement officers behind bar of court during trial of capital murder defendant is permissible so long as trial judge takes care to avoid appearance of intimidation. Lancaster v. State, 472 So. 2d 363, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2115 (Miss. 1985).

When trial court improperly refuses to order production of clearly discoverable witness statements which to to heart of credibility of state’s principal witness in murder prosecution, reviewing court does not engage in nice calculations regarding amount of resulting prejudice but reverses and remands for new trial. Barnes v. State, 471 So. 2d 1218, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2138 (Miss. 1985).

Where a physician had made a sufficient examination of the body on the morning following the assault so as to be able to testify that whoever had inflicted the wounds was the person who had killed the deceased, and according to the testimony of the sheriff and undertaker the deceased had suffered approximately 21 wounds inflicted by a blunt instrument, his skull had been cracked and considerable blood was found at the scene of the assault, the trial court did not err in overruling defendant’s motion for an autopsy. Upshaw v. State, 231 Miss. 158, 94 So. 2d 337, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 500 (Miss. 1957).

Trial court in murder prosecution has right to give his reasons for rulings during course of trial and to show why, in his opinion, reasons advanced for contrary ruling are unsound, provided he does not encroach upon province of jury or try to influence their verdict. Price v. State, 207 Miss. 111, 41 So. 2d 37, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 321 (Miss.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 844, 70 S. Ct. 92, 94 L. Ed. 516, 1949 U.S. LEXIS 1836 (U.S. 1949).

Remark of trial court in ruling on right of prosecution to cross-examine accused in murder case concerning insurance on victim that matter of insurance was wholly immaterial and that nothing about insurance is to be considered in any way derogatory to defendant, or derogatory to anybody else, is not equivalent to oral instruction to jury upon law of case contrary to express provisions of Code 1942, § 1530, Code requiring all jury instructions upon the law to be in writing, and is not prejudicial to defendant. Price v. State, 207 Miss. 111, 41 So. 2d 37, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 321 (Miss.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 844, 70 S. Ct. 92, 94 L. Ed. 516, 1949 U.S. LEXIS 1836 (U.S. 1949).

27. —Prosecutorial misconduct.

Defendant’s conviction for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b) was proper, in part because defendant failed to prove any prosecutorial misconduct. The prosecutor was permitted to summarize the police investigation and the comment was not a comment on defendant’s failure to testify; further, the prosecutor was not vouching for a witness’s credibility but instead simply gave a summation of the evidence and inferred that the trial testimony was false. Franklin v. State, 72 So.3d 1129, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 125 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 71 So.3d 1207, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 508 (Miss. 2011).

In a capital murder trial, defendant failed to prove that the prosecutor committed misconduct by identifying the victim as a police officer; the information was not admitted as victim-characteristic evidence at the sentencing phase, but, rather, was an integral part of the proof necessary to establish the capital offense, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(a). Maye v. State, 49 So.3d 1140, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 807 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), vacated, 49 So.3d 1124, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant cited seven instances of misconduct by the State in its closing argument, including references to the victim’s family and their attendance at the trial, the State’s actions as the “last voice” for the victim, references to the victim’s last thoughts, and the grief of the victim’s family members. However, the trial court alleviated any prejudice in properly sustaining the objections of counsel and admonishing the jury and the appellate court could not say that the improper arguments led to a verdict that was based upon prejudice and not upon the evidence so as to have justified a mistrial. Smith v. State, 911 So. 2d 541, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1104 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 920 So. 2d 1008, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 634 (Miss. 2005).

Prosecutor did not overstep his bounds when he asked the jury not to let the defendant get away with the murder with which he was charged. Furthermore, the trial court instructed the jury that arguments and statements of counsel were not evidence and that if any argument, statement or remark had no basis in the evidence, then the jury was to disregard that argument, statement or remark; in any event, there was no prosecutorial misconduct and no grounds for reversal in light of said instructions. Davis v. State, 904 So. 2d 1212, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1053 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 898 So. 2d 679, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 269 (Miss. 2005).

Prosecutor’s closing argument that defendant’s accomplices were not being tried because they had been exonerated in prior judicial hearing was proper response to defense counsel’s references to the fact that no action was being taken against defendant’s accomplices. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecutor’s closing argument during guilt phase that “This man deserves everything that he can get for the most brutal murder” and “He’s guilty” were not personal opinion comments, as prosecutor never said that she believed that defendant was guilty or that she believed that defendant deserved the death penalty. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecutors are afforded the right to argue anything in the State’s closing argument that was presented as evidence, but arguing statements of fact which are not in evidence or necessarily inferable from it and which are prejudicial to the defendant is error. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecuting attorney should refrain from commenting upon appearance of defendant when he has not been introduced as a witness. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecuting attorney should refrain from doing anything or saying anything that would tend to cause jury to disfavor defendant due to matters other than evidence relative to the crime. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecutor’s comment on defendant’s demeanor and appearance may have highlighted his failure to testify, which is plainly prohibited, and the remark should not have been made. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecution did not improperly comment on capital murder defendant’s failure to testify, when he stated that accomplice’s testimony regarding a ripped shirt was the “only testimony” and the “only reliable information” made available; reading of full remarks made it plain that prosecutor was simply summarizing account of night’s events as told by accomplice and rebutting defense efforts to show that accomplice was lying. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Capital murder defendant was not prejudiced by comment of prosecution, during guilt phase closing argument, inviting jury to notice that on each of several situations in which state was prepared to go forward with proof “that the defense would just as soon not be before you,” a stipulation was entered into; immediately thereafter the court instructed prosecutor “don’t raise a comment on why the stipulations were made,” and defense counsel did not request any further action. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

The prosecutor’s closing argument in the guilt phase of a capital murder prosecution did not constitute an improper comment on the defendant’s right to remain silent following arrest where the prosecutor, while discussing a county jail inmate’s testimony as to statements made by the defendant while he was in the jail, referred to the relationship between the defendant and the witness, and described the circumstances under which the statements were made. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

A prosecutor’s closing argument in a capital murder case did not constitute a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify at trial, in spite of the defendant’s argument that the prosecutor’s comments highlighted the fact that the only people alive who could have testified as to the events surrounding the murders were the defendant and his accomplice, where the prosecutor merely stated that the defendant and his accomplice saw to it that there were no eyewitnesses, and that “people who kill their victims and kill their eyewitnesses cannot be set free.” Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

A prosecutor’s biblical references during closing argument at the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution did not deprive the defendant of a fair trial, as the comments were within the “broad latitude” afforded counsel in closing argument. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

A prosecutor improperly commented during closing argument on a capital murder defendant’s failure to testify where the prosecutor stated that the defendant “hasn’t told you the whole truth yet,” that “you still don’t know the whole story,” and that the defendant was the only person alive who could give the whole story. Butler v. State, 608 So. 2d 314, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 1992).

In a capital murder prosecution, the prosecutor’s statement that there had not been any testimony that the defendant acted in self-defense did not constitute an impermissible comment upon the failure of the defendant to testify, where the prosecutor’s statement was made in connection with his argument that the State had proved the required element that the defendant’s actions were not done in necessary self-defense. Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1015, 112 S. Ct. 663, 116 L. Ed. 2d 754, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 7261 (U.S. 1991).

In a capital murder prosecution, the prosecutor’s references to a second victim did not violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, since these references were necessary to tell the complete story of the crime where both victims were killed in the same mobile home with the same gun. Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1015, 112 S. Ct. 663, 116 L. Ed. 2d 754, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 7261 (U.S. 1991).

Comments made by a prosecutor during his closing argument in a capital murder prosecution did not constitute prosecutorial misconduct, where the prosecutor stated that the victim was a human being and had a right to be protected by the law even though he may not have been wealthy or prominent or a leader in his community, in spite of the defendant’s argument that the “value” of the victim’s life should not be a factor in considering whether the defendant should live or die and that such a consideration introduces an arbitrary factor into the process, since the prosecutor’s statement was innocuous. Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 831 (Miss. 1990).

In a capital murder prosecution in which the defense counsel had argued that “there is only one person who can tell you if a reasonable doubt exists insofar as this case, and that’s each and every one of you,” the prosecutor’s rebuttal constituted an improper comment on the defendant’s failure to testify where it included a statement that “they tell you, there’s one man alive today who can tell you what happened, and I agree with that. There is one person who could tell you what happened and we have . . . a statement from him. We have a confession, an oral confession, we have a written confession . . . . . ” Such remarks directed the jury’s attention to the failure of the defendant to take the stand and admit or deny the contents of the confession. Griffin v. State, 557 So. 2d 542, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 50 (Miss. 1990).

Closing argument in which prosecuting attorney attempts to describe for jury in less than complimentary terms sort of person who would commit sort of crime involved in capital murder case is perfectly legitimate. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

Complaint regarding prosecution’s argument which includes calling upon diety, making reference to personal friendship of district attorney and homicide victim, personal remarks directed to defense counsel, personal belief in defendant’s guilt, and frustration in prosecuting homicide cases can quickly be dissipated by contemporaneous objection and ruling by circuit judge; if defense counsel chooses to wait until conclusion of argument to object, error may not be assigned on basis of argument. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

Presence of daughter of murder victim at counsel table and open display of emotion by daughter which presents jury with image of prosecution acting on behalf of daughter is impermissible. Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2035 (Miss. 1985).

Supreme court will not, on appeal from murder conviction, consider objection to remarks made by district attorney in his argument to jury, when no objection was offered to remarks at the time they were made, no bill of exceptions was taken, no motion for mistrial was asked by defendant, and trial judge was not asked for ruling. Woods v. State, 37 So. 2d 319 (Miss. 1948).

28. —Selection and removal of jurors.

Issue raised at trial and on direct appeal from an inmate’s capital murder conviction concerning the exclusion of a juror for failing to meet the qualifications of Miss. Code Ann. §13-5-1 was found to be without merit, and the issue was therefore barred pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(2); because the trial court committed no error in excusing this juror and another juror for not meeting the qualifications under Miss. Code Ann. §13-5-1, then the attorneys were not ineffective for failing to object to the jurors’ dismissal, and in any event, the attorneys’ decisions regarding the final composition of the jury were generally determined to be matters of trial strategy. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Prosecutor’s question to potential jurors asking whether they could conceive of imposing death penalty in murder case with no eyewitness was proper means of probing into their prejudices to get insight into their thoughts. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court acted within its discretion in excusing 4 potential jurors who stated that they probably could not impose death penalty when there were no eyewitnesses or fingerprints linking defendant to crime, and stated that they would need “a lot stronger proof” to change their position. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Decision of whether or not to excuse potential juror based on bias against death penalty is left to trial judge’s discretion. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

For trial court to excuse potential juror for bias against death penalty, juror need not expressly state that he or she absolutely refuses to consider death penalty; equivalent response made in any reasonable manner indicating juror’s firm position will suffice. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Prospective jurors in capital cases may only be excluded for cause based upon their views on capital punishment when those views would prevent or substantially impair performance of their duties as jurors in accordance with their instructions and oath. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

If prospective juror who is opposed to death penalty indicates that, if convinced of defendant’s guilt, he or she could return verdict of guilty which might result in death penalty, juror cannot be struck from jury. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

If prospective juror is irrevocably committed to vote against death penalty regardless of facts and circumstances, juror can be struck from jury. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Four prospective jurors in capital murder case were properly excused after stating their inability to impose death penalty. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Dismissal of doctor and 2 attorneys from jury did not deny defendant his rights to due process and to fair cross section of community; doctor was an emergency room physician who was working night shift, and attorneys were excused because they operated small businesses that could not afford to be closed. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court’s questioning and dismissal of 6 venire members who expressed opposition to the death penalty was adequate, even though defense counsel was not allowed to repeat questions in his own words to prospective jurors during court’s voir dire, where the trial court rephrased questions as requested, defense did not request permission to ask further questions, and there was no showing that further questioning would have rehabilitated dismissed venire members. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Under the Batson test, the prosecutor satisfied the burden of articulating a nondiscriminatory reason for striking a black juror where he explained that he struck the juror because the juror had long unkempt hair, a mustache and a beard, since the wearing of beards and long unkempt hair are not characteristics that are particular to any race. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 115 S. Ct. 1769, 131 L. Ed. 2d 834, 1995 U.S. LEXIS 3181 (U.S. 1995).

Defense counsel’s extensive voir dire of venire members regarding attitudes toward death penalty precluded claim on appeal that trial court’s inadequate voir dire questioning permitted seating of jurors with bias in favor of death penalty. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Fact that 10 of 14 jurors and alternates were women precluded claim that prosecution engaged in improper gender based discrimination when exercising peremptory challenges. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Trial court could excuse prospective juror from serving on panel hearing capital murder case, on grounds that prospect was mother of 8-year-old boy and that she would feel apprehensive and be distracted if required to be away from child in event jury was sequestered. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court did not improperly excuse prospective juror from service in capital murder case; prospect tailored her response to question whether she could follow the law at both phases of trial to whichever counsel was questioning her, and she indicated she did not want to be involved in jury service and only “guessed” that she would “try” to listen to evidence and be fair to both sides. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Any juror who would impose death sentence regardless of facts and circumstances of capital murder conviction cannot follow dictates of law and is subject to be removed through use of complementary challenge for cause. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Police officer was not required to be removed from capital murder jury panel, even though during general voir dire of venire he had stated that due to seriousness of charge of capital murder guilty verdict should be followed by death penalty, and officer admitted to knowing some details of case; officer had further stated that he believed his decision whether to impose death penalty would be based on circumstances and that he could be fair and impartial, and there was no automatic rule that law enforcement officers or their relatives could be challenged for cause. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prospective juror was not required to be removed from capital murder panel, even though during initial voir dire he had raised his hand and commented, regarding death penalty, that “if the jury reached a decision of guilty, I would automatically vote” for death; when questioned individually, prospect stated that he would weigh evidence and that he could put aside his views and listen to evidence and instructions. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prospective juror was not required to be removed from capital murder jury panel, even though he nodded his head affirmatively during group voir dire when asked whether he would automatically vote for death penalty, whether he believed in death penalty, and whether he would vote with majority of other jurors as to sentence; under further questioning he stated that he would evaluate the evidence and impose penalty which seemed most logical, and when informed that his vote was an individual choice prospect replied that he would vote whichever way evidence pointed, would be fair and impartial and would follow law. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prospective juror was not required to be removed for cause from jury panel in capital murder case, even though he initially stated he would vote for death penalty upon capital conviction, and later that he would be predisposed to vote for death all things being equal; prospect also stated that he would follow instructions given by court and review facts before reaching decision, and that his decision would be based upon how evidence “came about” in penalty phase of trial. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court was not required to grant capital murder defendant additional peremptory challenges, for use in eliminating prospective jurors that trial court refused to remove for cause despite their avowed favoritism toward death penalty; defendant had not supported his claim that there were an unusual number of persons favoring death penalty among venirepersons, those that court had declined to remove for cause had been rehabilitated and those whose views on subject remained “unwavering” had been removed. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecution presented race-neutral reason for peremptory strike of prospective juror in capital murder case; prospect had teenage daughter, and manner in which she responded to questions led prosecutor to feel that she was dealing with some problem prosecutor was unable to reach, and court indicated that prospect’s demeanor was different from that of other prospects who had children. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecution provided race-neutral reason for peremptory strike of black prospective juror in capital murder case; prospect took care of approximately 30 hogs and between 30 or 40 chickens, and would not be able to maintain her responsibilities if jury was required to be sequestered. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecution gave race-neutral reason for peremptorily striking black prospective juror in capital murder case; juror had indicated unwillingness to serve and had stated that she might have difficulty in coming to any definite conclusion. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecution provided race-neutral reason for peremptory challenge of black prospective juror in capital murder case; prospect was on board of directors of organization devoted to providing back-up for defense attorneys in capital cases. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Court could strike for cause prospective juror in capital murder case who repeatedly stated that she was disposed to return life sentence, rather than death sentence, and did not know if she could base her decision on evidence and law. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Circuit court should take substantial role in conducting voir dire to determine whether prospective jurors would vote automatically for death penalty regardless of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

In a prosecution for capital murder and conspiracy to commit capital murder, the trial court committed reversible error in failing to place the initial burden on the State to establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination in the defendant’s use of his peremptory challenges, before concluding that the defendant failed to offer a race-neutral reason for challenging one of the jurors, since the defendant was arbitrarily and erroneously denied the use of one of his peremptory challenges, and the composition of the jury was directly altered as a result. Colosimo v. Senatobia Motor Inn, 662 So. 2d 552, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 479 (Miss. 1995).

A prosecutor’s race-neutral explanation for peremptorily striking a potential juror need not rise to the level of justifying the exercise of a challenge for cause. Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 287 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1192, 116 S. Ct. 1684, 134 L. Ed. 2d 785, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 3101 (U.S. 1996).

A trial judge in a capital murder prosecution did not abuse his discretion by excusing a potential juror who initially indicated that she could not impose the death penalty, even though she subsequently indicated that there were some circumstances under which she could impose the death penalty, where she failed to clearly indicate that she was willing to set aside her own beliefs and follow the instructions and law as to the death penalty. Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 287 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1192, 116 S. Ct. 1684, 134 L. Ed. 2d 785, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 3101 (U.S. 1996).

In a capital murder prosecution in which a black defendant was convicted and sentenced by an all-white jury for the murders of 4 white victims, the trial court did not err by allowing the State to peremptorily strike the sole potential black juror, since the reason stated by the prosecution for the peremptory challenge-that the juror indicated she would have difficulty finding suitable child care during the trial-was sufficiently race-neutral. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

The trial court in a capital murder prosecution erred by not requiring the State to give racially-neutral reasons for exercising peremptory challenges against 7 out of 13 black jurors on the venire, even though there was no showing that the defendant was of a minority class, and therefore the case would be remanded for a hearing on whether the Batson criteria were violated by the State’s exercise of its peremptory challenges. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

A prosecutor’s request of jurors during individual voir dire to give the particular circumstances that each would require in order to return a death sentence were not improperly designed to extract a promise from the jurors that they would certainly vote in favor of the death penalty given a specific set of circumstances, and therefore did not violate the defendant’s constitutional rights. Foster v. State, 639 So. 2d 1263, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 670 (Miss. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1019, 115 S. Ct. 1365, 131 L. Ed. 2d 221, 1995 U.S. LEXIS 2061 (U.S. 1995).

A trial court in a capital murder prosecution did not err in excusing a juror for cause where the juror stated that she opposed the death penalty and would not impose the death penalty under any circumstances. Russell v. State, 607 So. 2d 1107, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 474 (Miss. 1992).

A murder defendant was not denied a fair trial on the ground that the trial court refused to accept his challenges for cause to 3 potential jurors where the defendant used peremptory challenges to remove those jurors, since the loss of a peremptory challenge does not constitute a violation of the constitutional right to an impartial jury; so long as the jury that sits is impartial, the fact that the defendant had to use peremptory challenges to achieve that result does not mean that the defendant was denied his or her constitutional rights. Mettetal v. State, 602 So. 2d 864, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 413 (Miss. 1992).

The denial of a challenge for cause is not error where it is not shown that the defense has exhausted peremptory challenges and is thus forced to accept the juror. Thus, a trial court’s refusal to remove 6 jurors for cause did not deprive the defendant of a fair trial where only one of the 6 actually served on the jury and she was not challenged at a time when the defense had 12 peremptory challenges, the defense still had one challenge left as well as an alternate challenge at the completion of the selection process, and the defense counsel never raised any objection to the other 5 jurors. Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 849 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 928, 111 S. Ct. 2042, 114 L. Ed. 2d 126, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2673 (U.S. 1991).

A capital murder defendant was not entitled to have a separate jury impaneled to hear the evidence at the penalty phase. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

“Death qualification” of jurors prior to the guilt phase in a capital murder prosecution did not deprive the defendant of a jury composed of a fair cross section of the community. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

Statute Supreme Court’s judgment cannot stand insofar as it imposes the death sentence. The State Supreme Court’s analysis is rejected if and to the extent it is based on the reasoning that the trial judge restored one of the State’s peremptory challenges by determining that he had erred in denying one of the “Witherspoon” motions, and that erroneous removal of juror for cause was therefore harmless since the State would have used its restored challenge to remove her in any case. “Unexercised peremptory” argument wrongly assumes that crucial question is whether a particular prospective juror is excluded due to the court’s erroneous ruling. Rather, relevant inquiry is whether the composition of the jury panel as a whole could possibly have been affected by the error. However, jury selection process requires a series of on-the-spot decisions weighing the relative objectionableness of a particular venire member against the number of peremptory challenges available at that time. Thus, the nature of the selection process defies any attempt to establish that an erroneous “Witherspoon” exclusion is harmless, Further, State’s argument that jurors exclusion was a single technical error that should be considered harmless because it did not have any prejudicial effect is unavailing, under Davis v. Georgia, regarding application of Witherspoon decision. Gray v. Mississippi, 481 U.S. 648, 107 S. Ct. 2045, 95 L. Ed. 2d 622, 1987 U.S. LEXIS 2057 (U.S. 1987), limited, Ross v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 81, 108 S. Ct. 2273, 101 L. Ed. 2d 80, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 2871 (U.S. 1988).

Any prejudice resulting from judge’s reading of wrong indictment during void dire of jury in homicide prosecution is removed when judge immediately admonishes jury to disregard such indictment. Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2238 (Miss. 1985).

Jurors who indicate inability to vote for death penalty under any circumstances may be excluded from guilt phase of capital murder prosecution. Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2059 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 106 S. Ct. 2291, 90 L. Ed. 2d 732, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 1720 (U.S. 1986).

When bailiff excuses juror on last day of murder trial on basis of death of juror’s grandmother, rather than escorting juror back to court and informing trial judge of situation so judge can determine whether juror is unable to perform duty and order excusal, and trial court subsequently impanels alternate juror without objection by defense, and defendant fails to show prejudice resulting from impaneling of alternate, conviction is not subject to reversal on basis of improper excusal of original juror. Fuller v. State, 468 So. 2d 68, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2055 (Miss. 1985).

Merely because potential jurors in capital murder case would be hesitant to inflict death penalty in case based entirely on circumstantial evidence does not constitute grounds to excuse jurors for cause. Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2035 (Miss. 1985).

The trial court did not commit reversible error in overruling defendant’s motion for a mistrial, or that a new panel of jurors be tendered to the defendant, where, after ten jurors had been finally accepted to try the defendant, the court, out of the presence of defendant or his counsel, excused on of the jurors because illness required the juror’s presence at home, where the court had allowed the defendant one additional peremptory challenge. Upshaw v. State, 231 Miss. 158, 94 So. 2d 337, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 500 (Miss. 1957).

29. —Ineffective assistance of counsel.

Trial counsel did not err in failing to request a jury instruction on culpable negligence or on accident or misfortune during defendant’s trial for depraved-heart murder because the facts did not support any of those instruction; evidence was presented, and defendant admitted, that she fired at least three shots directly at the victim, and the trial court instructed this jury on defendant’s theories of defense, which had an evidentiary basis. Swanagan v. State, 229 So.3d 698, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant was properly convicted of murder because the trial record, standing alone, did not validate his claim that trial counsel rendered assistance was ineffective by failing to request a suppression hearing on his statements to police; it was plausible that counsel’s decision was a part of his trial strategy given that counsel did not object to the admission of defendant’s confessions. Reed v. State, 204 So.3d 785, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 766 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

In a capital murder trial, a defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel based on false arrest, failure to interview alibi witnesses, failure to view alleged evidence, and failure to object to the prosecutor’s closing argument could be raised on direct appeal because the facts were fully apparent from the record. Scott v. State, 8 So.3d 855, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 589 (Miss. 2008), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 941, 130 S. Ct. 1500, 176 L. Ed. 2d 117, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 1205 (U.S. 2010).

Denial of the appellant inmate’s request for post-conviction relief after he was convicted of capital murder (murder during the commission of sexual battery) was appropriate because he failed to prove that he received the ineffective assistance of counsel. Even if counsel had procured a DNA expert who testified that the inmate’s DNA was not present, that did not exonerate the inmate of the sexual battery charge because sexual penetration could be by insertion of any object into the genital or anal opening of another person’s body. Havard v. State, 988 So. 2d 322, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant’s claim of ineffective counsel in a murder trial failed because the jury instructions were proper and requesting a jury instruction on manslaughter that was commonly given on the prosecution’s request was permissible trial strategy to try to ensure that the jury knew they were not required to find murder, and that a lesser offense was available when there was strong evidence that defendant shot the victim. Mullen v. State, 986 So. 2d 320, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 605 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 987 So. 2d 451, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 559 (Miss. 2008).

As to his conviction for murder, defendant did not demonstrate that the outcome of his trial would have been different if his counsel had objected to the district attorney’s leading questions to deputies and the district attorney’s eliciting of prior bad acts testimony from the victim’s family members (eyewitnesses), and a neighbor. He merely asserted that had counsel been as diligent with objections on said matters, he would have received a fair trial, and that statement did not satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland; defendant’s account of the events that led to the victim’s death was not corroborated by any of the eyewitnesses, the physical evidence refuted his account that the victim was shot accidentally during a close struggle, and because he was hopelessly guilty, he was not entitled to a new trial on grounds counsel was ineffective. Jones v. State, 911 So. 2d 556, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 231 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 920 So. 2d 1008, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 599 (Miss. 2005).

Even if defendant’s trial counsel was deficient in allegedly failing to make numerous potential objections to hearsay and other improper evidence, there was no reasonable probability that the proceeding would have been different given the plethora of evidence against defendant, including his confession that he “killed the bitch.” While trial counsel’s performance might have been less than perfect, there was nothing in the record that proved that trial counsel’s performance was not in the “wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Gibson v. State, 895 So. 2d 185, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1142 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Claims that defense counsel was unprepared because he only had two meetings with defendant were rejected, as counsel filed pretrial motions, conducted voir dire, offered challenges for cause, provided compelling opening and closing statements, objected to the admission of certain evidence, and cross-examined witnesses. Under the Sixth Amendment, defendant was entitled to and received minimum competence and loyal assistance. Rinehart v. State, 883 So. 2d 573, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1228 (Miss. 2004).

Court found no ineffective assistance of counsel in the failure of attorneys for an inmate to object to the State’s use of peremptory strikes in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial because (1) the inmate failed to show any prejudice, and (2) the attorneys could well have thought that the State had adequate race neutral reasons for the State’s strikes, and there was no requirement that the attorneys had to make motions that they did not believe would succeed. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Inmate’s attorney was not ineffective, in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial, for failing to impeach a material witness with an alleged prior inconsistent statement concerning the inmate’s height because (1) there was little room for impeachment in the relative heights of the inmate, co-defendant, and the witness, and (2) it was a matter of trial strategy not to ask the witness additional questions on cross-examination. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Inmate’s attorney was not ineffective, in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial, for not objecting to the presence of a county sheriff during trial proceedings because (1) the inmate cited no authority to support the claim that the sheriff was able to tailor the sheriff’s testimony after hearing other witnesses and (2) there was no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to permit the sheriff to remain in the courtroom. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Inmate’s attorney was not ineffective, in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial, for allowing the inmate to be tried jointly with co-defendant at both the guilt and penalty phases because (1) this issue was substantially addressed on direct appeal, and thus was barred in post-conviction proceedings under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(2), and (2) in any event, the issue was without merit because the inmate and co-defendant insisted on being tried together. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Inmate’s attorneys were not ineffective, in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial, for not objecting to the trial judge’s decision to excuse potential jurors after unrecorded bench conferences because even though the bench conferences should have been recorded, and even if the attorneys were negligent in failing to see that the conferences were recorded, there was no showing of prejudice to the inmate and the reasons for the excusal of the jurors were clearly in the record. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Inmate’s attorneys were not ineffective, in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial, for failing to object to certain prosecutorial statements made during closing argument at the guilt phase because (1) the issue was raised on direct appeal and was found to be without merit, and thus the issue was barred under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(2), and (2) in any event, the comments made were within the wide latitude granted in an attorney’s closing argument. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for failing to investigate and develop fact of defendant’s low intelligence quotient, where absence of that evidence did not reasonably undermine confidence in outcome of trial, in that it was merely additional evidence of defendant’s mental aptitude, since counsel argued that defendant had very minimal education and deprived childhood. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for failing to request continuance after prosecution called so-called “surprise” witness who subsequently identified defendant, where counsel interviewed witness for 25 minutes during recess called specifically for that purpose, and defendant showed nothing that continuance would have further gained. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for failing to file certain motions, call certain witnesses, ask certain questions, and make certain objections, where counsel’s actions fell within ambit of trial strategy. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for failing to request continuance after State introduced into evidence during sentencing phase 2 prior convictions for manslaughter and attempted rape, where there was no prejudice to defendant, in that the prior convictions were valid and not subject to collateral attack. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for failing to object to transitional jury instruction stating that jury should not consider instruction defining lesser included offense of murder unless it found that defendant was not guilty of capital murder, where defendant was granted lesser included offense instruction defining crime of murder less than capital, and defendant showed no prejudice flowing from transitional instruction. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for failing to object to introduction of defendant’s prior convictions of grand larceny and simple robbery, where both were relevant to aggravating circumstances set forth under capital sentencing statute, and thus objection would have been futile. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for failing to make offer of proof concerning excluded mitigation-of-sentence testimony about defendant’s religious convictions and effect on him of death of his stepchild, where the evidence was adequately established via testimony of other witnesses. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for failing to object to jury instruction that the murder was “especially heinous, atrocious and cruel,” where, at time of trial, there was no viable basis under state law for objecting to this instruction. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Counsel for capital murder defendant was not ineffective for conducting cross-examination of witness that produced responses which allegedly strongly suggested to jury that defendant could not be rehabilitated, where most of the cross-examination was in abstract and was not related directly to defendant, and defendant had previous convictions for rape, manslaughter, robbery and grand larceny based upon which jury could have easily reached conclusion that there was little hope for defendant’s rehabilitation. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

Mere fact that counsel for capital murder defendant shared office space with prosecutor who prosecuted defendant’s preliminary hearing was not sufficient to demonstrate actual conflict of interest causing prejudice to defendant in violation of defendant’s right to counsel. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

A murder defendant was not denied her Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel by her attorney’s refusal of a manslaughter instruction, even though there was a strong evidentiary basis for the submission of such an instruction, where the attorney’s decision to refuse a manslaughter instruction coupled with his decision to employ a defense based entirely on self-defense was a calculated trial strategy. Hiter v. State, 660 So. 2d 961, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 333 (Miss. 1995).

A murder defendant was not denied her Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel due to her attorney’s failure to object to statements made by the prosecution in their closing argument, referring to the fact that the victim was not present at trial to explain the events surrounding the killing, since it was reasonable for the prosecution to argue that the victim was no longer in existence in a murder trial in which the jury was required to determine whether the killing was justified. Hiter v. State, 660 So. 2d 961, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 333 (Miss. 1995).

A murder defendant was not denied effective assistance of counsel by his attorney’s admission of his guilt of the crime where the evidence of guilt was overwhelming, and the attorney admitted that the defendant was guilty of simple murder, not capital murder, and submitted a lesser-included offense instruction in accordance with the argument. Woodward v. State, 635 So. 2d 805, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 442 (Miss. 1993).

A capital murder defendant was denied effective assistance of counsel at the penalty phase where his attorneys presented almost no facts in mitigation upon which the jury could have acted to spare the defendant’s life, they failed to make the most of the available evidence in mitigation, and in closing argument one of the defendant’s attorneys stated that the only way the jury could spare the defendant’s life was on “redeeming love,” which was not one of the factors which the jury could have considered under the court’s instructions. Woodward v. State, 635 So. 2d 805, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 442 (Miss. 1993).

A defendant’s counsel was not ineffective at the guilt phase of a capital murder trial where the defense counsel adequately investigated, filing discovery motions and obtaining the State’s entire file, and there was no reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different had evidence been presented that the defendant’s accomplice, rather than the defendant, delivered the fatal injuries, because it was clearly established that the defendant was present at the planning and execution of the murder and was therefore a principal. State v. Tokman, 564 So. 2d 1339, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 232 (Miss. 1990).

In order to prove that he received ineffective assistance of counsel during the guilt phase of a capital murder prosecution, the defendant was required to show deficient performance and that his counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive him of a fair trial with a reliable result; unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that rendered the result unreliable. State v. Tokman, 564 So. 2d 1339, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 232 (Miss. 1990).

Defendant convicted of capital murder is not entitled to reversal on basis of refusal of trial court to appoint experienced trial counsel where defendant is unable to point to specific lapses by trial counsel. Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2257 (Miss. 1985).

30. —Continuance.

At the beginning of defendant’s trial for murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19, the court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a continuance so that he could obtain the results of the toxicology screen on the victim’s blood. The fact that the victim was using cocaine did not indicate that he was the aggressor. Jackson v. State, 689 So. 2d 760, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 39 (Miss. 1997), superseded, Monroe v. Monroe, 745 So. 2d 249, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 229 (Miss. 1999).

Trial judge did not abuse his discretion in refusing defendants request for a continuance which was made at 4:30 p.m., where there was no evidence of undue burden upon counsel in continuing the case to conclusion and no indication in the record that the jury, which returned a verdict at 10:10 p.m., had difficulty in proceeding with their deliberations. Dye v. State, 498 So. 2d 343, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2776 (Miss. 1986).

It is contemptuous of obligation every trial counsel owes court to wait until 10 days before predetermined trial date in capital murder case to inform circuit judge of unavailability of defense expert witnesses in case in which at least 30 pretrial motions are made by thorough and aggressive defense counsel; in such case, motion for continuance on basis of absence of witnesses is properly denied. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

Trial court may deny capital murder defendant’s request for continuance due to unavailability of defense fingerprint expert where court concludes that fingerprint expert would testify that fingerprints of murder victim and no one else had been found at scene of crime. Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2059 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 106 S. Ct. 2291, 90 L. Ed. 2d 732, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 1720 (U.S. 1986).

31. Prejudicial or harmless error; generally.

Inmate’s cumulative effect argument in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial was procedurally barred under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(3) as res judicata, and in any event, the issue was without merit because the cumulative errors, in any, did not require relief. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

In capital cases, although there is no error which, standing alone, requires reversal, aggregate effect of various errors may create such an atmosphere of bias, passion, and prejudice that they effectively deny defendant a fundamentally fair trial. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

A washcloth found at the site where the defendant had buried the victim’s body should not have been admitted into evidence in a murder prosecution, where the washcloth was not identified as belonging to the defendant or deriving from the defendant’s home; absent a sufficient connection between the cloth and the defendant and/or the crime, it should have been excluded. However, admission of the cloth was harmless in view of the overwhelming evidence of guilt presented. Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 648 (Miss. 1991).

In a homicide prosecution, the prosecution’s failure to disclose 2 tape-recordings pertaining to the homicide which had been made on the morning of the homicide by the police department radio dispatcher was harmless error where the recordings did not contain any exculpatory information. Fowler v. State, 566 So. 2d 1194, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 439 (Miss. 1990).

Permitting murder weapon, which has not been introduced in evidence, into jury room is harmless error beyond reasonable doubt where it is manifest that parties, court officials and court have overlooked fact that weapon has not been again offered in evidence after chain of custody has been established in response to defense objection and has been referred to throughout trial without objection by defense and defense does not object to weapon being taken as part of exhibits to jury room. Williams v. State, 481 So. 2d 839, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2332 (Miss. 1985).

When trial court improperly refuses to order production of clearly discoverable witness statements which to to heart of credibility of state’s principal witness in murder prosecution, reviewing court does not engage in nice calculations regarding amount of resulting prejudice but reverses and remands for new trial. Barnes v. State, 471 So. 2d 1218, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2138 (Miss. 1985).

Although, in the prosecution of a state penitentiary trustee for murder in connection with the death of a prisoner allegedly beaten by the defendant and another, it was improper to permit a member of the coroner’s jury to testify, the admission of that testimony as to what he had seen and as to what the penitentiary physician had stated, that the prisoner had died of heat stroke as shown on the death certificate, was harmless error, where the only issue in the case was the cause of death, and that issue was presented squarely to the jury, which found that death was caused by trauma. McLaurin v. State, 260 So. 2d 845, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1581 (Miss. 1972).

In prosecution for murder, on preliminary hearing to determine competency of alleged confession, it is error for court to limit defendant to cross-examination of state’s witnesses, as failure to hear defendant and his witness imposes upon him an extra and unfair burden. Morroco v. State, 204 Miss. 498, 37 So. 2d 751, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 384 (Miss. 1948).

Asking accused if he testified at committal trial which he answered in negative, while improper, was harmless. Wells v. State, 96 Miss. 500, 51 So. 209, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 162 (Miss. 1910).

32. —Comment or act of counsel.

Any error in prosecutor’s comment on defendant’s demeanor, which might have been taken as a comment on failure to testify, was cured by instructions to jurors to disregard remarks of counsel which have no basis in the evidence and to not draw any unfavorable inference against defendant because of his failure to testify. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

In a prosecution for capital murder committed during the commission of a rape, the conviction and sentence would be reversed where, in response to the defendant’s request for disclosure of expert reports or statements, the prosecution responded only by providing a copy of the pathologist’s autopsy report, and the undisclosed opinion of the pathologist that the victim was raped was the only evidence offered to prove this critical aspect of the State’s case. In re the Reinstatement of Turner, 635 So. 2d 894, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 197 (Miss. 1994).

The production of accomplices’ statements at a murder trial during the cross-examination of a police officer who investigated the accomplices was not sufficient since receipt of these statements during trial did not give the defendant a “meaningful opportunity” to make use of them. Defense counsel was entitled to have access prior to trial, and since he was not given such access, a reversal of the defendant’s conviction was warranted. Welch v. State, 566 So. 2d 680, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 152 (Miss. 1990).

In a murder prosecution, the prosecutor’s comment during closing argument that the defendant was “clothed in the full protection of the Constitution of the United States and he has got what [the victim] never got. And that is a jury of 12 good people to decide his fate,” did not warrant reversal of the jury’s verdict where the comment was an isolated statement and no other portion of the closing argument focused on the exercise of constitutional rights by the defendant. Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 492 (Miss. 1989), rev'd, in part, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 5501 (U.S. 1990).

Although the trial court properly condemned the conduct of a district attorney in asking jurors during voir dire whether or not they would vote guilty if the state proved its case and whether they would vote for death if the state proved that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances, the district attorney’s conduct did not constitute reversible error where, in context with the jury instructions given to the jury by the trial judge, it was clear that the jurors were aware of their proper role in determining guilt and sentence. Williams v. State, 544 So. 2d 782, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2843 (Miss. 1987).

In a capital murder prosecution arising out of the murder of a husband and wife, on appeal from conviction and death sentence for the murder of the husband by defendant, who previously had been convicted and sentenced to life for the killing of wife, conviction was affirmed but death sentence was reversed and remanded where defendant did not receive a fair sentencing hearing due to admission of photographs of wife’s body during trial and during closing argument, state’s attempt to prevent defendant from calling a co-indictee as a witness, prosecutor’s attempt during voir dire to get commitment from jury to exclude certain mitigating factors from its consideration of the death penalty, and prosecutor’s comment on defendant’s failure to testify. Stringer v. State, 500 So. 2d 928, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2609 (Miss. 1986).

On the cross-examination of a capital murder defendant who had testified that the trouble between victim and him had arisen over a named woman whom defendant regarded as being his wife, question posed to the defendant as to why had killed the named woman, was reversible error, despite court’s admonishments to the jury, where, at the time the question was asked, there was no evidence in the record concerning the killing or death of the named woman, nor was there any evidence in the record that the defendant had ever been convicted of a previous crime. Smith v. State, 499 So. 2d 750, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2853 (Miss. 1986).

At trial of murder charge to which defendant’s sole defense was self-defense, remarks by prosecutor, in closing argument, that the only reason defendant married his wife because he wanted to marry the only eyewitness to the murder he had committed, constituted an impermissible comment upon defendant’s failure to call his wife to testify, and the trial court’s refusal to sustain objections to such remarks was reversible error. Simpson v. State, 497 So. 2d 424, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2724 (Miss. 1986).

An accused sentenced to death on a capital murder charge was denied a fair trial by prosecutor’s comments in closing argument as to accused’s failure to testify, and by defense counsel’s attempted “explanation” in closing argument as to the reason his client had failed to testify. West v. State, 485 So. 2d 681, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2445 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 983, 107 S. Ct. 570, 93 L. Ed. 2d 574, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 4897 (U.S. 1986).

An accused who had failed to testify or to put on proof at his capital murder trial was not entitled to a mistrial because of remarks by prosecutor in closing argument asking jury to recall defense’s assertion in opening statement as to witnesses to be called. West v. State, 485 So. 2d 681, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2445 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 983, 107 S. Ct. 570, 93 L. Ed. 2d 574, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 4897 (U.S. 1986).

Failure of district attorney to produce statement of homicide defendant for inspection and use by defendant and defendant’s counsel does not prejudice defendant where statement, made to deputy sheriff, admitting killing of deceased, is not admission of guilt or inconsistent with defendant’s plea of self-defense, and circumstances surrounding statement do not indicate that defendant was fleeing or acting in manner inconsistent with defense. Buckhalter v. State, 480 So. 2d 1128, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2395 (Miss. 1985).

Testimony from prosecution investigator concerning record of collect telephone call from murder victim to third party is inadmissible where state makes no effort to introduce telephone records and offers no explanation for absence of records; where admission of testimony has strong potential for prejudice in that it allows official endorsement of third party’s already damaging testimony regarding telephone calls, admission of testimony is harmful error requiring reversal. Flanagin v. State, 473 So. 2d 482, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2168 (Miss. 1985).

Single reference by prosecution witness to capital murder defendant’s intention to remain silent which is neither repeated nor linked with defendant’s exculpatory statement is harmless error where there is overwhelming evidence of guilt and trial judge charges jury at conclusion of trial that no adverse inference may be drawn by invocation of right to remain silent. Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409 (Miss. 1985), rev’d on other grounds, 481 U.S. 648, 107 S. Ct. 2045, 95 L. Ed. 2d 622 (1987), and see Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

Prosecutor’s comment during closing argument in murder prosecution that he is not going to apologize for striking plea bargain deal with witness against defendant because murder victim is friend of prosecutor do not constitute such egregious error as to necessitate reversal of conviction where judge admonishes jury to disregard comments and there is no indication that comments prejudiced jury. Fairley v. State, 467 So. 2d 894, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1902 (Miss.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 855, 106 S. Ct. 160, 88 L. Ed. 2d 133, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 3725 (U.S. 1985).

Arguments of prosecuting attorney, approved by the court, in a murder prosecution that there was no use for the jury to return a manslaughter verdict, or one for a life sentence, because of the fact that the defendant was then serving a life sentence in the state penitentiary, was reversible error. Hartfield v. State, 186 Miss. 75, 189 So. 530, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 1939).

33. —Instructions.

Regarding defendant’s claim that a trial court erred during his capital murder trial in denying his attempt to argue self-defense in his closing argument in light of the capital murder jury instruction, although the portion of the capital murder jury instruction reading, “not in necessary self-defense,” was inappropriate, it was harmless error because it was clear beyond a reasonable doubt that it did not contribute to the verdict. Defendant was properly precluded from arguing self-defense at trial, as he was charged under the capital murder statute. Beale v. State, 2 So.3d 693, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 548 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 1280, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 2009).

In a case in which defendant was convicted of murder, the trial court properly refused defendant’s requested jury instructions on manslaughter, as there was insufficient evidence in the record to support the elements of manslaughter. There was no evidence in the record from which the jury could have determined the killing occurred during heat of passion. Alford v. State, 5 So.3d 1138, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 512 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 185 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant, citing Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514 (Miss. 1996), argued that the circuit court erred in giving the jury written instruction which stated: “ the court instructs the jury that if wounds are inflicted upon a person with a deadly weapon in a manner calculated to destroy life then intent may be inferred from the use of the weapon.” The instruction did not run afoul of the condemned instruction in Tran, but even if it did, any error was harmless, for based on defendant’s admissions to two witnesses (family members), there was no doubt that the State proved that he committed the murder with deliberate design. Gibson v. State, 895 So. 2d 185, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1142 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Supreme Court ruled that there was no merit to defendants’ argument that the trial court failed to instruct the jury on the element “without authority of law,” even though an acceptable synonym of that phrase did not appear in a separate enumerated paragraph; when the instructions are read in their entirety, it becomes clear that the trial court properly charged the jury on the issues of law that defendants claimed were omitted. Although the exact language from the statute was not used, this oversight was forgiven because the jury was adequately instructed through other language and the the trial court adequately covered the issue of self-defense. Harris v. State, 861 So. 2d 1003, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 872 (Miss. 2003).

Instructing jury on armed robbery, after indictment charged robbery, constituted formal rather than substantive amendment to indictment, and thus any variance which existed between indictment and proof was harmless error, where all defenses and evidence available to defendant remained equally applicable, and jury could not have convicted defendant of armed robbery and found him not guilty of robbery, inasmuch as armed robbery is simply robbery with weapon. Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 292 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1170, 117 S. Ct. 1437, 137 L. Ed. 2d 544, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2295 (U.S. 1997).

Defendant convicted of murder is in no position to argue that prejudice has resulted from court’s giving of manslaughter by culpable negligence instruction. Flanagin v. State, 473 So. 2d 482, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2168 (Miss. 1985).

Jury instruction which contains surplus language serving only to raise state’s burden of proof does not prejudice capital murder defendant. Swanier v. State, 473 So. 2d 180, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2155 (Miss. 1985).

Self-defense instruction which states that party acting upon mere fear, apprehension or belief, however sincerely entertained acts at own peril in taking life is improper and constitutes reversible prejudicial error where case is close factually and instruction has previously been condemned by Supreme Court of Mississippi number of times. Flowers v. State, 473 So. 2d 164, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2140 (Miss. 1985).

Erroneous instruction as to manslaughter held not prejudicial to accused who was convicted of murder. Busby v. State, 177 Miss. 68, 170 So. 140, 1936 Miss. LEXIS 233 (Miss. 1936).

Erroneous instruction held not prejudicial where defendant could not be convicted of manslaughter. Dye v. State, 127 Miss. 492, 90 So. 180, 1921 Miss. LEXIS 249 (Miss. 1921).

Refusal of instruction that malice aforethought was necessary element of murder, and where there was reasonable doubt of its existence jury should find not guilty, was reversible error. Burnett v. State, 92 Miss. 826, 46 So. 248, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 225 (Miss. 1908).

34. —Self-defense.

Under claim of self-defense, it was prejudicial error to admit evidence that a man wearing clothes similar to defendant’s was seen watching place where decedent worked the night before killing. Leverett v. State, 112 Miss. 394, 73 So. 273, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1916).

Where self-defense claimed, and defendant testified he did not know deceased’s position when he shot last three times because of smoke, instruction to find accused guilty if he fired after deceased turned his back and accused was in no danger at his hands, is prejudicial error. Leverett v. State, 112 Miss. 394, 73 So. 273, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1916).

Refusal to give instruction that jury might consider previous threat by decedent to kill accused next time they met was prejudicial error. Leverett v. State, 112 Miss. 394, 73 So. 273, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1916).

Exclusion of threats by decedent held reversible error. Burks v. State, 101 Miss. 87, 57 So. 367, 1911 Miss. LEXIS 102 (Miss. 1911).

II. EVIDENTIARY MATTERS.

35. — Death certificate.

Defendant’s capital murder conviction was appropriate because his right to confrontation was not violated by the admission of the victim’s death certificate into evidence. The death certificate was admissible as a public record under Miss. R. Evid. 902(4) and, while the trial court erred in allowing the death certificate into evidence showing the purported time of injury under Miss. R. Evid. 803(9), the error was harmless because witnesses testified that they could not be positive of the time of injury or the time of death. Birkhead v. State, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 73 (Miss. Feb. 19, 2009).

36. Evidence; generally.

Jury’s verdicts finding defendant guilty of murder, aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm by a felon were not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence because the victim, who identified defendant as the shooter, had just finished speaking with defendant when he was shot in the arm; the victim testified, and the jury obviously believed, that he was unable to identify the shooter while he was in the hospital because he was on Morphine and in a lot of pain. Johnson v. State, 281 So.3d 1221, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 206 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial because the jury was presented ample evidence defendant committed the murder; the overwhelming weight of the evidence was consistent with, not contrary to, the jury’s guilty verdict because not only did defendant confess, but his confession was consistent with the other evidence presented. Gary v. State, 237 So.3d 140, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 58 (Miss. 2018).

Defendant’s conviction for depraved-heart murder was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because defendant admitted she shot the victim at least three times, and she did not stop firing until the victim fled. Swanagan v. State, 229 So.3d 698, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 2017).

In a murder case, defendant’s motion for a new trial was properly denied as the evidence did not weigh heavily against the jury’s verdict because the uncontroverted time stamp from a store’s security videotape was 10:18 p.m.; the first witness’s testimony that she, her sister, and defendant gathered at 10:00 p.m. or 10:18 p.m. prior to leaving for a casino was sequentially impossible; while the second witness did not see a passenger in the victim’s car when she looked out the window, the testimony of the pathologist was consistent with the shooter firing the fatal shots while standing outside the front-seat passenger window of the vehicle or sitting in the passenger seat; and defendant allegedly intimidated a third witness. Johnson v. State, 224 So.3d 66, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 521 (Miss. 2016).

Guilty verdict in a murder case was not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that allowing it to stand would have sanctioned an unconscionable injustice; a reasonable juror could have inferred that defendant and the victim were arguing over defendant’s drinking. This information, coupled with the physical evidence that contradicted an accidental discharge of a pistol, supported the jury’s verdict of murder over manslaughter. McGuire v. State, 170 So.3d 570, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 578 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Because the Weathersby doctrine should have been applied, based on the fact that the accounts of defendant and a witness of the events leading up to the stabbing and its aftermath were reasonable and not substantially contradicted, a circuit court was required to accept the accounts as true and should have acquitted defendant. Johnson v. State, 987 So. 2d 420, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 353 (Miss. 2008).

Where defendant admitted to stabbing the victim, any error in the admission of expert testimony concerning blood spatter evidence did not warrant the reversal of defendant’s conviction for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1); there was sufficient evidence to show that defendant did not act in self-defense. Flaggs v. State, 999 So. 2d 393, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 333 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. dismissed, dismissed without prejudice, cert. denied, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 37 (Miss. Jan. 22, 2009), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 852, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 53 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant’s convictions for murder and aggravated assault, under Miss. Code Ann. §§97-3-19(1),97-3-7(2), were not against the weight of the evidence because allowing the verdict to stand would not have sanctioned an unconscionable injustice because there was nothing that would have led an appellate court to disagree with a jury’s assessment of the conflicting testimony with which it was presented. Readus v. State, 997 So. 2d 941, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 249 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 852, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for capital murder and arson were proper; the evidence was sufficient because defendant intended to severely beat the victim, and then moved and burned his body. Fuqua v. State, 938 So. 2d 277, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 164 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 937 So. 2d 450, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1344, 127 S. Ct. 2037, 167 L. Ed. 2d 774, 2007 U.S. LEXIS 4043 (U.S. 2007).

Where defendant was charged with murder, the State’s witnesses all testified that defendant approached the victim from behind and began shooting at him. The evidence was sufficient to enable a reasonable juror to reject defendant’s self-defense theory and find him guilty of murder. Amos v. State, 911 So. 2d 644, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 652 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

In defendant’s trial for capital murder, it was error for the trial court to have prevented defendant from using a State witness’ recent grand larceny conviction for impeachment on the basis that said offense was not a “crimen falsi crime.” Said conviction could have been used to impeach the witness under Miss. R. Evid. 609, since said crime was punishable by imprisonment in excess of one year, and because the probative value of that evidence was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. On the other hand, because the evidence against defendant was overwhelming, and because said witness’ testimony was cumulative to that of another witness, the trial court’s error was harmless. Hammons v. State, 918 So. 2d 62, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 515 (Miss. 2005).

State did not fail to prove beyond a reasonable doubt defendant’s involvement in the crime; the testimony was undisputed that the victim and defendant had encountered one another at the nightclub early in the night and that the victim shook hands with all of defendant’s friends; evidence was presented that the exact type of spent shell casings found in the parking lot area of the nightclub where defendant fired the weapon, were found at defendant’s residence. Smith v. State, 904 So. 2d 1217, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1186 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant admitted that he took crystal methamphetamine earlier that evening, and he testified that the drug made him paranoid. Defendant hit the victim (who was trying to intervene), in the head with a “mag light” twice without saying a word to him, and after defendant and the victim’s friend (who was the real object of defendant’s wrath), argued about defendant’s wife, defendant immediately pulled a loaded gun and shot the victim who was then disabled; such an act was a depraved heart act and defendant’s conviction for first degree murder was supported by the evidence. Conway v. State, 915 So. 2d 521, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 979 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), cert. denied, 927 So. 2d 750, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 217 (Miss. 2006).

In defendant’s murder trial, the presence of fingerprints on the beer bottle and the “mag light” defendant used to attack the victim with, were irrelevant as to whether he acted in self-defense. Before trial, several witnesses had proffered testimony as to how the attack occurred, and there was no question that defendant struck the victim before shooting him moments later; thus, the circuit court judge did not abuse his discretion in denying defendant’s motion for discovery and a continuance in that respect. Conway v. State, 915 So. 2d 521, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 979 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), cert. denied, 927 So. 2d 750, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 217 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s convictions for murder and for being a felon in the possession of a firearm were proper where he admitted during cross-examination that he had lied when he was interrogated by police. Further, the State produced witnesses who testified that defendant had a gun in his possession before the shooting and that defendant was angry and desired to get even with the victim. Hayes v. State, 907 So. 2d 385, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 114 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 910 So. 2d 574, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 2005).

Even if the jury had believed defendant’s story that the gun went off by accident, they could have found him responsible for his wife’s murder using a deadly weapon in a manner likely to kill or seriously injure his victim. Hitting a person in the head with a loaded gun was enough to indicate an intent to act in an extremely dangerous manner and the use of a pistol, a deadly weapon, in such a manner could have produced injury or even death without it’s necessarily being fired; thus, defendant’s motions for directed verdict and for a new trial were properly denied. Marbra v. State, 904 So. 2d 1169, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1040 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

In defendant’s murder trial, where the victim had been found in a burned out car, the primary investigator did not have to be an expert in analyzing desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), to testify as to whether DNA would have been present on objects found at such a crime scene. Further, since the investigator was first questioned about DNA by the defense attorney during cross-examination (opening the door), the district attorney was entitled to elaborate on the matter in rebuttal. Davis v. State, 904 So. 2d 1212, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1053 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 898 So. 2d 679, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 269 (Miss. 2005).

Denial of defendant’s motion for directed verdict was proper as sufficient evidence existed to justify his murder conviction; an eyewitness saw the shooting, another witness heard defendant admit to committing the crime, three other witnesses saw defendant kick the victim after the shooting, and a doctor’s testimony corroborated the eyewitness testimony that the victim had been shot at close range. Hall v. State, 892 So. 2d 261, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 907 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 892 So. 2d 824, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss. 2005).

Where defendant’s wife testified that defendant killed her ex-boyfriend, set his house on fire, and threw the pistol into the Tennessee River, the evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of murder, arson, and possession of a firearm by a felon. The trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Roland v. State, 882 So. 2d 262, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 911 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant’s capital murder convictions and death sentence were proper where the killings occurred within a few hours and were all part of the common scheme to rob his ex-father-in-law and eliminate any witnesses, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f); further, shooting his child fit the description of felony child abuse in that it was a strike to the child in such a manner as to cause serious bodily harm, Miss. Code Ann. §97-5-39. Brawner v. State, 872 So. 2d 1, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 458 (Miss. 2004).

Where defendant was charged with capital murder, defendant testified at trial that defendant was not promised, threatened or coerced to give the videotaped statement, and also testified to giving the statement of defendant’s own free will, even though defendant’s father told defendant not to speak to anyone until a lawyer arrived. Based on the totality of the circumstances, defendant’s constitutional rights were not violated because defendant’s statement was given freely without coercion, and the fact that defendant was 18 years old at the time of the arrest had no bearing on defendant’s ability to comprehend the questions and waive defendant’s rights. Jacobs v. State, 870 So. 2d 1202, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 410 (Miss. 2004).

Evidence did not support murder defendant’s proposed instructions on culpable negligence; defendant went to convenience store where former paramour worked, the two argued, former paramour locked herself in office, defendant became belligerent and former paramour refused to open door, defendant went to automobile and returned with shotgun, defendant shot door several times in attempt to enter room, defendant shot door knob off with first shot, and defendant then loaded and fired three more shots through door while former paramour screamed and frantically attempted to summon help. Clark v. State, 693 So. 2d 927, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 162 (Miss. 1997).

State established proper chain of custody of handgun, live rounds of ammunition, and spent cartridges, despite fact that there may have been inconsistent statements by officer concerning number of live and spent shells exchanged, where there was no inference that evidence that was admitted had been tampered with or substituted, there was testimony from officers and crime lab concerning chain of custody, and defense counsel never asked that evidence be withdrawn or stricken from record. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Although suggested procedure to limit prejudicial effect of evidence of defendant’s prior conviction would have been to allow defendant to stipulate to prior conviction and sentence when state sought capital murder conviction based on fact that defendant was under sentence of life imprisonment when he committed murder, introduction of evidence of prior conviction did not require reversal. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

There was no violation of the statute concerning spousal competency, §13-1-5, or the evidence rule concerning the husband-wife privilege, Rule 504, Miss. R. Ev., where a defendant’s wife told the police where to locate certain items which were subsequently used as physical evidence in the prosecution of the defendant for capital murder committed during the commission of a robbery, since the location of the items did not fall within any protected class of communication, and no out-of-court statements or trial testimony of the wife was admitted against the defendant. Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1015, 112 S. Ct. 663, 116 L. Ed. 2d 754, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 7261 (U.S. 1991).

A state’s witness was not incompetent to testify at a capital murder trial on the basis that he was a conceded perjurer where he had not been convicted of perjury. White v. State, 532 So. 2d 1207, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 365 (Miss. 1988).

In a murder prosecution, a State medical examiner should have been permitted to give his expert opinion that the decedent’s cause of death was due to the accidental ingestion of rubbing alcohol since his opinion would have been helpful to the jury in determining that the decedent drank the rubbing alcohol of his own accord, that the defendant was not responsible for the decedent’s actions, and that she was not guilty of murder. Kniep v. State, 525 So. 2d 385, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 11 (Miss. 1988).

At trial of capital murder charge arising out of death of victim during the course of a burglary, defendant was not entitled to a directed verdict on the ground of the state’s failure to prove that there was a “breaking”, a necessary element of burglary, in view of witness’ testimony that defendant had entered her house trailer through the front door over her protest after overpowering her by knocking her down as she tried to block his way and prevent his entry. Smith v. State, 499 So. 2d 750, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2853 (Miss. 1986).

Defendant and counsel in death penalty case may not sit idly by and make no objection to questionable testimony, exacerbate matter still further by ignoring testimony in motion for new trial, and argue against admission of testimony for first time on appeal, especially where there has been change in defense counsel on appeal. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

If defense counsel wishes to withhold from jury in capital murder case fact that coindictee testifying for state has pleaded guilty and received lesser sentence, counsel has duty to object to testimony offered by state and failure to object waives any assignment of error on appeal. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

State’s case in murder prosecution is unusually strong where supported by testimony of two disinterested eye witnesses. Holmes v. State, 475 So. 2d 434, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2194 (Miss. 1985).

While prosecutor’s remark that he did not expect state witness to lie while testifying is improper, trial judge may correct matter by instantly admonishing jury to disregard comment. Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409 (Miss. 1985), rev’d on other grounds, 481 U.S. 648, 107 S. Ct. 2045, 95 L. Ed. 2d 622 (1987), and see Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

Prosecuting attorney’s display to jury of deformed hands of murder victim, pickled in jar of formaldehyde, is so prejudicial as to deprive defendant of fair trial. Hickson v. State, 472 So. 2d 379, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2132 (Miss. 1985).

Testimony which not only places murder defendant at scene of murder but involves defendant in procuring butcher knife with which assault on murdered police officer was initiated and which further shows participation of defendant in beating up officer so that officer’s weapon could be taken from him and subsequently used to murder him is sufficient to support conviction for murder. Fairley v. State, 467 So. 2d 894, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1902 (Miss.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 855, 106 S. Ct. 160, 88 L. Ed. 2d 133, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 3725 (U.S. 1985).

Relevance of lead projectile removed from murder victim is adequately established by showing that projectile came out of metal jacketing which has been positively traced to murder weapon. Fairley v. State, 467 So. 2d 894, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1902 (Miss.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 855, 106 S. Ct. 160, 88 L. Ed. 2d 133, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 3725 (U.S. 1985).

In a prosecution for capital murder, the verdict in the guilt phase was within the law and the weight of the evidence, despite defendant’s contention that the record did not show which of two co-felons wielded the blows causing the victim’s death; capital murder is defined as an act done by any person engaged in committing robbery, and thus rendered unnecessary a factual determination of which co-felon caused the death. Rigdon v. Russell Anaconda Aluminum Co., 381 So. 2d 983, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 2065 (Miss.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 864, 101 S. Ct. 170, 66 L. Ed. 2d 81, 1980 U.S. LEXIS 3144 (U.S. 1980).

Although the prosecution is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the commission of the homicidal act, there is no obligation to prove a cause or reason that induced the accused to commit the act, if, without such proof, the evidence is sufficient to show that the act was done by him. Freeman v. State, 228 Miss. 687, 89 So. 2d 716, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 564 (Miss. 1956).

In prosecution for murder, state is required to carry burden of proving defendant guilty, by competent evidence, beyond reasonable doubt, and competency of evidence is solely the responsibility and power of judge. Morroco v. State, 204 Miss. 498, 37 So. 2d 751, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 384 (Miss. 1948).

The killing with a deadly weapon is assumed to be malicious, and therefore murder, and before the presumption disappears the facts of the killing must appear in the evidence and must change the character of the killing, either showing justification or necessity, before it is reduced from murder; if the facts relied upon to change such presumption are unreasonable and improbable, or if they are contradicted by physical facts and circumstances in evidence, then the jury may find a verdict either of murder or manslaughter according to the circumstances and facts in evidence. Crockerham v. State, 202 Miss. 25, 30 So. 2d 417, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 236 (Miss. 1947).

Accused charged with murder held not entitled to bail where facts disclosed that accused leveled gun and shot and mortally wounded father with whom he had been conversing while father’s hands were held up, and no justification or explanation of killing was made. Motley v. Smith, 172 Miss. 148, 159 So. 553, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 122 (Miss. 1935).

37. Witnesses—defendant as only witness to offense.

Sufficiency of the evidence argument based on Weathersby v. State, 165 Miss. 207, 147 So. 481 (1933), was procedurally barred in a murder case because defendant never argued that his directed verdict should have been granted based on that case; procedural bar notwithstanding, the case was inapplicable because defendant’s version of the evidence was contradicted by the physical facts. McGuire v. State, 170 So.3d 570, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 578 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

In a murder case where defendant was the only eyewitness to the fatal shooting of his wife, because his statement to his mistress that his wife had committed suicide contradicted his assertion at trial that he had shot her accidentally, he was not entitled to a judgment of acquittal under Weathersby v. State, 147 So. 481 (1933). Parvin v. State, 113 So.3d 1243, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 145 (Miss. 2013).

Murder defendant was not entitled to protection of the Weathersby rule–under which his version of the killing, if reasonable, would be accepted as true–because his account of the killing was contradicted by a subsequent account of his, and forensic evidence concerning the trajectory of the bullet at least partially contradicted his account. Williams v. State, 973 So. 2d 1012, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 69 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Weathersby rule, requiring that, if defendant is the only eyewitness, and if his version is reasonable, it must be accepted as true unless substantially contradicted in material particulars by credible witness or witnesses, or by physical facts or facts of common knowledge, was inapplicable in murder prosecution in which defendant claimed self-defense; defendant’s version was contradicted by codefendant’s testimony as to whether victim was drawing gun or merely had his hand on gun while in his pants, there was contradictory testimony from state’s witness as to whether defendant was in front or back seat when he fired gun, and there was contradictory testimony from state’s witness and defense witness as to whether victim was alone or with another person. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

Weathersby rule, requiring directed verdict for defendant under particular circumstances, does not apply to situations where defendant’s version has been contradicted, or where defendants were not the only eyewitnesses. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

The Weathersby rule was not applicable in a murder prosecution where the defendant’s contention that he was guilty only of an excusable homicide was refuted when the statutory definition of that offense was considered, and many physical facts and circumstances contradicted or failed to support his version of the incident. Thibodeaux v. State, 652 So. 2d 153, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 1995).

A murder defendant was not entitled to a Weathersby instruction where the defendant’s argument that his version of the facts was not contradicted by any credible evidence was based on his discounting the testimony of an eyewitness because her trial testimony differed from the initial statement she gave police and because of her “substantial bias” as the former wife of the victim, the eyewitness’ testimony clearly conflicted with the defendant’s version of the facts, and statements made by the defendant after the homicide were not consistent with his testimony at trial. Green v. State, 631 So. 2d 167, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 13 (Miss. 1994).

The Weathersby Rule is applicable only in the context of whether or not the defendant killed with malice or intent, i.e., whether there is sufficient evidence to prove that the defendant killed with malice or intent where his or her version of the incident as the only eyewitness, says otherwise. Where the trial on a capital offense has reached the sentencing phase, the defendant’s guilt has been found and Weathersby considerations are no longer applicable. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

Where the accused, following the slaying, gives conflicting versions of how the killing took place, or initially denies the act, the Weathersby rule does not apply. Blanks v. State, 547 So. 2d 29, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 322 (Miss. 1989).

Rule that where defendant or his witnesses are only eyewitnesses to homicide, their version of what occurred if reasonable and not substantially contradicted in material particulars by credible evidence, physical facts, or facts of common knowledge, does not apply in case where there were eyewitnesses who supported both state’s theory and defendant’s theory with conflicting testimony; also physical facts substantially contradicted defendant’s version. Fairman v. State, 513 So. 2d 910, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2791 (Miss. 1987).

Where accused in murder prosecution is only witness, and his version is reasonable, and is not contradicted by credible witness, or by physical facts, or facts of common knowledge, such version must be accepted as true. Simmons v. State, 208 Miss. 586, 45 So. 2d 149, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 276 (Miss. 1950).

Where defendant or defendant’s witnesses are the only eyewitnesses to homicide, their version, if reasonable, must be accepted as true, unless substantially contradicted in material particulars by credible witness or witnesses for state, or by physical facts or by facts of common knowledge. Seals v. State, 208 Miss. 236, 44 So. 2d 61, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 242 (Miss. 1950).

Where the defendant is the only surviving witness to a homicide his version of what occurred must, if reasonable, be accepted as true unless substantially contradicted in material particulars by the physical facts or by the facts of common knowledge, and it is not enough to contradict that version in mere matters of detail which do not go to the controlling substance. Westbrook v. State, 202 Miss. 426, 32 So. 2d 251, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 294 (Miss. 1947).

In prosecution for murder incident to defendant’s alleged battering of infant, defendant’s testimony as only witness to baby’s death was materially contradicted by physical facts and circumstances in evidence, as indicated by photographs and medical testimony and, under Weathersby v. State (1933) 164 Miss 898, 147 So. 2d 481, matter became question for jury and court was not required to direct verdict for defendant. Wetz v. State, 503 So. 2d 803, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2362 (Miss. 1987).

38. —Defendant's family members.

In his murder trial, defendant’s defense was that he had accidentally shot his wife. Defendant’s son’s testimony regarding defendant and his wife’s history of domestic violence contradicted defendant’s defense by showing no accident and a common scheme of physical violence; as such, there was no error in admitting the son’s testimony. Marbra v. State, 904 So. 2d 1169, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1040 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

State is not prohibited from calling children of defendant in capital murder case as witnesses; furthermore, state may be permitted to use leading questions in examining child who is primary witness against parent. Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2059 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 106 S. Ct. 2291, 90 L. Ed. 2d 732, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 1720 (U.S. 1986).

State may be permitted to call son of defendant in capital murder case as witness notwithstanding failure of state to comply with discovery rule requiring prior disclosure of witnesses expected to be called where defendant is given opportunity to interview newly discovered witness, defendant has made no request for continuance on basis of unfair surprise, and where, additionally, defense counsel has been notified that witness has previously testified against another person involved in crime, and in normal flow of legal events would be expected to testify against father as to fact arising out of same crime. Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2059 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 106 S. Ct. 2291, 90 L. Ed. 2d 732, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 1720 (U.S. 1986).

39. Admissibility; generally.

Although an investigator testified to what he learned about the shooting from his interview with the victim’s children, they testified at trial regarding the shooting and death of their mother, and the statements did not prejudice the defense or violated defendant’s right to a fair trial. Blanden v. State, 276 So.3d 1204, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 450 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Circuit court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the victim’s toxicology results because defendant, throughout trial, maintained that defendant killed the victim in the heat of passion. Therefore, the victim’s toxicology results were irrelevant. Bradshaw v. State, 138 So.3d 199, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 858 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

In a case in which defendant appealed his sentence of death by lethal injection for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f), he argued unsuccessfully that when the prosecutor asked the victim’s grandfather what he believed defendant’s punishment should be, that action violated his rights under the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution and under Article 3, Sections 14, 25, and 28 of the Mississippi Constitution. It was highly unlikely that the grandfather’s statement, when read as a whole and taken in context with all the evidence before the sentencing judge, was the reason the judge imposed the death penalty; in fact, the trial judge’s sentencing order, in which he made findings of facts as to the various aggravating and mitigating factors, did not even mention the grandfather’s testimony. Wilson v. State, 21 So.3d 572, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 450 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 909, 130 S. Ct. 3282, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1191, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3966 (U.S. 2010).

In a case in which defendant appealed his sentence of death by lethal injection for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f), he argued unsuccessfully that the prosecution committed misconduct by improperly cross-examining a mitigation witness, thereby depriving him of a fundamentally fair sentencing. The witness, a former teacher, was questioned about defendant’s drinking habits and illegal drug use, and, while defendant argued that there was no evidentiary basis for that line of questioning, the questioning was based a mental health evaluation that was properly before the court; since the questioning of the witness was to test her knowledge of defendant’s habits, there was no battle of opinions between the doctor who prepared the report and the witness such that the doctor had to be called as a witness to avoid a violation of the Confrontation Clause. Wilson v. State, 21 So.3d 572, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 450 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 909, 130 S. Ct. 3282, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1191, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3966 (U.S. 2010).

In the sentencing portion of petitioner inmate’s bifurcated trial for capital murder, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101(1), the inmate did not have the right to present evidence–specifically evidence that he did not commit rape–that was inconsistent with the verdict of the guilt-phase jury. Under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e), of which the inmate was convicted, the commission of the crime of rape was an element of capital murder. Holland v. Anderson, 583 F.3d 267, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 20769 (5th Cir. Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 1073, 130 S. Ct. 2100, 176 L. Ed. 2d 731, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3429 (U.S. 2010).

In a case in which defendant was convicted on two counts of capital murder, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e), the trial court did not erred when it excluded evidence that he attempted to commit suicide after he shot the two murder victims because evidence of his attempted suicide was not relevant. Defendant argued that his attempted suicide relevant to his state of mind and bolstered his argument that he acted in the heat of passion; while his attempted suicide could arguably be viewed as evidence that he regretted his actions, under the circumstances, it did not tend to make it more probable that he acted in the heat of passion when he killed the two victims. Williams v. State, 29 So.3d 53, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 532 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 116 (Miss. 2010).

In defendant’s trial for capital murder of defendant’s five-year-old child, a recording of defendant’s phone call made from the jail in which defendant admitted to killing the child was admissible because the recording was sufficiently authenticated under Miss. R. Evid. 901 when a detective testified that he recognized defendant’s voice and defendant identified herself during the phone call. Even if there were any error on the trial court’s part in admitting the tape, that error would be harmless because it was debatable whether the audio recording in question contained any more incriminating information than what defendant gave in her statement to police and on the stand at trial. Broadhead v. State, 981 So. 2d 320, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 809 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 981 So. 2d 298, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 210 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant murdered the victim, a relative, outside his home some four years after the subject drive-by shooting. Furthermore, neither defendant nor his wife knew the identity of the individuals involved in the drive-by, but both merely associated the incident with the victim; although that information may shed light on why defendant owned the gun, it had little relevance for explaining why defendant approached the victim, who was not associated with the drive-by shooting, and the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in excluding it. Smith v. State, 911 So. 2d 541, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1104 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 920 So. 2d 1008, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 634 (Miss. 2005).

In a murder trial, the investigating police officer testified that if a pistol had been fired when held by the handle, no gunpowder residue would have been present on one’s hand, while if one fired a pistol and held it the way defendant claimed he had held the pistol, there would have been powder burns on one’s person or clothing; while the officer was not designated as an expert, the latter testimony was admissible as it was based on his experience and perception as a law enforcement officer and he did not state his opinion of whether or not defendant held the pistol in the manner he claimed. Marbra v. State, 904 So. 2d 1169, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1040 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant’s capital murder trial was not a case where co-indictee was called as State’s witness and defendant sought to use co-indictee’s guilty plea to the lesser offense of manslaughter as a method of impeachment during cross-examination, nor was it a case where co-indictee was called by defendant and the State introduced co-indictee’s plea as impeachment evidence. In either of those situations, the co-indictee’s guilty plea would have been admissible as relevant evidence that might have affected the co-indictee’s credibility in the eyes of the jury; however, defendant could not simply take advantage of co-indictee’s plea to manslaughter and use this as substantive evidence that defendant had not committed capital murder. Stewart v. State, 881 So. 2d 919, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 556 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Where defendant was tried for murdering his wife, having 2 out of more than the 20 witnesses who testified at trial briefly mention that the victim had bruises at various times prior to death did not violate Miss. R. Evid. 404(a)(1). Defendant never objected to the substance of the testimony, but only asked that the State show a time frame in which the bruises had occurred; the State did so and the trial court properly found the testimony was relevant and admissible. Ross v. State, 883 So. 2d 1181, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 557 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 883 So. 2d 1180, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1274 (Miss. 2004).

Because the laboratory director testified to having trained the technician who performed the DNA testing, having examined the technician’s proficiency, and having checked the protocols and checked and signed all DNA test results, the laboratory director’s testimony as to the DNA test results was properly admitted; further, where the trial court found the laboratory followed the guidelines on the admissibility of DNA evidence as outlined in Polk v. State, there was no due process violation simply because the laboratory had not gained national certification at the time of the first set of tests. Morris v. State, 887 So. 2d 804, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 447 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 896 So. 2d 373, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 158 (Miss. 2005).

State clearly produced the two officers who were present when defendant was questioned and the confession was signed as caselaw mandated; thus, the trial judge did not find defendant’s claim that defendant was forced to give a statement that defendant had committed murder of the child while in the commission of felonious abuse and/or battery of the child because the officers beat defendant. Seeling v. State, 844 So. 2d 439, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 119 (Miss. 2003).

Defense’s objection in murder prosecution attacking authenticity of transcript of earlier prosecution of same murder, based on affidavit of defense team from that trial stating that transcript was hastily prepared and full of errors, was insufficient to raise genuine issue as to authenticity of transcript, especially where objection was not raised during trial, but only after state rested its case-in-chief. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

Former testimony of unavailable witnesses read from transcript of earlier prosecution of same offense was admissible in murder prosecution under former testimony rule, despite alleged lack of meaningful opportunity to develop testimony of prosecution witnesses on cross-examination by use of impeachment material available to defense counsel in current trial; transcript of the former testimony of unavailable prosecution witnesses reflected extensive cross-examination. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

In capital murder prosecution, fellow inmate of defendant was properly allowed to testify regarding inculpatory statements defendant made to him while both were in jail, where inmate testified that he received no favorable treatment in exchange for his testimony, there was no indication that inmate’s testimony was inherently unreliable, and defendant did not cross-examine inmate. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting testimony of witness who had violated invoked rule of sequestration; witness heard two or three minutes of trial testimony, witness did not deliberately attempt to circumvent rule, and trial court conducted investigation and permitted defendant “full bore” cross-examination regarding technical violation by witness, but defense counsel chose not to cross-examine witness at all. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Handgun was properly admitted into evidence in capital murder prosecution where accomplice testified that handgun was same as used during robbery, and although not definitive on issue of whether handgun in question fired projectiles that killed victim, testimony of ballistics expert linked handgun to victim’s injuries. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Letters written by defendant to accomplice after he had asserted his constitutional rights to silence and to counsel were properly admitted into evidence in capital murder prosecution; accomplice did not produce letters in attempt to get favorable treatment from state given that state was not aware of their existence until after accomplice had pled guilty, there was no evidence that accomplice was acting as agent of state when letters were received, and there was no evidence that accomplice deliberately attempted to elicit incriminating statements from defendant. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

At defendant’s trial for murdering her husband, trial court acted within its discretion in admitting gun that had been retrieved from attic in home where victim was shot, even though gun could not be positively identified as gun that caused victim’s death; gun could not be excluded as cause of death, and defendant had dominion and control over gun when she placed it in attic and thereafter requested that another individual retrieve gun and bring it to defendant. Rhodes v. State, 676 So. 2d 275, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 318 (Miss. 1996).

Evidence that defendant purchased life insurance on her husband before his death was relevant to state’s theory that defendant intended to murder her husband and to profit from it by setting him up for an accident and then proceeded to kill him and make it appear to be a suicide when her plan failed; suicide exclusionary clause in policy did not render evidence irrelevant. Rhodes v. State, 676 So. 2d 275, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 318 (Miss. 1996).

A trial court in a murder prosecution correctly disallowed the viewing of a videotape of the defendant being interviewed while hypnotized where the defendant was present and able to testify before the jury. Thibodeaux v. State, 652 So. 2d 153, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 1995).

A trial court in a murder prosecution correctly disallowed the viewing of a videotape of the defendant being interviewed while under the influence of sodium amytal where the defendant was present and able to testify before the jury. Thibodeaux v. State, 652 So. 2d 153, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 1995).

The trial judge in a capital murder prosecution did not err by excluding laboratory results showing that semen found in the victim’s body did not come from the defendant where the judge reasoned that the defendant was not charged with rape and that the result of the test would tend to confuse or mislead the jury, the defendant’s confession was corroborated by extensive physical evidence, and the fact that the semen found in the victim’s body did not come from the defendant was explainable in several ways other than the supposition that he did not rape her as he confessed to doing. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

A murder victim’s verbal identification of the defendant, which was made 5 or 6 hours before the victim died, was admissible under the dying declaration exception to the hearsay rule, even though there was nothing in the record which directly established the victim’s consciousness of his impending death, since the fact that the victim was 76 years old and was shot in the heart indicated that his statements were made “while believing that his death was imminent.” Ellis v. State, 558 So. 2d 826, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 58 (Miss. 1990).

It was proper for state to introduce pliers because there was competent evidence to show that blow by pliers could have caused type of injury pathologist observed on victim’s head, despite claims by defendant that pliers were in his car, not on his person, and there was no proof that pliers were weapon which struck victim. Stokes v. State, 518 So. 2d 1224, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 36 (Miss. 1988).

Conversations recorded by undercover agent for State with defendant were admissible, despite contention that because tapes were subject to erasure or deletion and were partially inaudible they should not have been admitted into evidence. Williamson v. State, 512 So. 2d 868, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2683 (Miss. 1987), Walton v. State, 678 So. 2d 645, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 192 (Miss. 1996).

Trial judge did not abuse his discretion by permitting the introduction into evidence at a murder trial of a tape recording, along with a transcript of same, of an out-of-court statement made by the defendant with reference to the shooting, where, prior to the jury’s hearing the tape, the court offered a cautionary instruction advising the jurors that the tape was primary evidence of what was or was not recorded and that the transcript was being furnished for their convenience in following the tape. Dye v. State, 498 So. 2d 343, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2776 (Miss. 1986).

Testimony as to the clothes defendant was wearing on a certain date was admissible in murder trial, not as proof of a crime distinct from the one was charged, but to identify defendant. Graves v. State, 492 So. 2d 562, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2514 (Miss. 1986).

Trial judge’s finding that capital murder defendant’s confession was voluntary was neither manifestly wrong nor against the overwhelming weight of the evidence where, at the hearing outside the presence of the jury, the defendant stated that he had signed confession to help his brother and father, who were implicated in the crime, and testified as to threats made by police officer, but the threats were denied by the officer alleged to have made them. Cabello v. State, 490 So. 2d 852, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2479 (Miss. 1986).

A portion of defendant’s statement confessing to the burglary of victim’s trailer on the day previous to the murder was competent evidence since it was part of the circumstantial web implicating defendant. Trunell v. State, 487 So. 2d 820, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2444 (Miss. 1986).

In capital murder prosecution of black defendant based on murder of white highway patrolman, court may deny defense permission to cross-examine state witness as to fact that patrolman had previously killed black man where defense makes no attempt to demonstrate relevancy of such killing, either before or during trial. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

Prior inconsistent statements of defense witness are inadmissible in capital murder prosecution where witness freely admits inconsistencies and asserts falsity of statements; error in admitting statements is compounded when district attorney argues them as substantive evidence of guilt during closing arguments. Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2035 (Miss. 1985).

In a prosecution against accused for the death of his brother through gunshot wounds, where a doctor had told deceased about 40 minutes before he died that he was critically ill, his chances were narrowing, he felt deceased’s family should be notified, and then asked the deceased who had shot him, whereupon deceased replied that it was the accused, but that the shooting was accidental, the statement of the deceased was admissible as a dying declaration. Powell v. State, 238 Miss. 283, 118 So. 2d 304, 1960 Miss. LEXIS 403 (Miss. 1960).

In a prosecution of a husband for the killing of his wife, evidence that during an incident in a cafe some 30 or 40 minutes prior to the homicide, the accused had exhibited a knife similar in appearance to that found near the body of the deceased was competent as bearing upon the question as to who had the knife at the time of the fatal difficulty. Murphy v. State, 232 Miss. 424, 99 So. 2d 595, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1958).

Statement of defendant that he hoped S would kill L held admissible as lending color to, and explaining, defendant’s acts shortly thereafter borrowing gun and delivering it to S. Fleming v. State, 142 Miss. 872, 108 So. 143, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 1926).

Evidence of the intoxication of the accused shortly before the killing is admissible. Huddleston v. State, 134 Miss. 382, 98 So. 839, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 265 (Miss. 1924).

Evidence that several hours after killing, deceased’s rifle was on safety, was admissible where no change in body shown. Rester v. State, 110 Miss. 689, 70 So. 881, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 1916), overruled, Calicoat v. State, 131 Miss. 169, 95 So. 318, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 296 (Miss. 1922).

Evidence that deceased was trying to procure pistol with which to shoot accused is improperly excluded. Lucas v. State, 109 Miss. 82, 67 So. 851, 1915 Miss. LEXIS 117 (Miss. 1915).

40. —Statement against interest.

In a case where defendant was convicted of the capital murder of a county sheriff, the trial court erred in excluding the statement of the other accused person that he was driving the truck that struck and killed the county sheriff because, had the jury heard the other accused person’s statements against his interest and believed them, defendant could not have been found guilty of capital murder. Williams v. State, 174 So.3d 275, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 694 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), aff'd, 234 So.3d 1278, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 388 (Miss. 2017).

In a case where defendant was convicted of the capital murder of a county sheriff, the trial court erred in excluding the statement of the other accused person that he was driving the truck that struck and killed the county sheriff because he was unavailable as a witness as he invoked his Fifth Amendment right not to testify; his statement to law enforcement was contrary to his own interest as no person would have admitted to the murder had they not actually killed someone; the statement tended to subject him to criminal liability for a capital-murder conviction; and there was corroborating evidence to indicate the trustworthiness of the statement as a witness put the other accused person behind the wheel of the truck, as did DNA evidence. Williams v. State, 174 So.3d 275, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 694 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), aff'd, 234 So.3d 1278, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 388 (Miss. 2017).

41. —Res gestae; continuing acts.

Evidence as to whether defendant pulled wallet from victims pocket was admissible in murder trial because it was so closely related to the killing as to form a single transaction or closely related series of transactions. Robinson v. State, 497 So. 2d 440, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2731 (Miss. 1986).

Telephone conversation between murder victim and third party in which victim identifies killer and in which third party hears voice in background does not constitute direct evidence, for purposes of determining whether murder prosecution is based solely on circumstantial evidence, where third party is unable to identify voice in background; however, testimony of third party as to content of conversation is admissible under res gestae exception. Flanagin v. State, 473 So. 2d 482, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2168 (Miss. 1985).

Where all of the matters complained of were admitted as part of the res gestae and the facts surrounding the homicide could not have been properly related without bringing the matters out, it was not error to admit evidence showing that the bullet that killed deceased also struck and injured the one-year-old baby deceased was holding at the time she was shot, that the defendant was engaged in selling liquor, or that he had been apparently living in adultery with the deceased. Turner v. State, 244 Miss. 206, 141 So. 2d 249, 1962 Miss. LEXIS 441 (Miss. 1962).

Evidence was held admissible in prosecution for murder committed for purpose of robbery, that within 5 minutes after the killing, the defendants, who were interrupted by a passing truck, returned to the scene and robbed the body, since the killing and robbery were continuing acts, and the robbery was supporting proof of the previously formed intention to rob by use of prepared weapons. Shimniok v. State, 197 Miss. 179, 19 So. 2d 760, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1944).

42. —Admissions; confessions.

Defendant’s confession was admitted in a murder case under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) because there were no threats, promises, or inducements, despite the fact that defendant was a longtime acquaintance of the deputy taking the statement. Because defendant was a bail bondsman, he understood criminal procedure, knew of his right to remain silent, and knew to ask for an attorney. Green v. State, 982 So. 2d 471, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 62 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

State presented ample evidence that the statement made by defendant at booking, and before he was read his Miranda rights, was voluntary and was not in response to express questioning or its functional equivalent. Defendant was simply present in the booking room when two officers were having a discussion about paperwork in order to book him, and defendant voluntarily responded to a question that was posed to one officer by the other officer, of how many charges of homicide were being filed against defendant; defendant independently volunteered the information that he had only shot one person, without compulsion or coercion. Hammons v. State, 918 So. 2d 62, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 515 (Miss. 2005).

In a capital murder case, defendant claimed that defendant’s statements should have been excluded because defendant was denied the right to an initial appearance within 48 hours of arrest; however, the record showed defendant was given Miranda warnings, signed two waiver forms, and freely, voluntarily and intelligently gave the statements. The State’s failure to provide an initial appearance within the time allowed was not, of itself, a reason to suppress defendant’s confession. Stewart v. State, 881 So. 2d 919, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 556 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

State clearly produced the two officers who were present when defendant was questioned and the confession was signed as caselaw mandated; thus, the trial judge did not find defendant’s claim that defendant’s claim credible that defendant was forced to give a statement that defendant committed murder of the child while in the commission of felonious abuse and/or battery of the child because the officers beat defendant. Seeling v. State, 844 So. 2d 439, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 119 (Miss. 2003).

Finding that murder was committed during course of robbery, meeting statutory definition of capital murder, was supported by defendant’s own statements to police and to newsman and by fact that he took victims’ purses, jewelry, and car. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1053, 118 S. Ct. 705, 139 L. Ed. 2d 647, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 149 (U.S. 1998).

State has burden of proving all facts prerequisite to admissibility of defendant’s confession beyond a reasonable doubt. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

A murder defendant’s confession was not the product of an illegal arrest, since conflicting statements regarding the events surrounding the killing related by the defendant to law enforcement officers provided probable cause for his arrest; moreover, the defendant’s confession was not the product of the arrest, since he gave his confession only after incriminating physical evidence was found by the officers, and the discovery of the physical evidence was the result of separate questioning of another witness and was therefore unconnected with the arrest. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

The delay from the time of a defendant’s arrest until he was taken before a judicial officer did not violate Rule 1.04, Miss. Unif. Crim. R. Cir. Ct. Prac. and the 4th Amendment to the United States Constitution where his initial hearing was held within 48 hours of the time he was taken into custody for questioning, and there was no indication that the officers were purposely holding him in custody to gather sufficient evidence to justify his arrest; thus, his confession was not a product of any delay in taking him before a magistrate and was therefore admissible. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

A defendant’s confession was freely and voluntarily given, and was therefore admissible into evidence in his murder trial, where law enforcement officers testified that he was given all the Miranda warnings prior to giving his confession and that he did not ask for an attorney at any time, he was familiar with his constitutional rights as evidenced by his refusal to sign a waiver form and the fact that he had previously been convicted of a felony, and his videotaped confession did not suggest any coercion. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

A murder defendant’s initial refusal to sign a waiver of rights form did not constitute a demand for an attorney where he was not questioned again until more than 32 hours had lapsed when he was presented with incriminating physical evidence connecting him to the crime, and he was again advised of his rights before further questioning; thus, admission of his confession into evidence did not violate his constitutional right against compulsory self-incrimination or right to an attorney. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

In order to establish the admissibility of a murder defendant’s confession, the State was not required to offer as witnesses law enforcement officers who allegedly yelled at the defendant and were abusive when he was initially questioned, since the alleged statements made by the officers had no bearing on the defendant’s confession which was made 2 days later after he was given the Miranda warnings. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

Incriminating statements made by a murder defendant were properly admitted into evidence where the defendant was not under arrest at the time of the questioning, the law enforcement officers were merely seeking information about a missing person, the defendant voluntarily went with the officers to the sheriff’s office, he was free to leave, and he was taken home by an officer when the questioning was over. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

The trial court in a capital murder prosecution erred in refusing to suppress the defendant’s confession as involuntary where a former teacher and retired minister was called in by the sheriff to meet privately with the defendant, the minister communicated to the defendant, at the sheriff’s direction, the notion that there might be a chance for mercy if he volunteered to cooperate, the minister and the defendant discussed the death penalty and the religious ramifications of the defendant’s action, a sheriff’s deputy told the defendant that he thought it would look better if the defendant confessed, and an investigator who conducted the interrogation with the sheriff admitted that the defendant may have been given the impression by the investigator and the sheriff that cooperation could be of some benefit. Abram v. State, 606 So. 2d 1015, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 448 (Miss. 1992), overruled in part, Foster v. State, 961 So. 2d 670, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 315 (Miss. 2007), overruled in part, Holly v. Mississippi, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 24853 (5th Cir. Miss. Dec. 13, 2011).

A trial court erred in admitting accomplices’ statements into evidence in a murder prosecution under Rule 106, Miss. R. Ev., which contemplates the introduction of a writing by a party and contemporaneous introduction of other parts of the statement to prevent the misleading of the jury, where the defense counsel was merely cross-examining the police officer who investigated the accomplices and he in no way introduced parts of these statements into evidence. Additionally, there were serious confrontation problems since the jury was unable to observe the demeanor of the accomplices when they made the unsworn statements and the statements were taken under the coercive atmosphere of police interrogation. Welch v. State, 566 So. 2d 680, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 152 (Miss. 1990).

Court did not err in admitting into evidence statement made by defendant, after getting in patrol car, telling officers where gun was and that he “didn’t mean to do it, that it was only an accident,” where officers gave defendant Miranda warnings prior to statement. Tolbert v. State, 511 So. 2d 1368, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2681 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1016, 108 S. Ct. 723, 98 L. Ed. 2d 672, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 259 (U.S. 1988).

Statement of defendant that “I shot her” was admissible into evidence, falling within exclusion to Miranda which recognizes that where interrogation is part of “general on-the-scene investigation” Miranda warnings are not prerequisite to admissibility of statements. Tolbert v. State, 511 So. 2d 1368, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2681 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1016, 108 S. Ct. 723, 98 L. Ed. 2d 672, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 259 (U.S. 1988).

Admission of photograph of victim’s body in evidence at murder less-than-capital trial was not error since, even though the homicide was not denied, or contradicted, the photograph had probative value in corroborating testimony of police officer as to the position and condition of the body. Hunter v. State, 489 So. 2d 1086, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2484 (Miss. 1986).

Notwithstanding defendant’s claim that his request to consult an attorney had been refused, there was no error in admitting his written statement into evidence where the defendant, as well as 2 police officers attending the interrogation when the statement was given, testified that it was freely and voluntarily given, and the officers testified that there was strict adherence to the Miranda warnings. Trunell v. State, 487 So. 2d 820, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2444 (Miss. 1986).

Fact that prosecuting attorney has threatened alleged accomplice of capital murder defendant with additional 65 years incarceration and possibility of death sentence if accomplice refuses to testify for state and instead testifies for defendant is admissible on issue of credibility of accomplice’s testimony against defendant. Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2035 (Miss. 1985).

In a prosecution for capital murder based on a charge of committing murder while engaged in armed robbery, the trial court properly admitted into evidence the defendant’s alleged confession, even though the corpus delicti of robbery had not been proven, where the corpus delicti of murder had been sufficiently proven, and therefore the robbery could then be proved entirely from the confession to make out a case of capital murder. Gentry v. State, 416 So. 2d 650, 1982 Miss. LEXIS 2031 (Miss. 1982).

Where accused, after having been arrested but before being formally charged with murder, voluntarily testified before a coroner’s jury that he had accidentally killed his wife while shooting in self-defense at his father-in-law, and none of this testimony was admitted in the trial on the merits, accused’s constitutional privilege not to incriminate himself was not violated. Dykes v. State, 232 Miss. 379, 99 So. 2d 602, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 484 (Miss. 1957).

The court did not err in admitting in evidence defendant’s confession, which was fully corroborated by the state’s evidence and was consistent with the physical facts and circumstances, where it appeared that the confession was made to two members of the highway patrol on the day of defendant’s arrest, and upon a preliminary inquiry into the admissibility of the confession, there was testimony by the highway patrolmen that the defendant was advised of his rights, and that the confession was not induced by fear, threat, or promise of reward; neither was the confession inadmissible for the reason that the defendant was unlawfully detained. Thompson v. State, 231 Miss. 624, 97 So. 2d 227, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 546 (Miss. 1957).

The trial court did not err in admitting accused’s confession in a trial of a homicide prosecution where it appeared that the confession was voluntarily given without threats, promises or hope of reward, and the statement, which was written by the sheriff exactly in accordance with what the accused told him, was read to the accused before it was signed “his mark X” by a colored cook in the jail. McCarty v. State, 230 Miss. 330, 92 So. 2d 853, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 375 (Miss. 1957).

Since the state proved the corpus delicti, the accused’s confessions and admissions were properly admitted in evidence. Jackson v. State, 228 Miss. 604, 89 So. 2d 626, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 552 (Miss. 1956).

Before admission in evidence of alleged confession of one on trial on charge of murder, court must decide on preliminary investigation whether there was a confession, and if so, whether it was free and voluntary. Morroco v. State, 204 Miss. 498, 37 So. 2d 751, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 384 (Miss. 1948).

If an alleged confessor, who is on trial for murder, did not sufficiently understand language of confession, or if person to whom confession was allegedly made did not accurately and certainly understand what confessor said, there was no lawful confession, and court should hear evidence of defendant and his witnesses on this issue on preliminary hearing. Morroco v. State, 204 Miss. 498, 37 So. 2d 751, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 384 (Miss. 1948).

43. —Motive; propensity for violence.

Evidence regarding victim’s involvement as state’s field secretary of national civil rights organization, his efforts to integrate schools, and his quest for equal rights for African American citizens was admissible in murder prosecution to show motive consistent with state’s theory that murder was racially motivated. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

In a murder prosecution involving a victim who died of smoke inhalation after receiving a blow to the head, the admission of facts concerning the murder of another victim who died from shotgun wounds did not violate the defendant’s rights under the Eighth Amendment to the federal constitution or the due process clauses of the Mississippi Constitution and the federal constitution, where the revelation that a second person was missing was necessary in putting together the pieces of the case, evidence that the investigating officers discovered 2 bodies in the trunk of the victim’s car was unavoidable, and the testimony of the other victim’s mother was necessary in that she was the only witness who could testify to seeing the defendant near the victim’s house, she was able to discuss what the victim was doing on the day he was killed, and she was able to give some important time frames. Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 831 (Miss. 1990).

Trial court was not in error in allowing state to introduce evidence of murder male companion of defendant’s ex-wife in trial for murder of ex-wife, under exception for admission of other crimes, motive, intent, preparation, and plan; evidence of second crime, when so closely related to the one being tried as to form one event, is admissible when necessary to give plausibility to testimony presented to jury. Shaw v. State, 513 So. 2d 916, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2816 (Miss. 1987).

Circuit Court did not err in refusing testimony that victim had reputation for violence and for carrying weapon where all testimony heard prior to pro-offer of such testimony indicated that defendant was aggressor, and under Mississippi law at time of trial, character or reputation of deceased was not admissible in murder case unless there was doubt as to who was aggressor. Tolbert v. State, 511 So. 2d 1368, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2681 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1016, 108 S. Ct. 723, 98 L. Ed. 2d 672, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 259 (U.S. 1988).

Trial court erred in ruling that reputation testimony must originate in the community where victim resided, and in excluding testimony of witness as to victim’s reputation, in the trucking industry, for violence, but the error was harmless in view of abundance of evidence as to victim’s violent nature already admitted. Mullins v. State, 493 So. 2d 971, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2591 (Miss. 1986).

Evidence that murder defendant may have been high on marijuana is admissible as tending to show that defendant was engaged in act eminently dangerous and evincing depraved heart; evidence of use of marijuana at time prior to date on which murder occurred is admissible if defendant has raised defense of insanity. Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2238 (Miss. 1985).

In capital murder case arising from killing of deputy sheriff while deputy was attempting to serve arrest warrant based on simple assault charge filed by defendant’s spouse, testimony of spouse and of judge who issued warrant is admissible to shed light on motive for commission of crime and further to tell jury full story giving rise to deputy’s death. Lancaster v. State, 472 So. 2d 363, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2115 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence of marital discord occurring only days before wife is shot by husband is admissible in murder prosecution of husband as tending to prove motive, malice, premeditation and criminal intent. Fuller v. State, 468 So. 2d 68, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2055 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence that defendant on trial for murder of wife had, 10 months prior to death of wife, unsuccessfully solicited someone to kill her, is not too remote to be admissible. Hammond v. State, 465 So. 2d 1031, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1946 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence of killings committed in Georgia is inadmissible in guilt phase of capital murder prosecution for killing committed in Mississippi even though defendant was fleeing Georgia authorities and used gun and handcuffs taken from Georgia victim in Mississippi killing. West v. State, 463 So. 2d 1048, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1869 (Miss. 1985).

In prosecution for murder, evidence of other crimes is incompetent except to show identity, guilty knowledge, intent or motive, or where offense charged is so interwoven with other offenses that they cannot be separated. May v. State, 205 Miss. 295, 38 So. 2d 726, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1949).

Evidence of events forming continuous and inseparable sequence culminating in murder is competent in murder prosecution to reveal motive and establish malice or deliberation in the homicide. May v. State, 205 Miss. 295, 38 So. 2d 726, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1949).

Error, in murder trial, to admit evidence of various specific acts of violence committed by deceased at many different times and places as well as his general reputation for violence. McCoy v. State, 91 Miss. 257, 44 So. 814, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 147 (Miss. 1907).

44. —Photographs, other prejudicial evidence.

Trial court did not err in allowing the admission of crime scene photographs to show the condition of the victim’s body where the victim had been dead for approximately two months before her body was discovered and the condition of the body was relevant to determining the date of death. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

Admission of photographs of victim’s body in its casket taken at his funeral, introduced during testimony of victim’s widow, was not unduly prejudicial to defendant in murder prosecution; widow’s testimony, used in conjunction with photographs, established circumstances of killing and corpus delicti. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

Admissibility of photographs rests within sound discretion of trial court which will be upheld unless there has been abuse of discretion. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

In determining admissibility of photographs, court must keep in mind rule governing exclusion of relevant evidence and must consider whether proof is absolute or in doubt as to identity of guilty party and whether photographs are necessary evidence or simply ploy on part of prosecutor to arouse passion and prejudice of the jury; same standard is applicable in determining admissibility of photographs are applicable to videotapes. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Videotape of crime scene was not cumulative so as to be inadmissible where the only visual evidence submitted prior to the videotape was photograph of victim’s face for the purpose of identification and where identity of victim’s murderer was still in question prior to the admission of the videotape. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Videotape which depicted position of victim’s body at the crime scene corroborated aspects of defendant’s confession and aided prosecution in identifying him as the guilty party and was necessary to help jury to visualize bloody crime scene when hearing testimony regarding the injuries which the victim received, how and where she received them, and the force necessary to inflict her injuries. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Autopsy photographs may be admitted during sentencing phase of capital murder prosecution on issue of whether crime was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel, even if photographs were inadmissible during guilt phase. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Medical examiner could testify as to condition of capital murder victim’s body at time of autopsy and on cause of death, over complaint that prejudicial effect of testimony outweighed its probative value; evidence was admissible to establish death of human being, and criminal agency causing death, and trial court had sustained defendant’s objection to repetitive nature of testimony. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

A videotape of the exhumation of the victim’s body from the site where the defendant had buried it should not have been admitted into evidence in a murder prosecution against the defendant, where the videotape did not reveal more than that which was revealed through photographic evidence. However, admission of the videotape did not warrant reversal in view of the overwhelming evidence presented against the defendant. Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 648 (Miss. 1991).

Even if photographs of a murder victim were cumulative or repetitive, the admission of the photographs into evidence was harmless where the photographs were not particularly gory and did not have a highly inflammatory effect on the jury. Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

In a slaying in which the only eyewitness is the defendant, and it is argued that the slaying was something other than murder, the relevancy of photographs showing the scene and victim is increased. Photographs from different angles in such a case are for the jury to evaluate. However, there can be a limit both in the number of photographs and the manner in which they are displayed to the jury. The discretion afforded circuit judges is by no means unlimited, and they are strongly urged to curtail excess. Griffin v. State, 557 So. 2d 542, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 50 (Miss. 1990).

In a murder prosecution, extremely gruesome photographs of the victim’s nude and partially decomposed body were improperly admitted into evidence since the probative value of the photographs was outweighed by their tendency to inflame and prejudice the jury; the State could have shown the angle and entry of the bullet wound without a full-color, close-up view of the decomposed maggot-infested skull. When presented with such photographs, the trial judge should carefully consider all the facts and circumstances surrounding the admission of this particular type of evidence. More specifically, the trial court must consider: (1) whether the proof is absolute or in doubt as to identity of the guilty party, as well as, (2) whether the photographs are necessary evidence or simply a ploy on the part of the prosecutor to arouse the passion and prejudice of the jury. McNeal v. State, 551 So. 2d 151, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 333 (Miss. 1989).

In determining the admissibility of photographs, the discretion of the trial judge runs toward almost unlimited admissibility regardless of the gruesomeness, repetitiveness, and the extenuation of probative value; no meaningful limits exist in the balancing of the probative/prejudicial effect of photographs. Williams v. State, 544 So. 2d 782, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2843 (Miss. 1987).

Error, if any, in admitting evidence alleged to be hearsay, that defendant had gun was harmless, where evidence was otherwise clear that defendant did have gun. Alford v. State, 508 So. 2d 1039, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2425 (Miss. 1987).

Admission into evidence at a capital murder trial of portions of defendant’s testimony at his father’s earlier trial was reversible error, where the prior testimony, which could not be characterized as admissions, was offered as part of the state’s case-in-chief, and not in an attempt to impeach defendant or to rebut his testimony at his trial. Stringer v. State, 491 So. 2d 837, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2520 (Miss. 1986).

Testimony from prosecution investigator concerning record of collect telephone call from murder victim to third party is inadmissible where state makes no effort to introduce telephone records and offers no explanation for absence of records; where admission of testimony has strong potential for prejudice in that it allows official endorsement of third party’s already damaging testimony regarding telephone calls, admission of testimony is harmful error requiring reversal. Flanagin v. State, 473 So. 2d 482, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2168 (Miss. 1985).

While wholesale introduction of gruesome photographs in capital murder prosecution is not endorsed, trial court may admit 5 photographs where each portrays some evidence not shown by others. Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2059 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 106 S. Ct. 2291, 90 L. Ed. 2d 732, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 1720 (U.S. 1986).

The admission into evidence of photographs of a slain victim was a matter resting within the sound discretion of the circuit judge, and where, in a prosecution under section 97-3-19(2)(e) for capital murder while in the commission of the crime of rape, the photographs had evidentiary value in proving the brutality of the slaying, they were proper evidence. Ruffin v. State, 447 So. 2d 113, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1629 (Miss. 1984).

Prejudicial error was not committed in allowing a constable to testify that one accused of murder had lost the murder weapon while fleeing from the scene and that the accused, when not found in his father’s home, was called by the latter from nearby bushes. Vassar v. State, 200 Miss. 412, 27 So. 2d 541, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 303 (Miss. 1946).

45. — —Photographs as admissible.

In defendant’s murder case, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19, although photographs of the victim’s decomposing body and head surrounded by maggots were not pleasant, only some probative value was needed to support admission of the gruesome photographs, and the State did not include photographs that showed his arms and legs eaten away by scavengers. Bonds v. State, 168 So.3d 1003, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 369 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), rev'd, 138 So.3d 914, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 256 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant’s convictions for capital murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e), aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2), and conspiracy to commit aggravated assault were appropriate because the victim’s autopsy photographs were admissible since their probative value was not outweighed by any danger of undue prejudice and since there was a meaningful evidentiary purpose. Williams v. State, 3 So.3d 105, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 68 (Miss. 2009).

In defendant’s trial for capital murder of defendant’s five-year-old child, autopsy photographs were properly admitted because the photographs were of significant probative value when the photographs showed the severity of the beatings, which defendant denied, and corroborated the testimony of defendant’s daughter and the findings of the coroner. The photographs’ probative value clearly outweighed their prejudicial effect, and the trial court did not err in admitting them. Broadhead v. State, 981 So. 2d 320, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 809 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 981 So. 2d 298, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 210 (Miss. 2008).

In a case where defendant was charged with capital murder after he slammed his car into a patrol car that was blocking his path during a chase, a trial court did not err by allowing the introduction of pictures of the deceased officer since they were relevant and clarified the circumstances and manner of death for the jury. White v. State, 964 So. 2d 1181, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 576 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

In a capital murder case, autopsy photographs of a victim who was shot multiple times in the head, neck, and shoulder were admissible because their probative value outweighed the prejudice; they were used to corroborate the testimony of an officer who found the body and to support the theory that the victim had been thrown from a vehicle after the shooting. Ramsey v. State, 959 So. 2d 15, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 764 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 958 So. 2d 1232, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 2007).

In a murder case, photographs of the victim lying in a doorway and closeups of the victim’s head were properly admitted under Miss. R. Evid. 403; they were not cumulative, nor did the potential for prejudice outweigh the probative value where the pictures were at different angles, and it was not possible to get all the information in a single picture. Jones v. State, 938 So. 2d 312, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 673 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Admission of photographs of the victim in a murder case was not an abuse of discretion because the photographs were not overly gruesome; they had evidentiary value, as they depicted the circumstances of the shooting, the location of the body, and the cause of death; and they supplemented and clarified testimony regarding the location of the wounds, the trajectory of the bullets, the number of the bullets, and the cause and manner of death. Cotton v. State, 933 So. 2d 1048, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 520 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Pre-death photograph was shown to the victim’s stepfather and the district attorney asked the stepfather whether the photograph fairly depicted the victim (who had been burned beyond recognition). The photograph served the legitimate, evidentiary purpose of identifying the victim and was properly admitted. Davis v. State, 904 So. 2d 1212, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1053 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 898 So. 2d 679, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 269 (Miss. 2005).

In defendant’s criminal prosecution for murdering his wife’s ex-boyfriend, the trial court did not err in admitting photographs of the victim and crime scene. The photographs were probative and relevant, because they revealed the position and location of the victim’s body. Roland v. State, 882 So. 2d 262, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 911 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Trial judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting color photographs of murder victim during capital prosecution; photographs served to clarify and supplement testimony and to describe cause of victim’s death. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Although photographs of crime scene were essentially the same evidence as videotape of the crime scene which had been admitted earlier, they were properly admitted because they were clearer than the video, and were used by physician in proving cause of death, and aided jury in determining heinous, atrocious, and cruel nature of the crime. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Color photographs of murder victim’s body, taken from close range, that showed position of body in car, were admissible. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Probative value of 6 color 4“ x 6” autopsy photographs depicting fatal stab wounds to children, admitted during sentencing phase of capital murder prosecution to demonstrate location and extent of wounds as well as pain and suffering of victims, outweighed any prejudicial effect; photographs were taken after bodies had been cleaned up but before autopsies were performed. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion, in capital murder case, by admitting into evidence photograph of deceased; photograph had been shown to various witnesses, in order to verify identity of victim, prior to point at which defendant stipulated as to identity. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court had discretion to admit into evidence, in capital murder case, photograph showing defendant with 2 companions in his house, with one photograph depicting him bare chested, generally unkempt, holding beer can and sticking his tongue out; photograph corroborated testimony of one companion that defendant had been with her after he had allegedly committed crime and he was acting as if nothing had happened. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court could admit photographs showing capital murder victim after corpse had been burned by perpetrator, even though pictures were acknowledged to be “gruesome”; pictures could assist jury to infer that defendant decided to burn body to destroy fingerprint, pubic hair and clothing fiber identification evidence, cover his tracks and avoid apprehension. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in capital murder case in allowing into evidence photographs depicting victim’s gunshot wounds; photographs served to clarify and supplement coroner’s testimony and described cause of victim’s death. Holly v. State, 671 So. 2d 32, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss.), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4179 (U.S. 1996).

A trial court did not err in admitting gruesome photographs into evidence in a murder prosecution where they identified the victims, showed the effect resulting from the gunshot wounds inflicted by the defendant, and corroborated medical testimony. Westbrook v. State, 658 So. 2d 847, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 1995).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial judge did not err in admitting photographs of the victim into evidence where he made a thorough examination of the photographs in chambers prior to admitting them into evidence, and a pathologist testified that they were probative and relevant on the issue of whether the murder was especially heinous and cruel. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

Color photographs of a murder victim taken during a postmortem examination were properly admitted into evidence in the murder trial where the photographs depicted the location of the shotgun pellet wounds which caused the victim’s death, and a forensic pathologist used the photographs to explain the location, trajectory, and angulation of multiple entrance and exit wounds. Hart v. State, 637 So. 2d 1329, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 115 (Miss. 1994).

In a murder prosecution, the admission of an autopsy photograph showing a close-up of the victim’s neck cut open by the pathologist was not error since the photograph provided graphic evidence that the victim’s trachea was lined with soot and therefore substantiated the State’s theory that the defendant had knocked the victim unconscious and then poured gasoline over his body and ignited it, resulting in the victim’s death due to smoke inhalation. Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 831 (Miss. 1990).

In a prosecution for a single murder, it was not error for the trial court to allow the admission of photographs showing the bodies of 2 victims in the trunk of a car where they were found, one of which graphically showed the intestines of the second victim exposed and hanging from his body, in spite of the defendant’s argument that the photographs of the second victim were extraordinarily gruesome and were not necessary to establish the defendant’s role in the murder of the first victim, where the photographs supplemented the investigating officers’ testimonies concerning what they found in the trunk of the car, and the investigators could not have taken a picture of the first victim’s body without also having the second victim in the photograph, unless they tampered with the evidence. Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 831 (Miss. 1990).

A trial judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting photographs of a murder victim’s body into evidence where the body was fully clothed, there was no large amount of blood, the body was not decomposed, and the photographs were used by a forensic pathologist to point out wounds and the effects of those wounds. Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 792 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 910, 111 S. Ct. 1695, 114 L. Ed. 2d 89, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2522 (U.S. 1991).

Color photographs of the victim’s body were admissible in a murder prosecution where the defendant claimed to have observed the victim’s body only briefly after entering the victim’s darkened living room behind a police officer, since the photographs were relevant to the issue of the defendant’s detailed knowledge of the condition of the body. Sudduth v. State, 562 So. 2d 67, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 235 (Miss. 1990).

In a murder prosecution, a photograph of the victim’s body which showed the extent of a wound to the head and showed brain tissue, blood and other unspecified fragments on the floor and the wall, was admissible where testimony indicated that the defendant was the only person at the crime scene wielding a shotgun and the photograph accurately reflected “the force and violence” a shotgun would cause as opposed to a pistol or handgun, and the photograph corroborated the expert testimony of the doctor who testified that the photograph showed very clearly that brain and other tissue was splattered on the lower part of the door and the floor instead of on the ceiling or the upper portion of the wall, which corroborated earlier testimony to the effect that the victim was kneeling or crawling when she was shot. Stringer v. State, 548 So. 2d 125, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 354 (Miss. 1989).

In a murder prosecution in which the victim showed signs consistent with someone who had been choked or strangled, photographs of the victim’s face and neck lying on an autopsy table, though grisly, were probative of the condition of the body, both as to the cause of death and to rebut the defendant’s claim that he shot the victim in self-defense, and were therefore admissible. Stokes v. State, 548 So. 2d 118, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 357 (Miss. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1029, 110 S. Ct. 742, 107 L. Ed. 2d 759, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 86 (U.S. 1990).

Autopsy pictures of a homicide victim clearly indicating the number and placement of stab wounds were admissible as evidence of the defendant’s state of mind and to show the placement of the wounds. Marks v. State, 532 So. 2d 976, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 425 (Miss. 1988).

Photographs of a homicide victim as she was found at the scene of the crime were admissible since the jury was entitled to see the manner in which the deceased met her death, particularly since the defendant testified to having no memory of the immediate circumstances surrounding the killing. Marks v. State, 532 So. 2d 976, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 425 (Miss. 1988).

In a trial for capital murder of a 6-month-old child, photographs of the victim taken when she was in the hospital prior to her death were admissible in evidence where they accurately depicted bruises on her neck and chest and a cut on her inner lip, and consequently were of probative value, particularly in light of the defendant’s assertion that the child simply went limp while he held her and that no blood was present before the child was taken to the hospital. Monk v. State, 532 So. 2d 592, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 501 (Miss. 1988).

Photographs of the body of a gunshot victim showing bruises on the body, the wound caused by the bullet, and the general condition of the body and marks on it, were admissible in a murder prosecution where they contradicted the defendant’s testimony that the decedent had committed suicide. Jackson v. State, 527 So. 2d 654, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 271 (Miss. 1988).

In a murder prosecution, photographs of the decedent’s body were admissible where they showed the extent of the decedent’s wounds and lacerations and were, therefore, essential to the main issue in the case, namely, whether the decedent died from blood loss or alcohol consumption. Kniep v. State, 525 So. 2d 385, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 11 (Miss. 1988).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting into evidence photographs depicting bullet holes at and around crime scene. Alford v. State, 508 So. 2d 1039, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2425 (Miss. 1987).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing into evidence photographs depicting location of deceased’s wounds, since it was evidence relevant to show that deceased was not facing direction from which shots were fired, thereby negating defense that deceased was aggressor from whom defendant had right to defend himself. Alford v. State, 508 So. 2d 1039, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2425 (Miss. 1987).

At a murder less-than-capital trial, where defendant’s experts had already testified that defendant was competent to stand trial, testimony by state’s expert as to his and associate’s finding on the issue was not inadmissible hearsay. Hunter v. State, 489 So. 2d 1086, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2484 (Miss. 1986).

Photograph of scene of killing taken shortly after killing occurred, which is fair and accurate depiction of scene other than use of flash to light scene and presence of investigating officer, is admissible so long as presence of officer and additional light is carefully explained to jury each time photograph is used. Holmes v. State, 483 So. 2d 684, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2365 (Miss. 1986).

Gruesome photograph of murder victim is admissible where it is probative of severity of victim’s wounds and is clearer than photograph which has previously been introduced without objection. Swanier v. State, 473 So. 2d 180, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2155 (Miss. 1985).

Color photographs of deceased and scene of crime are admissible into evidence at homicide trial, at which defendant is ultimately convicted of manslaughter, where photographs depict location of wound and tend to negate defendant’s assertion that deceased had reached under shirt as if going for gun prior to shooting and where pictures of interior of bar in which shooting occurred tend to negate defendant’s statement that he placed decedent in chair after shooting. Kelly v. State, 463 So. 2d 1070, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1878 (Miss. 1985).

In prosecution for murder, photographs of deceased showing exact location, range and extent of wounds causing death of victim are relevant and competent as evidence, although photographs produce sympathetic emotions in jurors to prejudice of defendant. Seals v. State, 208 Miss. 236, 44 So. 2d 61, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 242 (Miss. 1950).

46. —Expert testimony; scientific techniques.

Where defendant claimed he accidentally shot his wife, his murder conviction was reversed because a crime scene analyst’s computer-generated depiction of the shooting was improperly admitted, as it was based on mere speculation and possibilities. Parvin v. State, 113 So.3d 1243, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 145 (Miss. 2013).

Where defendant claimed he accidentally shot his wife, his murder conviction was reversed because a forensic pathologist’s measurements and a crime scene analyst’s testimony about the shooting were inadmissible under Miss. R. Evid. 702, as the pathologist did not cite any scientific principle to explain how he calculated his distance and trajectory measurements, and the analyst testified that his theory was his “best approximation” of a “hypothesis” of how “maybe the incident happened.” Parvin v. State, 113 So.3d 1243, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 145 (Miss. 2013).

Expert testimony as to the cause and manner of the victim’s death was permissible in defendant’s murder trial because the trial court accepted, without objection from defendant, that the expert was qualified in the area of forensic pathology, and the expert did not testify that he was the State Medical Examiner, and, therefore, the expert was not required to be board certified by the American Board of Pathology. Keys v. State, 33 So.3d 1143, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 697 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 34 So.3d 1176, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 228 (Miss. 2010).

Expert testimony as to the type of bullet that killed a victim was permissible in defendant’s murder trial because the trial court accepted that the expert was qualified in the area of forensic pathology, terminal ballistics was a subfield of forensic pathology, and defendant was procedurally barred from challenging the expert’s qualifications because he failed to object to them at trial. Keys v. State, 33 So.3d 1143, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 697 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 34 So.3d 1176, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 228 (Miss. 2010).

In a case in which defendant appealed his sentence of death by lethal injection for violating Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f), citing the Mississippi Supreme Court’s reversal in the Edmonds decision, he argued unsuccessfully that the admission of testimony by an expert witness was improper and the result of ineffective assistance of counsel. The witness was an expert in forensic pathology, and the reversal in the Edmonds decision was not based on the witness’s lack of expertise; it was based on the witness offering an off-the-cuff opinion. Wilson v. State, 21 So.3d 572, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 450 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 909, 130 S. Ct. 3282, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1191, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3966 (U.S. 2010).

In a case where defendant was charged with capital murder after he slammed his car into a patrol car that was blocking his path during a chase, a trial court did not err by allowing a forensic pathologist to testify about an officer’s location when he was killed because, under Miss. R. Evid. 702, the pathologist was allowed to testify as an expert that the wounds indicated that the officer was not inside the vehicle. White v. State, 964 So. 2d 1181, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 576 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Trial court did not err in admitting the forensic pathologist’s testimony concerning the autopsy, bruises on the victim’s body consistent with defensive posturing, the trajectory of the bullet, and the cause and manner of the victim’s of death, where a foundation was laid showing the expert was well qualified; further, the issue of the quality of the autopsy photos went to their weight, not their admissibility. Ross v. State, 883 So. 2d 1181, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 557 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 883 So. 2d 1180, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1274 (Miss. 2004).

Pathologist’s testimony was admissible to prove cause of victim’s death, even though pathologist could not with certainty pinpoint cause of death of decomposed body, and even though pathologist had prepared 2 arguably inconsistent reports; pathologist’s opinion tended to make cause of death more probable than it would have been without his testimony, and pathologist was subject to rigorous cross-examination. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

A trial court in a murder prosecution properly refused to permit a psychiatrist’s opinion testimony that the defendant was telling the truth when he was interviewed while under the influence of hypnosis, since this field is not recognized as a reliable science and the physician’s opinion would have been “improper bolstering” of testimony. Thibodeaux v. State, 652 So. 2d 153, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 1995).

A trial court in a murder prosecution properly refused to permit a psychiatrist’s opinion testimony that the defendant was telling the truth when he was interviewed while under the influence of sodium amytal, since this field is not recognized as a reliable science and the physician’s opinion would have been “improper bolstering” of testimony. Thibodeaux v. State, 652 So. 2d 153, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 134 (Miss. 1995).

The trial judge in a capital murder prosecution did not err in refusing to admit the results of polygraph tests, since the results of polygraph tests have not reached that stage in scientific reliability justifying their competency as substantive evidence. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

A trial court in a murder prosecution did not err in excluding a psychologist’s expert opinion testimony that the defendant suffered from “post-traumatic stress” syndrome and therefore had “reasonable grounds” to believe that the victim was going to kill him, which would have supported the defendant’s claim of self-defense, since the question of whether a defendant has “reasonable grounds” to fear imminent death or serious bodily injury is governed by a “reasonable person” standard, and is a matter to be decided by the fact-finder alone. Hart v. State, 637 So. 2d 1329, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 115 (Miss. 1994).

The trial court in a murder prosecution properly allowed the admission of DNA “matching” evidence where the testing laboratory performed generally accepted scientific techniques without error in the performance or interpretation of the tests. Polk v. State, 612 So. 2d 381, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 820 (Miss. 1992).

A trial court in a murder prosecution did not abuse its discretion in admitting into evidence a plaster cast and photographs of footprints found near the victim’s body, even though a forensic toxicologist with the Mississippi Crime Lab testified that the sample was insufficient to connect the defendant’s shoes to the cast, where there was no dispute that the footprints were actually found at the scene of the crime. Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 849 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 928, 111 S. Ct. 2042, 114 L. Ed. 2d 126, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2673 (U.S. 1991).

At the joint trial of 2 defendants charged with conspiracy to commit murder, admission, in prosecution’s case-in-chief, of co-conspirators’ post-arrest statements, wherein each co-defendant pointed a finger at the other, was reversible error, where these statements fell outside the co-conspirator’s exemption from the hearsay rule, did not interlock in substantial particulars, and were not attended by other indicia of reliability sufficient to satisfy the conspirators’ rights under the confrontation of witnesses clauses of federal and state constitutions. Mitchell v. State, 495 So. 2d 5, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2659 (Miss. 1986), overruled in part, Smith v. State, 986 So. 2d 290, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 2008).

Medical testimony of prior injuries to child tending to establish previous abuse by parent is admissible in murder prosecution of parent where sufficient predicate is laid of evidence showing parent to be in exclusive control of child prior to time that injuries occurred and of expert medical testimony contradicting parent’s version of accidental causes of death. Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2238 (Miss. 1985).

Defendant in murder prosecution is not entitled to admission of testimony of psychiatrist as to defendant’s grief following death of victim, especially where testimony of psychiatrist would be cumulative. Flanagin v. State, 473 So. 2d 482, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2168 (Miss. 1985).

The trial court in a murder prosecution did not err in excluding testimony of psychologists as to defendant’s state of mind at the time of the killing, where, as long as the complete defense of insanity was not at issue, expert psychiatric testimony was not available to either party to attempt to reduce the charge of murder under this section to one of manslaughter under §97-3-35. Taylor v. State, 452 So. 2d 441, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1705 (Miss. 1984), but see May v. State, 524 So. 2d 957, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 1988).

47. Circumstantial evidence.

Trial court did not err in convicting defendant of murdering her husband; the State proved deliberate-design murder, albeit by circumstantial evidence, because the use of a high-powered rifle was sufficient to supply the necessary ingredient of deliberate design. Childs v. State, 133 So.3d 348, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 302 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant mainly took issue with the forensic pathologist’s testimony, and claimed that a reasonable hypothesis of defendant’s innocence was the possibility that the victim (defendant’s wife) had shot herself. However, all of the expert’s testimony was based upon a reasonable medical certainty that the victim could not have fired the shot that killed the victim, and the expert’s testimony was based upon physical facts: the location of the entrance wound, the resting place of the bullet, and the distance from the head to where the gun was fired; moreover, the victim had defensive wounds and the State met its burden of proof through strong circumstantial evidence. Ross v. State, 883 So. 2d 1181, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 557 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 883 So. 2d 1180, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1274 (Miss. 2004).

Where defendant was charged with murder in the shooting death of his wife, after forensic experts determined that she was killed by two gunshots instead of one, and because there was only one entrance wound and evidence of two bullet trajectories, suicide was excluded because the victim would not have had sufficient motor skills to fire a second shot, a jury could conclude that defendant’s defense of suicide did not constitute a reasonable hypothesis of innocence, and the circumstantial evidence used to convict defendant was sufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jones v. State, 857 So. 2d 740, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 554 (Miss. 2003).

Crediting all the evidence and all reasonable inferences most favorable to the State, a jury could reasonably exclude the hypothesis that the victim committed suicide; the circumstantial evidence used to convict defendant of murder was sufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Cox v. State, 849 So. 2d 1257, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 337 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence that a defendant who was charged with the murder of a woman whose badly decomposed body was found in Mississippi in an area where defendant had relatives, that the defendant had left New Mexico with the victim to visit the father of the victim’s infant child in Texas shortly before the probable time of the victim’s death, that defendant was seen with the victim’s child in Memphis shortly after the date of the victim’s death and heard telling people that the child’s mother was either on tour as an entertainer or was in jail, that defendant was in possession of a gun and ammunition similar to those used to kill the victim, that defendant used a false name when contacted by police in Florida, as well as other circumstantial and scientific evidence linking the defendant to the crime, was sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction of the crime of murder. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

Because case was largely circumstantial, jury was required to believe defendant guilty beyond all reasonable doubt and to exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis other than that of guilt. Evidence showed that defendant, convicted of murder, had started walking home with victim, was gone some 30 to 40 minutes, returned alone, told individuals upon return that “somebody done got” victim, was wet to waist and trembling or shivering; defendant and others found victim’s body in ditch filled approximately waist deep with water, and “beggar’s lice” were found on clothes of victim and defendant. Stokes v. State, 518 So. 2d 1224, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 36 (Miss. 1988).

When its case is based entirely upon circumstantial evidence, state is required to prove defendants guilty not only beyond reasonable doubt, but also to exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence; circumstantial evidence need not exclude every possible doubt, but only every other reasonable hypothesis of guilt, and mere fanciful, farfetched, or unreasonable hypothesis of innocence is not sufficient to require acquittal. Montgomery v. State, 515 So. 2d 845, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2697 (Miss. 1987).

Circumstantial evidence was sufficient to sustain conviction for murder where: (1) motive existed; (2) serial number of rifle was listed in ledger found in defendant’s room; (3) defendant’s diary contained schedule of victim’s morning procedure and whereabouts; (4) bullets extracted from victim’s body plus those found in defendant’s drawer, door facing, and those remaining in clip were of same type, accounting for all 15 bullets missing from box of ammunition found nearby; (5) defendant was in area of murder on morning of murder; (6) defendant admitted smoking brand of cigarettes found in victim’s office commode; and, (7) defendant’s fingerprints were on door facing of back door. Montgomery v. State, 515 So. 2d 845, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2697 (Miss. 1987).

Knife was admissible in evidence, notwithstanding defendant’s objection based on fact that one witness did not remember the knife as having a leather handle, where other witnesses testified that the knife in question was found at the stabbing scene, established the chain of custody thereof, and described the weapon. Graves v. State, 492 So. 2d 562, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2514 (Miss. 1986).

On a coram nobis proceeding, defendant, under death sentence, was not entitled to a new trial, where, even though state’s 2 identification witnesses had committed perjury at his trial, the circumstantial evidence that defendant murdered victim was so overwhelming that there was not a reasonable probability that a different result would be reached even without the perjured testimony. Smith v. State, 492 So. 2d 260, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2884 (Miss. 1986).

Although proof in a circumstantial evidence murder case was weak, evidence was sufficient to go to jury on issue of defendant’s guilt. Trunell v. State, 487 So. 2d 820, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2444 (Miss. 1986).

Telephone conversation between murder victim and third party in which victim identifies killer and in which third party hears voice in background does not constitute direct evidence, for purposes of determining whether murder prosecution is based solely on circumstantial evidence, where third party is unable to identify voice in background; however, testimony of third party as to content of conversation is admissible under res gestae exception. Flanagin v. State, 473 So. 2d 482, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2168 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence that murder victim died in interval between victim’s departure from bar with defendant and defendant’s return to bar in upset and disheveled condition is insufficient to exclude reasonable hypothesis asserted by defendant that, outside bar, victim and defendant parted ways, that victim met death at hands of third party, and that defendant’s condition upon return to bar was due to unrelated incident. Hester v. State, 463 So. 2d 1087, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1896 (Miss. 1985).

Where the most that could be said for the evidence of the state in a murder prosecution was that the knife of the defendant with blood and hair upon it was found in his automobile approximately 1/2 to 3/4 of a mile from the body of the victim, and there was no evidence of motive, no evidence that the defendant and the deceased had ever been together or evidence that they were acquainted, and moreover, at the time of his arrest, the defendant did not appear to be emotionally upset, and no blood or bloodstains were found upon his person or clothing or even in his car, a weak case based totally upon circumstantial evidence was presented and justice required another jury to pass upon the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Shore v. State, 287 So. 2d 766, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1833 (Miss. 1974).

The proof must show beyond a reasonable doubt that the person killed is the person charged in the indictment to have been killed, though circumstantial evidence may be sufficient. Dooley v. State, 238 Miss. 16, 116 So. 2d 820, 1960 Miss. LEXIS 370 (Miss. 1960).

While state’s evidence to establish identity of the accused as the perpetrator of the crime must be such as to leave no reasonable doubt as to his identity, it is not essential that this proof be made by testimony of witnesses, since circumstantial evidence may be sufficient, and, where there is both direct and circumstantial evidence, a mere conflict in testimony of the witnesses does not necessarily mean that the testimony is insufficient to sustain a conviction. Freeman v. State, 228 Miss. 687, 89 So. 2d 716, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 564 (Miss. 1956).

Where conviction depends upon circumstantial evidence, legal test of its sufficiency for that end is its power to satisfy understanding and conscience of jury and it is sufficient if circumstances produce moral certainty, to exclusion of every reasonable doubt. Dickins v. State, 208 Miss. 69, 43 So. 2d 366, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 1949).

When state relies upon circumstantial evidence to establish any essential element of crime charged, that evidence must rise sufficiently high to exclude every reasonable doubt of guilt and every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Barclay v. State, 43 So. 2d 213 (Miss. 1949).

Where the shooting of a husband and wife in their home followed one immediately after the other, the two shootings were so integrated as to make it impractical to segregate the evidence concerning each. Walker v. State, 201 Miss. 780, 30 So. 2d 239, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 445 (Miss. 1947).

48. Prior difficulty.

In a murder prosecution, evidence that the defendant had previously run a car that he was driving into a car that his girlfriend was driving was improperly admitted. Edlin v. State, 533 So. 2d 403, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 420 (Miss. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1086, 109 S. Ct. 1547, 103 L. Ed. 2d 851, 1989 U.S. LEXIS 1410 (U.S. 1989).

In a murder prosecution against the husband of the victim, a note handwritten by the victim which indicated that she intended to file for divorce on grounds of mental cruelty and that the defendant had threatened to kill her was admissible as evidence of prior difficulties between the victim and the defendant. Jackson v. State, 527 So. 2d 654, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 271 (Miss. 1988).

State’s soliciting of testimony of prior difficulties between defendant and his ex-wife was legitimate means of revealing criminal intent where defendant waived his right against self-incrimination and took stand for purpose of showing that his former wife was killed in apparent attempt by him to defend her from unknown attacker; threats apparently took place only about one month prior to murder. Shaw v. State, 513 So. 2d 916, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2816 (Miss. 1987).

A defendant has the constitutional right to make an opening statement pro se without being put under oath and subject to cross examination, and action of trial court preventing him from doing so is reversible error. Trunell v. State, 487 So. 2d 820, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2444 (Miss. 1986).

Evidence of prior difficulties occurring close to the date of the commission of the crime between the defendant and her deceased husband was admissible to show motive and intent. Pendergraft v. State, 213 So. 2d 560, 1968 Miss. LEXIS 1293 (Miss. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 715, 89 S. Ct. 1453, 22 L. Ed. 2d 671, 1969 U.S. LEXIS 1875 (U.S. 1969).

Evidence of a previous difficulty is admissible. Hardy v. State, 143 Miss. 352, 108 So. 727, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 1926).

In murder prosecution admission of details of previous altercation, held prejudicial error. Hardy v. State, 143 Miss. 352, 108 So. 727, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 1926).

Evidence of previous difficulty, held harmless error where not prejudicial to defendant. Lewis v. State, 132 Miss. 200, 96 So. 169, 1923 Miss. LEXIS 44 (Miss. 1923).

Details of previous disconnected difficulty between parties, inadmissible in trial of subsequent offense. Rich v. State, 124 Miss. 272, 86 So. 770, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 506 (Miss. 1920).

Language used by third person in prior difficulty with deceased held improperly admitted. Marley v. State, 109 Miss. 717, 69 So. 210, 1915 Miss. LEXIS 215 (Miss. 1915).

Where defendant was aggressor, evidence that deceased was aggressor in former difficulty was properly excluded. Huggins v. State, 103 Miss. 227, 60 So. 209, 1912 Miss. LEXIS 160 (Miss. 1912).

In homicide, details of previous difficulty on same day of killing between defendant’s brother and deceased are inadmissible. McCoy v. State, 91 Miss. 257, 44 So. 814, 1907 Miss. LEXIS 147 (Miss. 1907).

In homicide prosecution it is competent to prove what was said and done in difficulty just prior to killing, where whole constitutes one continuous difficulty. In such case, it is error to exclude details of prior difficulty. Brown v. State, 87 Miss. 800, 40 So. 1009, 1905 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 1905).

Exclusion of defendant’s testimony as to whereabouts at time of woman about whom and at whose house difficulty occurred just prior to killing, was error. Brown v. State, 87 Miss. 800, 40 So. 1009, 1905 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 1905).

49. Threats.

In a capital murder prosecution arising from a prison inmate’s stabbing of a correction officer, the trial court did not err in excluding evidence of threats against the defendant made by organized gangs in the prison. Russell v. State, 607 So. 2d 1107, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 474 (Miss. 1992).

During a murder prosecution arising from the shooting death of the defendant’s wife, the trial erred when it excluded evidence of the wife’s prior threats with a butcher knife which she had made toward the defendant 2 weeks before her death, where the defendant claimed self-defense, since the evidence was relevant on the issue of the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the shooting and on the issue of whether the victim may have been the initial aggressor. Heidel v. State, 587 So. 2d 835, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 646 (Miss. 1991).

In a murder prosecution, testimony concerning prior murder threats made by the defendant against the victim were admissible where the threats were made from 10 months prior to the murder until less than one week before the victim’s death. May v. State, 524 So. 2d 957, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 1988).

Since the determination of whether a threat is too remote to be admissible is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial judge, the trial judge presiding at a murder trial did not commit reversible error in permitting prosecution witness to testify, over defense objection, in rebuttal, that she had seen defendant threaten deceased with a gun on 3 different occasions, one of which allegedly occurred a year before, and the other 2 some 6 months prior to, the murder. Higgins v. State, 502 So. 2d 332, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2320 (Miss. 1987).

In a prosecution of a husband for the killing of his wife, evidence of the exchange of remarks between the accused and the deceased, and the accused’s threat to kill the deceased, which had occurred only 30 or 40 minutes prior to the homicide, was competent as tending to show the state of the mind of the accused and deceased, and as bearing upon the question of who was the aggressor. Murphy v. State, 232 Miss. 424, 99 So. 2d 595, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1958).

Admission in evidence of statement of defendant in homicide prosecution made by him three or four hours before the homicide that he was going to kill somebody was proper as tending to show that the killing was with malice aforethought. Jones v. State, 192 So. 342 (Miss. 1939).

Previous difficulty and threats made at time are admissible. Hardy v. State, 143 Miss. 352, 108 So. 727, 1926 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 1926).

Evidence that shortly before killing accused stated he intended to kill unnamed man is admissible. Huddleston v. State, 134 Miss. 382, 98 So. 839, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 265 (Miss. 1924).

Exclusion of threats by decedent held reversible error. Burks v. State, 101 Miss. 87, 57 So. 367, 1911 Miss. LEXIS 102 (Miss. 1911).

Threat of defendant to do violence to deceased for having instigated, as he claimed, a quarrel which resulted in death of friend of defendant, is admissible, but details of quarrel are not. Clemens v. State, 92 Miss. 244, 45 So. 834, 1908 Miss. LEXIS 179 (Miss. 1908).

50. Self-defense.

Defendant was properly convicted of depraved-heart murder because the evidence was sufficient for a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that she shot the victim with a depraved heart to kill him and not in necessary self-defense; the victim was unarmed at the time defendant shot and killed him, and defendant admitted she shot the victim at least three times. Swanagan v. State, 229 So.3d 698, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence that a defendant was “retarded and slow,” suffered from epilepsy, and took the drug Dilantin was not admissible in a murder prosecution where the only possible defense to the slaying was that the defendant shot the victim in necessary defense of himself or his brother, and the defendant’s own intelligence had no bearing on whether he reasonably had ground to fear for his own or his brother’s life or safety. Barnett v. State, 563 So. 2d 1377, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 284 (Miss. 1990).

Defendant presented evidence sufficient to warrant granting of self-defense instruction where he testified he was in fear for his life because victim was threatening him with wine bottle, at which point defendant drew gun, which misfired once and then delivered fatal bullet. Turnage v. State, 518 So. 2d 1217, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 33 (Miss. 1988).

In a murder trial, where defendant asserted self-defense against a homosexual attack, while credible evidence that victim was a homosexual would have been admissible, the exclusion of evidence that victim was frequently seen at a public highway rest stop was within trial court’s discretion. Harveston v. State, 493 So. 2d 365, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2589 (Miss. 1986).

Where defendant or defendant’s witnesses are the only eyewitnesses to a homicide, their version of what happened, if reasonable, must be accepted as true, unless substantially contradicted in material particular by credible evidence, physical facts or facts of common knowledge; but where there are circumstances shown in the evidence which materially contradict the defendant’s version of self-defense, the jury is not required to accept his version, but may, in determining guilt or innocence, consider his version of self-defense along with the conflicting evidence and any unfavorable inferences therefrom. Harveston v. State, 493 So. 2d 365, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2589 (Miss. 1986).

There is no basis upon which to give self-defense instruction when evidence, considered most favorably to capital murder defendant, initial aggressor and ultimate victim of defendant fled after firing shot at defendant, defendant then became aggressor seeking victim out, emptying one gun on victim, striking victim at least 3 times, then obtaining more powerful rifle and firing 3 additional shots, with intent to kill victim. Lancaster v. State, 472 So. 2d 363, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2115 (Miss. 1985).

Where the defendant admitted threatening the victim two weeks before a homicide, the defendant left a cafe immediately following the victim, no weapon of any description was found on the body of the victim, and, after the shooting, defendant went home and went to bed telling no one of the altercation, the defendant, who claimed the shooting was in self-defense, was not entitled to a directed verdict on the basis of a rule requiring the court and the jury to accept self-defense testimony where there is no evidence to the contrary. Gordon v. State, 258 So. 2d 752, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1510 (Miss. 1972).

The Weathersby Rule makes it mandatory for the court and the jury to accept the testimony of the defendant and his witnesses who testify that the defendant acted in self-defense, where there is no testimony contradicting their version of the homicide, and where there are no physical facts or evidentiary circumstances on which a contrary finding could be reasonably predicted. Gordon v. State, 258 So. 2d 752, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1510 (Miss. 1972).

A new trial was required where, in a murder prosecution, the verdict of the jury convicting the accused of manslaughter was predicated on statements of the deceased, admitted as dying declarations, to the effect that the deceased was shot in the back, which statements were contradicted by the undisputed facts, and the testimony of the accused and the only other eye-witness showed that the accused had shot in self-defense, and it further appeared that at the time of the trial, sentiment in the community was hostile to the accused. Cannon v. State, 244 Miss. 199, 141 So. 2d 251, 1962 Miss. LEXIS 440 (Miss. 1962).

Evidence that, at the time the accused shot and killed the deceased, the deceased was pursuing the accused with pistol in hand and threatening to kill him, failed to sustain a manslaughter conviction. Pickens v. State, 229 Miss. 409, 90 So. 2d 852, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 619 (Miss. 1956).

The jury had the right in a murder prosecution to reject defendant’s testimony that he killed deceased in self-defense, where the proof of the state and the evidence of the only witness for the defendant, except that given by himself, showed that the killing was deliberate murder. Flowers v. State, 29 So. 2d 653 (Miss. 1947).

Under claim of self-defense, it was prejudicial error to admit evidence that a man wearing clothes similar to defendant’s was seen watching place where decedent worked the night before killing. Leverett v. State, 112 Miss. 394, 73 So. 273, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1916).

Where self-defense claimed, and defendant testified he did not know deceased’s position when he shot last three time because of smoke, instruction to find accused guilty if he fired after deceased turned his back and accused was in no danger at his hands, is prejudicial error. Leverett v. State, 112 Miss. 394, 73 So. 273, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1916).

Refusal to give instruction that jury might consider previous threat by decedent to kill accused next time they met was prejudicial error. Leverett v. State, 112 Miss. 394, 73 So. 273, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1916).

Defendant pleading self-defense has right to show deceased was under influence of cocaine. Moseley v. State, 89 Miss. 802, 41 So. 384, 1906 Miss. LEXIS 3 (Miss. 1906).

Where evidence conflicting as to who was aggressor, statement of prosecuting witness immediately after assault that he was sorry he did not kill defendant and that he went to place of conflict for that purpose, is admissible. Shields v. State, 87 Miss. 429, 39 So. 1010, 1905 Miss. LEXIS 153 (Miss. 1905).

Where self-defense interposed in homicide it is incompetent for state to show deceased was unarmed. Moore v. State, 86 Miss. 160, 38 So. 504, 1905 Miss. LEXIS 55 (Miss. 1905).

Where plea of self-defense interposed in homicide, it was error to refuse to allow defendant to show that his shirt was cut in front during difficulty with deceased. Street v. Smith, 85 Miss. 359, 37 So. 837, 1904 Miss. LEXIS 159 (Miss. 1904).

51. Insanity.

Under Miss. Code Ann. §99-13-7, if the jury had acquitted defendant on both counts and had found him not to have been restored to reason, but had not found that he was a danger to the community, commitment under that statute would not have been mandatory. Despite the unusual circumstances of the sentencing order, the trial court properly exercised its discretion in requiring defendant to first to serve his mandatory life sentence before his term of an indefinite confinement in a mental institution. Sanders v. State, 63 So.3d 497, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss. 2011).

Defendant’s conviction on Count II for murder was proper because, when analyzing the weight of the evidence that supported the jury’s verdict, the appellate court was prohibited from considering what the jury did on the Count I murder indictment where defendant was found not guilty of by reason of insanity; it was irrelevant and immaterial. Sanders v. State, 63 So.3d 554, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 130 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), aff'd, 63 So.3d 497, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss. 2011).

Defendant’s conviction on Count II for murder was proper because, when analyzing the weight of the evidence that supported the jury’s verdict, the appellate court was prohibited from considering what the jury did on the Count I murder indictment where defendant was found not guilty of by reason of insanity; it was irrelevant and immaterial. Sanders v. State, 63 So.3d 554, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 130 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), aff'd, 63 So.3d 497, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss. 2011).

In a murder case under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), a trial court properly refused to instruct a jury on insanity where the evidence showed that defendant did not have a medical condition that contributed to the crime, and a psychiatrist testified that he was aware of the nature and act of murder due to his conduct before and after the crime. Clemons v. State, 952 So. 2d 314, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 174 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), overruled in part, Williams v. State, 32 So.3d 486, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 202 (Miss. 2010).

Whether a murder defendant was M’Naghten insane at the time of the shooting was purely a legal question which the trial judge properly prohibited the defendant’s psychiatric expert from answering. Roundtree v. State, 568 So. 2d 1173, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 583 (Miss. 1990).

Guilty verdict in murder less-than-capital trial was not against the weight of the evidence which presented a sharp and contradictory conflict on the issue of M’Naghten insanity. Hunter v. State, 489 So. 2d 1086, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2484 (Miss. 1986).

Although defendant was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic, jury’s finding that he was sane at the time of the murder was supported by the evidence, where the state’s expert witnesses were of the opinion that he knew the difference between right and wrong at the time of the offense, and those opinions were corroborated by lay witnesses. Gill v. State, 488 So. 2d 801, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2470 (Miss. 1986).

Jury’s finding a capital murder defendant not M’Naghten insane was supported by evidence that at the time of committing act he knew its quality and nature, and also knew that what he was doing was considered wrong by society and was wrong according to law. Laney v. State, 486 So. 2d 1242, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2890 (Miss. 1986).

Late testimony inferentially suggesting at time in question that defendant pleading insanity as defense to murder prosecution was sufficiently in possession of faculties to know difference between right and wrong and to be able to appreciate nature and quality of action is sufficient to support conviction even though there can be little doubt that defendant is decidedly psychotic. Gerlach v. State, 466 So. 2d 75, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1986 (Miss. 1985).

When defense in murder prosecution is insanity, general or partial, door is thrown wide open for admission of evidence, and every act of defendant’s life is relevant to issue and admissible in evidence. Hinton v. State, 209 Miss. 608, 45 So. 2d 805, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 420 (Miss.), cert. denied, 340 U.S. 802, 71 S. Ct. 68, 95 L. Ed. 590, 1950 U.S. LEXIS 1573 (U.S. 1950).

Letter by superintendent of Mississippi State Hospital to sheriff stating that defendant had been diagnosed “as without psychosis, not insane,” was incompetent in murder prosecution wherein defendant invoked defense that he was not mentally capable of committing the crime, since letter was purely ex parte statement of fact not under oath. Horton v. State, 196 Miss. 506, 18 So. 2d 155, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 222 (Miss. 1944).

Exclusion of evidence relating to the issue of insanity from the consideration of the jury upon motion of the state on the ground that it failed to meet the legal requirement of showing that the defendant could not distinguish between right and wrong at the time of the killing was error. Waycaster v. State, 185 Miss. 25, 187 So. 205, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 125 (Miss. 1939).

Under defense of insanity evidence not showing insanity held properly excluded. Garner v. State, 112 Miss. 317, 73 So. 50, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 111 (Miss. 1916).

52. Sufficiency of evidence; generally.

Verdict finding defendant guilty of first degree murder was not contrary to the weight of the evidence. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt, and to the exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence, that defendant’s actions and the surrounding circumstances were indicative of first-degree, deliberate-design murder. Adams v. State, 291 So.3d 405, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 42 (Miss. Ct. App. 2020).

Any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime of murder beyond a reasonable doubt because one victim testified that he saw defendant holding a gun after he was shot and that he did not see anyone else with a gun that night, and a witness testified that he only heard one gun; based on that testimony, a jury could infer that defendant also shot the second victim. Johnson v. State, 281 So.3d 1221, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 206 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Defendant’s claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence failed because based on the testimonial evidence alone, a rational trier of fact could have found and did find that the essential elements of murder were proven beyond a reasonable doubt; the jury heard testimony from eyewitnesses, including defendant, confirming that defendant shot a gun at the scene of the incident, and witness accounts identified defendant as the individual who fatally shot the victim at close range. Hall v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 610 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2019).

Defendant clearly intended to shoot his wife when he saw that she had removed some of his belongings from the house, and he had sufficient time to contemplate shooting her, which evidenced deliberate design murder, not heat-of-passion manslaughter; simply throwing someone’s belongings out during an argument does not amount to reasonable provocation of a degree to evoke an uncontrolled response of anger, rage, hatred, furious resentment or terror. Blanden v. State, 276 So.3d 1204, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 450 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Evidence was insufficient to establish depraved-heart murder or culpable-negligence manslaughter because there was no evidence defendant or the victim had experienced any adverse effects when previously using NBOMe, a controlled substance, and defendant’s singular act of selling or giving the victim two hits of NBOMe was insufficient to demonstrate either offense; a forensic pathologist testified that NBOMe was a relatively new drug, and there was no evidence its dangers were common knowledge. O'Kelly v. State, 267 So.3d 282, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 418 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Jury had more than sufficient evidence to find defendant guilty of depraved-heart murder, not manslaughter, because defendant fired at least three shots directly at the victim and did not stop firing until he fled. Swanagan v. State, 229 So.3d 698, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction of murder because the forensic evidence presented at trial demonstrated that defendant shot the victim, as the victim was shot with defendant’s handgun, defendant had gunshot residue on defendant’s hands and clothing, signs of a scuffle were found in a nearby driveway, and the trajectory of the bullet through the victim’s body made the theory of suicide highly unlikely. Moreover, the victim did not have any known mental illnesses and had not attempted suicide, and there was no evidence of self-defense. Shelton v. State, 214 So.3d 250, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 106 (Miss. 2017).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder because the prosecution established that he had a motive to kill the victim; a witness testified that she saw a white car drive by a few minutes before she heard gunshots, a white car owned by defendant’s mother contained gunshot residue (GSR), and particles indicative of GSR were found on defendant’s palms. 2017 Miss. LEXIS 520.

Testimony that defendant was waiving around a shotgun inside his living room while others were in close proximity, and that defendant turned the gun on another person to prevent him from calling for an ambulance after the victim was shot, exhibiting an indifference to the victim’s life, supported defendant’s conviction for depraved-heart murder. Jordan v. State, 212 So.3d 836, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 655 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), aff'd, 212 So.3d 817, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 542 (Miss. 2016).

Evidence established the elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt; appellant armed himself with a baseball bat with the intent to cause serious bodily injury or death to the victim and struck an unarmed victim in the head three times with the baseball bat, the first of which would have knocked him unconscious and defenseless. These actions resulted in the victim’s death; the victim was not in the process of unlawfully and forcibly entering, or had unlawfully and forcibly entered the business when appellant began attacking the victim. Westbrook v. State, 29 So.3d 828, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 648 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 124 (Miss. 2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 849, 131 S. Ct. 98, 178 L. Ed. 2d 62, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 5934 (U.S. 2010).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s capital murder conviction where, although none of the information surrounding the crime had been released to the public and although defendant alleged that another person had committed the crime, defendant provided an accurate description of how the assault occurred, a description of the victim’s clothing, and the location of the victim’s wallet. Further, defendant’s cellmate testified that, during their incarceration, defendant confessed to the robbery and assault and indicated that defendant said she left the victim naked to make it appear as if a man had committed the crime. Dixon v. State, 17 So.3d 1099, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 88 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 17 So.3d 99, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 2009).

Two defendants’ convictions for depraved-heart murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b) were appropriate because all eyewitnesses testified that the first defendant, who was the second defendant’s son, repeatedly struck the victim; there was also sufficient evidence that the second defendant aided and abetted the first defendant in the victim’s murder. McDowell v. State, 984 So. 2d 1003, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 669 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 984 So. 2d 277, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 328 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of murder where it showed the reckless and brutal nature of the crime; defendant admitted to beating and stomping the victim, numerous bruise patterns on the victim’s back matched a pattern on the bottom of defendant’s shoes, and there was testimony that defendant did not fight back. Conley v. State, 948 So. 2d 462, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 24 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Defendant’s convictions for murder and aggravated assault were proper where the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions because the State not only produced a complaining victim, but also an eyewitness to the crime. Additionally, the living victim testified that defendant shot him in the neck after defendant shot and killed the other victim. McGee v. State, 929 So. 2d 353, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 53 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

In a murder case, a motion for a new trial was properly denied because the verdict was not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to constitute an unconscionable injustice; there was conflicting testimony that defendant intended to hurt his grandfather, and he admitted to killing his grandfather, though he, the only witness to the actual crime, claimed self-defense. Jones v. State, 938 So. 2d 312, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 673 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant’s murder conviction was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence where three witnesses testified that they saw defendant murder his estranged wife’s boyfriend, and a fourth witnessed the circumstances surrounding the murder, Livingston v. State, 943 So. 2d 66, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 417 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 942 So. 2d 164, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 708 (Miss. 2006).

In a capital murder case, the evidence was sufficient to sustain the underlying armed robbery because a witness testified that two males wearing ski masks and gloves and brandishing pistols entered the store, pointed their guns at the witness and the victim, ordered them to hand over the money, and the victim was shot and killed during the robbery. Duncan v. State, 939 So. 2d 772, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 408 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s conviction for murder was proper pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) where defendant’s bloody fingerprints were found in the automobile in which the victim was killed and his DNA was found under the victim’s fingernails. Wright v. State, 915 So. 2d 527, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 976 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

After the victim’s partially burned and decomposing body was found in a dump, defendant admitted that he shot a man in the head and burned him. A reasonable inference could be made that defendant shot the victim; the State met its burden to prove the elements of simple murder. Anderson v. State, 914 So. 2d 1239, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 862 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), cert. dismissed, 927 So. 2d 750, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 163 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s murder conviction was proper where defendant testified that he had dinner with the victim, his wife, shortly before she was killed, and his inconsistent testimony regarding when he left the house could have supported the jury’s conclusion that he was present at the time she was shot. Shortly after the murder, defendant tested positive for gunshot residue on the back of his right hand and the palm and back of his left hand. Dendy v. State, 931 So. 2d 608, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 855 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), cert. denied, 933 So. 2d 303, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 346 (Miss. 2006).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for the deliberate designed murder of his girlfriend pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 where the evidence showed that defendant clocked out of work at 10:34 p.m.; that he lived only 5 – 10 minutes from work; that he called police at 11:29 p.m.; and that he was covered with blood when police arrived and found his girlfriend’s body. Also the blood stains on defendant’s tee shirt were consistent with the blood transfer pattern on the scarf his girlfriend was wearing when her body was discovered. Jones v. State, 918 So. 2d 1220, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 421 (Miss. 2005).

While there was conflicting testimony on whether defendant or a second man fired the gun at the victim (who had taken defendant’s cocaine without paying for it), that was of no effect since there was more than enough undisputed evidence defendant had aided and abetted in the commission of the murder, making him as guilty as the principal. Witnesses for the state and defense testified that defendant drove the car used in the murder and was therefore present during the commission of the crime, and even if he was not the one who pulled the trigger, he deliberately chased the victim in the car and parked it close enough for the other man to fire the pistol at the victim and end his life; thus, the evidence sufficed for defendant’s conviction, and his motion for new trial was properly denied. Dilworth v. State, 909 So. 2d 731, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 371 (Miss. 2005).

In defendant’s murder trial, the evidence showed that the victim, who had struck defendant two days earlier in a bar fight, was struck by gunshots in a manner that indicated he was facing away from the person who shot him and was possibly running or bent over while working on his car when struck by four gunshots. It was reasonable for the jury to make the determination that defendant was seeking revenge, the evidence indicated defendant instructed his companion to stop upon observing the victim, and the jury could have reasonably concluded that defendant did not fear for his safety as he initially approached the victim; thus, the jury’s verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence and defendant’s motion for a new trial was properly denied. Knox v. State, 912 So. 2d 1004, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 207 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 921 So. 2d 344, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 686 (Miss. 2005).

Defense did not dispute that defendant fired the fatal shot that killed his former girlfriend, the only dispute was whether her accidentally killed her when defending himself from her male friend or whether he killed her with deliberate design. An eyewitness testified that she saw defendant shoot the victim in the back, approach her as she lay on the ground, and shoot her in the head, and several witnesses that had been in her apartment testified that her male friend was in the apartment when they heard shots fired; thus, the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for murder and his motion for new trial was properly denied. Raiford v. State, 907 So. 2d 998, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 279 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

In defendant’s trial for the deliberate design murder of defendant’s girlfriend, a physician who performed the autopsy rebutted defendant’s contention of suicide, the victim was right-handed, and the wound was to the left side of the victim’s head, two witnesses testified that defendant’s pants pocket showed the outline of a handgun, and defendant’s suspicious behavior in removing a shell casing and leaving the scene upon the appearance of law enforcement created an inference of defendant’s guilt. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction and the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Coleman v. State, 876 So. 2d 1065, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 610 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant claimed that there was insufficient evidence that defendant participated in the robbery of the victim because defendant’s co-indictee (who pled to manslaughter) actually took the wallet. However, the jury heard testimony that defendant stated to the co-indictee that, “I got him good, the blade went all the way through,” and that defendant then searched through the victim’s wallet which was later found in the possession of both men. Thus, a reasonable juror would have found defendant guilty and substantial evidence supported defendant’s conviction. Stewart v. State, 881 So. 2d 919, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 556 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Sufficient evidence existed to convict defendant of capital murder as the evidence showed the victim died of blunt force trauma and was sexually assaulted and defendant was the only adult in the home with the child when she died. Gilmore v. State, 872 So. 2d 744, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 440 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Where three eyewitnesses testified that the victim pulled defendant off the other man’s back during a bar fight, and defendant then shot the victim in the head when the victim turned to help the other man, and defendant’s self-defense argument had virtually no basis, defendant’s murder conviction was proper where the jury was properly instructed on both murder and manslaughter, and chose to credit the witnesses testimony and discredit defendant’s testimony; further, counsel properly followed the procedure outlined in Turner v. State for cases of frivolous appeals. Smith v. State, 868 So. 2d 1048, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 232 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant’s stepson, who was sitting in the back seat of the car when the victim was shot, testified that he saw his stepfather walk out of the house, pull out a gun and shoot the victim, and that he did not see defendant slip and fall before he shot the victim. Defendant’s stepson and defendant’s own son both testified that after the shooting, defendant walked to the front of the car and took a few drags on the cigarette he was smoking, and the pathologist who performed the autopsy testified that the gun left an imprint below the victim’s ear and that the gun left soot on the victim’s skin, indicating close, hard contact between the gun and the victim’s skin; thus, the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s murder conviction and defendant’s motion for a new trial was properly denied. Smith v. State, 911 So. 2d 541, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1104 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), cert. denied, 920 So. 2d 1008, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 634 (Miss. 2005).

Defendant maintained that the State failed to offer any credible evidence that he committed the murder of his wife with deliberate design or malice aforethought. However, defendant’s sister’s fiance’ testified that the next day, defendant told him that he had “killed his wife,” and that he had done it at the old house, and defendant’s sister also testified that defendant admitted having killed his wife; thus, there was no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial based on an alleged faulty jury instruction, or a juror’s alleged failure to have disclosed her status as a past crime victim during voir dire. Gibson v. State, 895 So. 2d 185, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1142 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for murdering his wife where he admitted the fatal shot and there was testimony that the victim was in a posture to defend herself from injury when the shot was fired and that the shot was fired at least 18 inches from her, refuting defendant’s argument that the shooting was accidental. Doss v. State, 866 So. 2d 1105, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 819 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Defendant’s conviction for murdering her estranged husband was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence: she attempted to cover up the murder by giving the police false information and lying about the victim’s whereabouts; she attempted to impede the police investigation by seeking a temporary injunction against the police department; she never reported her husband missing or inquired about the investigation; she testified she had once moved out of the marital home to avoid killing the victim in anger; and it was for the jury to determine whether to believe defendant’s testimony or that of her accomplice. Kingston v. State, 846 So. 2d 1023, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 244 (Miss. 2003).

Where defendant, a security guard, shot a man inside a car, who had allegedly waived a gun at defendant, and defendant argued the evidence only supported a charge of culpable negligence manslaughter, in each of the cases cited by defendant, the killing had been unintentional, but in defendant’s case, there was no evidence in the record to suggest that defendant did not intend to shoot, and substantial evidence supported defendant’s conviction for depraved heart murder. Steele v. State, 852 So. 2d 78, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 464 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 870 So. 2d 666, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 395 (Miss. 2004).

Defendant’s murder conviction was proper: he did not articulate an arguable basis to conclude that the trial court acted arbitrarily in denying his 11th-hour motion when he had done nothing to pursue retained counsel in time leading up to trial; further, the evidence was sufficient because the court did not find the evidence that defendant acted in self-defense so compelling as to lead to the conclusion that a fair-minded juror was obligated to accept it as true. Nelson v. State, 850 So. 2d 201, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 629 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), cert. dismissed, 949 So. 2d 37, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 105 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s murder conviction was proper where defendant’s argument that a reasonable jury could only have found that he acted in self-defense was without merit because the evidence was uncontradicted that the victim was in fact unarmed, and no one other than defendant saw the victim reach for a weapon before defendant shot him. Ables v. State, 850 So. 2d 172, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 635 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence that defendant was one of five men who robbed a store owner and that defendant shot and killed the store owner during the robbery was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of and life sentence for capital murder. Ellis v. State, 856 So. 2d 561, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 456 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 860 So. 2d 1223, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 892 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to convict a defendant of murder where his accomplice admitted in his statement for his plea agreement that defendant shot at the murder victim, and a witness testified about the accomplice’s statement that implicated defendant in the murder. Wells v. State, 849 So. 2d 1231, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 213 (Miss. 2003).

Where two witnesses testified they saw defendant leave their slain mother’s store carrying a money bag and their mother’s purse, other witnesses placed defendant near the crime scene, and he admitted to a cellmate that he hit a woman with pipe wrench and took her purse and money bag, the evidence was legally sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for capital murder. Shelton v. State, 853 So. 2d 1171, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 349 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant’s murder conviction was proper and the evidence sufficient where an inappropriate comment before the jury as to a prior criminal charge was sufficiently cured by the trial court’s action in sustaining the objection and in requesting the jury to disregard the remark; moreover, the prejudicial effect of that comment was not of such nature as to have irreparably affected defendant’s fundamental right to a fair trial. Lee v. State, 837 So. 2d 781, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 78 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Where defendant first killed a man and immediately thereafter sexually assaulted and killed a woman, he was properly convicted of the felony murder of the man with sexual assault as the predicate felony, as there had been no break in the chain of events. Moody v. State, 841 So. 2d 1067, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 104 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant was properly convicted of the felony murder of a man and a woman, as the evidence was sufficient to prove the man was murdered while in commission of a sexual battery on the woman; defendant’s intent to sexually batter the female victim could be inferred from his actions, as he had to first incapacitate the man in order to get to the woman. Moody v. State, 841 So. 2d 1067, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 104 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s murder conviction where the defendant fired a 9mm gun, the victim was shot by a 9mm gun, witnesses testified that defendant fired several volleys, and no evidence showed that anyone other than defendant shot a gun. Montana v. State, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 172 (Miss. May 9, 2002), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 822 So. 2d 954, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 2002).

Evidence was sufficient where the physical evidence clearly suggested defendant’s guilt, as it provided a possible link between a cord found in the victim’s clothing and the cord in defendant’s pants; and it was not error for the State to fail to present DNA evidence because the exculpatory nature of the evidence was not readily apparent. Randle v. State, 827 So. 2d 705, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 256 (Miss. 2002).

Evidence was sufficient to establish that the defendant attempted to commit the underlying felony of armed robbery and, therefore, to support a conviction for felony murder where (1) the defendant confessed that a coperpetrator stated that he intended to rob a store, and the defendant accepted a gun from the coperpetrator, masked his face, and walked into the store wielding the gun, and (2) the plan was abandoned when a store employee recognized the defendant, and the defendant and his coperpetrators then shot both store employees, killing one of them. Spann v. State, 771 So. 2d 883, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 197 (Miss. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for murder where the evidence showed that the victim was shot and killed by a .38 caliber pistol at a time when only the defendant had the opportunity to kill her. Carter v. State, 722 So. 2d 1258, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 564 (Miss. 1998).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s murder conviction for the shooting death of former paramour; defendant went to convenience store where former paramour worked, the two argued, former paramour locked herself in office, defendant became belligerent and former paramour refused to open door, defendant went to automobile and returned with shotgun, defendant shot door several times in attempt to enter room, and shots hit former paramour at close range and killed her. Clark v. State, 693 So. 2d 927, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 162 (Miss. 1997).

Valid conviction for capital murder, arising out of rape or kidnapping, must be supported by evidence legally sufficient to support conviction of both murder and underlying felony, had either been charged alone. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

When its case is based entirely upon circumstantial evidence, state is required to prove defendants guilty not only beyond reasonable doubt, but also to exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence; circumstantial evidence need not exclude every possible doubt, but only every other reasonable hypothesis of guilt, and mere fanciful, farfetched, or unreasonable hypothesis of innocence is not sufficient to require acquittal. Montgomery v. State, 515 So. 2d 845, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2697 (Miss. 1987).

State’s case passed muster under general review of sufficiency of evidence where a number of witnesses to shooting contradicted defendant’s testimony. Alford v. State, 508 So. 2d 1039, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2425 (Miss. 1987).

Where respondent was charged with capital murder for participating in assault during course of which respondent’s companion killed victim, and was sentenced to death under capital murder statute, but death sentence was vacated under intervening U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that Eighth Amendment forbids imposition of death penalty on one who aids and abets felony in the course of which murder is committed but who does not himself kill, attempt to kill, or intend that killing take place or that lethal force be employed, curt on federal habeas corpus review should require state’s judicial system to examine entire course of proceedings to determine whether at some point requisite factual finding has been made to support death penalty, which under proper circumstances does not offend Eighth amendment. Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S. Ct. 689, 88 L. Ed. 2d 704, 1986 U.S. LEXIS 46 (U.S. 1986), overruled in part, Pope v. Illinois, 481 U.S. 497, 107 S. Ct. 1918, 95 L. Ed. 2d 439, 1987 U.S. LEXIS 1934 (U.S. 1987).

Circumstantial evidence strongly suggesting that murder victim was in truck with defendant on night victim was murdered, coupled with evidence that defendant had never known victim before and fact that she was found strangled to death several days later, and evidence showing that victim had sexual intercourse with male on night in question is sufficient to establish to exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence of defendant that victim was raped, that person who committed rape was defendant, that defendant acted with felonious intent, and that rape occurred in substantial temporal and factual relation to victim’s murder at hands of defendant. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

When indictment charges defendant with capital murder in course of rape and robbery and trial judge’s instructions, as requested by state, tell jury that before it can convict defendant it must find that defendant killed victim while in course of committing rape and robbery, state undertakes burden of showing sufficiency of proof to establish both underlying rape and robbery as well as murder. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

Circumstantial evidence that defendant took several pieces of jewelry, personal property having some value, although modest, from murder victim combined with circumstantial evidence that defendant was person who committed killing, is sufficient to prove that taking of jewelry was by violence to victim or by putting victim in fear of immediate personal injury and is legally adequate to establish that defendant committed felony of robbery underlying capital murder conviction. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence that skeletal remains were found at place and under circumstances that were unusual, consistent with confession or admission of accused, is sufficient to prove corpus delicti. Miskelley v. State, 480 So. 2d 1104, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2309 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence identifying defendant as being present on occasion of homicide in convenience store and that defendant was behind counter waiting on customers, that defendant had large amount of cash on him and that over $300 was taken from store is sufficient to present to jury question of whether robbery and capital murder were committed and whether defendant was person who committed crime. Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2257 (Miss. 1985).

State’s evidence showing that accused was not in imminent danger of losing his life or suffering great bodily harm at hands of the victim at the time he fired the fatal shot, in view of the distance which separated the two men at that time and the fact that the victim was unarmed and not advancing toward the accused, was sufficient to sustain conviction. Pickert v. State, 234 Miss. 513, 106 So. 2d 681, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 525 (Miss. 1958).

The death penalty was not justified where in a general melee in a colored restaurant precipitated by the armed intrusion of the proprietor after the accused had taken a pistol away from his brother to prevent harm, the proprietor was shot by the accused while he was on his knees and the proprietor was trying to use his own gun. Magee v. State, 200 Miss. 861, 27 So. 2d 767, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 347 (Miss. 1946).

Where deceased was shot at night through a window and there were no eye-witnesses to the killing, circumstantial evidence as to the identity of defendant as the guilty person would not sustain conviction. Moore v. State, 188 Miss. 546, 195 So. 695, 1940 Miss. LEXIS 64 (Miss. 1940).

Proof of motive not absolutely necessary to sustain conviction of murder. Motley v. Smith, 172 Miss. 148, 159 So. 553, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 122 (Miss. 1935).

State must make out its case to moral certainty; accused need only raise reasonable doubt of guilt to entitle him to acquittal. Cumberland v. State, 110 Miss. 521, 70 So. 695, 1915 Miss. LEXIS 77 (Miss. 1915).

53. — Conviction sustained — murder.

Evidence supported defendant’s convictions for second degree murder and multiple counts of attempted murder because witnesses to the shooting said that defendant was in a vehicle seated on the passenger side of the vehicle behind a codefendant, two of the victims said defendant shot at them while passing their vehicle, and the driver of the vehicle in which defendant was a passenger said in a statement before the driver’s death that defendant was instrumental in getting rid of the driver’s vehicle after the shooting. Holland v. State, 290 So.3d 754, 2020 Miss. App. LEXIS 23 (Miss. Ct. App. 2020).

Because a rational fact-finder could have found that the victim was arguing with, but not physically threatening, defendant and a driver and defendant exited the car and shot the victim, killing him with deliberate design, there was sufficient evidence of murder. Bernard v. State, 288 So.3d 301, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 403 (Miss. 2019).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder because the victim, before dying, told a witness that the persons who shot the victim were from Friars Point and told another witness that defendant and others shot the victim, defendant and the victim were rivals for a witness who heard gunshots after a white car passed, a white car owned by defendant’s mother contained gunshot residue and particles indicative of gunshot residue were found on defendant’s palms, and a glove found in the car’s back seat had defendant’s DNA. Chatman v. State, 241 So.3d 649, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 195 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Although defendant asserted that he should have been convicted of manslaugh-ter under the theory of imperfect self-defense, the evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of second-degree murder with a firearm enhancement because defendant’s testimony demonstrated that he could not have been found not guilty under the theory of imperfect self-defense as he was not afraid of the victim and did not believe that the victim would cause serious bodily injury; and the jury was instructed on manslaughter, first-degree murder, and second-degree murder, it considered all of the evidence and testimony presented, and it determined that defendant acted neither in the heat of passion, nor committed imperfect self-defense. Stuckey v. State, 244 So.3d 95, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 184 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

In a murder case, the evidence was sufficient for the jury to conclude defendant killed the victim with deliberate design. Thompson v. State, 269 So.3d 301, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 175 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder because eyewitnesses testified that defendant and the victim argued, defendant shot the victim from approximately fifteen feet away, the victim ran toward the victim’s car, and defendant followed the victim and continued to shoot at the victim. Furthermore, the victim did not have a weapon in the victim’s car or near the victim’s body. Fairley v. State, 251 So.3d 761, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 170 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of first-degree murder because it showed that shortly before the shooting defendant attempted to hit the victim with his car and then announced that he was going to kill the victim, several witnesses stated they watched defendant shoot the victim in the back of the head, multiple witnesses testified that they never saw the victim with a gun and that he was trying to run away when defendant shot him. Bass v. State, 273 So.3d 768, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 631 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018), cert. denied, 272 So.3d 130, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 238 (Miss. 2019).

Appellate court found that allowing defendant’s first-degree murder conviction to stand would not sanction an unconscionable injustice, as there was overwhelming evidence that defendant murdered the victim. Chatman v. State, — So.3d —, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 611 (Miss. Ct. App. Oct. 17, 2017), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 241 So.3d 649, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 195 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018).

Verdict was not against the weight of the evidence because defendant admitted to killing the victim; the State offered evidence that defendant forced the door open and that the victim was not moving toward him as the door opened. Harris v. State, 242 So.3d 181, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 579 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of deliberate-design murder because defendant admitted he killed the victim and that he left the house and came back before he shot the victim; although defendant testified the victim was coming toward him at the time he shot the victim, testimony to the contrary was submitted, and that testimony claimed defendant left the house and returned ‘‘moments’’ later to forcefully enter the house with a pistol drawn, twice firing it and killing the victim. Harris v. State, 242 So.3d 181, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 579 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for first-degree murder because, although no one saw defendant shoot the victim after defendant told witnesses that defendant was looking for the victim and wanted to kill the victim, witnesses saw defendant carrying a gun to the area where the victim’s body was found, heard two shots, and then saw defendant flee the area. Hill v. State, 226 So.3d 1251, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 543 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Testimony from several witnesses that the victim was trying to run away from defendant and posed no threat when he was shot from behind and that both victims were trying to leave the venue when defendant shot them was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions for aggravated assault and murder. Scott v. State, 220 So.3d 957, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 268 (Miss. 2017).

There was sufficient evidence to convict defendant of depraved-heart murder, given that defendant admitted to both the ownership of the knife and the stabbing of the victim while he was in a defensive posture, defendant’s self-defense claim was not supported by the physical evidence, and allowing the verdict to stand would not sanction an unconscionable injustice. Hare v. State, 232 So.3d 793, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 363 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of first-degree murder and his conviction was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because defendant chose to stay in the victim’s home after being asked to leave numerous times; a reasonable juror could conclude that defendant formed the required deliberate design intent in the moments before he shot and stabbed the victim 18 times; after killing the victim, rather than calling the police, defendant stole the victim’s television and game console in an effort to remove his fingerprints from the home; and, although defendant testified he was acting in self-defense, the jury was free to disregard his version of events if it thought his testimony was not credible. Potts v. State, 233 So.3d 782, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 237 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of first-degree murder because the jury obviously found the witness’s testimony that defendant had shot the victim following a fight to be credible, and a purported timestamp discrepancy and absence of the victim’s vehicle on a surveillance video did not affect the essential elements of the crime. Jones v. State, 252 So.3d 574, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 377 (Miss. 2018).

There was sufficient evidence to convict defendant of depraved-heart murder, given that defendant admitted to both the ownership of the knife and the stabbing of the victim while he was in a defensive posture, defendant’s self-defense claim was not supported by the physical evidence, and allowing the verdict to stand would not sanction an unconscionable injustice. Hare v. State, 232 So.3d 793, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 363 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of first-degree murder and his conviction was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because defendant chose to stay in the victim’s home after being asked to leave numerous times; a reasonable juror could conclude that defendant formed the required deliberate design intent in the moments before he shot and stabbed the victim 18 times; after killing the victim, rather than calling the police, defendant stole the victim’s television and game console in an effort to remove his fingerprints from the home; and, although defendant testified he was acting in self-defense, the jury was free to disregard his version of events if it thought his testimony was not credible. Potts v. State, 233 So.3d 782, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 237 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for first degree murder because (1) defendant shot the victim once as the victim stood beside or stepped out of the car in which they were riding and several more times as the victim lay on the street; (2) witnesses described the shots as having a definite pause between the first shot and the final shot; (3) no gun other than defendant’s was recovered; and (4) although the victim angrily cursed and possibly threatened others in the car, no one testified that the victim ever pointed a gun at defendant. Cooper v. State, 230 So.3d 1071, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 168 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 229 So.3d 119, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 394 (Miss. 2017), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 395 (Miss. 2017).

Verdict finding defendant guilty of deliberate-design murder was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because a witness testified that, just prior to the victim’s shooting, she went to his house to obtain drugs; the witness was very familiar with the sound of defendant’s voice; and, while standing behind a door from defendant’s bedroom, the witness testified that she overheard defendant ask the victim for drugs to sell, that the men’s conversation escalated, that their voices grew louder, that a struggle ensued, and that she heard a gunshot fired from inside the bedroom. Titus v. State, 229 So.3d 187, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 136 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of being a felon in possession of a firearm and of murder because the State presented evidence that defendant had planned to rob the victim; the State’s evidence put defendant and the victim together immediately before the shooting occurred as a store’s security videotape placed defendant in the passenger’s seat of the victim’s vehicle; about eight minutes after pulling out of the store’s parking lot, police informed dispatch that they were responding to a call reporting a murder at some apartments; the apartments were approximately one mile from the store; and the pathologist testified that the victim was shot twice, and that the first shot was from a distance of less than three feet. Johnson v. State, 224 So.3d 66, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 521 (Miss. 2016).

There was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict that defendant murdered his girlfriend’s ex-boyfriend with deliberate design and not in self-defense because there was competent evidence that defendant approached the ex-boyfriend with his gun drawn and then shot the ex-boyfriend while he was backing away with his hands raised in an attempt to defuse the argument. Shaheed v. State, 205 So.3d 1105, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

There was sufficient proof of the elements of first-degree murder, including deliberate design, to convict defendant; he shot several times in quick succession with a deadly weapon, he admitted he intentionally shot multiple times in the direction of the victim, whom he thought was “after him,” his paranoia at the time of the shooting did not relieve him of culpability for the murder, and there was no evidence of self-defense. Collins v. State, 221 So.3d 366, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 710 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. denied, 220 So.3d 975, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 258 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence that defendant shot the victim after the victim confronted defendant about unpaid for gas, that the victim was unarmed, and that the victim was outside the car when defendant shot him was sufficient for a rational jury to have concluded that defendant guilty of murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Beal v. State, 225 So.3d 1276, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 462 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016), cert. denied, 222 So.3d 311, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 285 (Miss. 2017).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of the second-degree-murder of the victim, his longtime girlfriend, because the State presented evidence that the victim was beaten and strangled through a doctor’s testimony and photographs of the victim’s injuries; the doctor testified that the scratches on the victim’s neck were consistent with death by strangulation; the victim’s daughter testified that her mother, days before the killing, told her to call 911 if she heard any screaming; defendant admitted that he killed the victim while they were fighting; and officers who arrived at the scene testified that defendant told them that he kicked the victim in the neck. Hunter v. State, 187 So.3d 674, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 127 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s first-degree murder conviction where a witness testified that she broke out the victim’s car windows, defendant’s cousins were holding the victim while defendant was fighting him and were beating and jumping on him, someone shouted to defendant to cut the victim’s neck, and defendant admitted that she brought a knife from her cousin’s house. Roby v. State, 183 So.3d 857, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 42 (Miss. 2016).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of two counts of deliberate-design murder and the jury’s verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because a neighbor testified that he saw defendant shoot the first victim in the head; defendant went over to the first victim’s house with a gun, which according to a firearms expert’s testimony could not have accidentally discharged nine bullets; in order for nine rounds to have been shot from defendant’s semiautomatic gun, the trigger had to have been pulled nine times; and, a couple of hours before the shooting took place, defendant told another individual he was going to kill someone. Brown v. State, 194 So.3d 139, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 568 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), cert. denied, 209 So.3d 428, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 285 (Miss. 2016).

Overwhelming weight of evidence did not show that defendant killed the victim in the heat of passion, and the jury’s verdict convicting defendant of deliberate design murder in the first degree was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence as defendant stabbed or cut the victim 29 times; and the State’s forensic pathologist expert testified that the stab wounds were deliberate, that the wounds were inconsistent with an accidental or unintentional stabbing, and that the victim died of massive blood loss due to 29 stab and cut wounds that caused damage to internal arteries and organs. Bowser v. State, 182 So.3d 425, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 540 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of deliberate design murder in the first degree because the State presented evidence of the number, depth, and position of the victim’s stab wounds, and that the stab wounds were consistent with deliberate thrusts; and, although defendant did not remember actually stabbing the victim, he repeatedly admitted that he was guilty, that no one else could have stabbed the victim as he was the only other person there, and that it was not in self-defense. Bowser v. State, 182 So.3d 425, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 540 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder of defendant’s spouse because, although the victim’s body was recovered from a house fire from which defendant escaped without serious injury, a medical examiner testified that the victim’s cause of death was homicide caused by blunt-force trauma to the victim’s head, a witness testified as to marital discord between defendant and the victim on the day of the victim’s death, and a fire investigator testified that the house fire was deliberately set. Rayner v. State, 186 So.3d 881, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 412 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), cert. denied, 186 So.3d 854, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 116 (Miss. 2016).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of first-degree murder where it showed that the victim had asked defendant for a divorce that morning and defendant was angry, several witnesses saw defendant angrily yelling at the victim, defendant made sure that the victim’s sister was gone and the children were outside before the shooting, he admitted he was upset when he pointed the weapon at the victim, and he moved the gun and body to stage a suicide. Holliman v. State, 178 So.3d 689, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 470 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to show that defendant deliberately pointed a loaded gun at the victim’s head and pulled the trigger because the police noted that the victim’s body was not in a position inconsistent with a struggle or sexual intercourse as alleged by defendant. Moreover, text messages sent moments before the victim’s death showed defendant was angry and the victim thought the victim needed saving, a firearms-expert testified that the gun could not have accidentally discharged, and autopsy results effectively ruled out suicide. Kuebler v. State, 205 So.3d 623, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 461 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), rev'd, 204 So.3d 1220, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 462 (Miss. 2016).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder because defendant initiated an altercation when an employee of a power utility company came to defendant’s home to turn off the power, used a deadly weapon to shoot and kill the employee, and hid the employee’s body. Defendant pre-planned the murder and committed the murder with deliberate design because, prior to the shooting, defendant test fired a gun and placed it near the power meter before the employee arrived. Davis v. State, 165 So.3d 537, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 297 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

There was sufficient evidence to support defendant’s convictions for murder and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon because a witness testified that defendant threatened the victim with a gun and then fired the gun at the victim multiple times; the evidence revealed that the victim died as a result of gunshot wounds, and the projectiles retrieved from his body matched the caliber of the gun that defendant was believed to have possessed. McKnight v. State, 187 So.3d 635, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 276 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), cert. denied, 188 So.3d 575, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 142 (Miss. 2016).

There was sufficient evidence for a jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant murdered his victim. Although defendant’s theory of defense was that several burglaries in the area could have been related to the victim’s death, the evidence defendant produced to prove this theory was vague at best. Brooks v. State, 177 So.3d 1152, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 169 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 631 (Miss. 2015), cert. denied, 178 So.3d 729, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 553 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction because an accomplice testified that (1) the accomplice overheard defendant and codefendant discuss plans to steal the victim’s money; (2) the accomplice and defendant remained in a car while codefendant went inside the victim’s house; (3) after codefendant shot the victim, defendant went inside the house and removed money from the visibly dead victim’s pants pocket; and (4) defendant threw the victim’s gun, wallet, and cell phone into a creek. Allen v. State, 179 So.3d 1138, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 99 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, — So.3d —, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 576 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to find defendant guilty of deliberate-design murder because the victim’s niece heard defendant on speaker phone say that she was coming over to “blow up everybody in the house,” defendant arrived at the victim’s house with a loaded gun and shot the victim in the head right after the victim threatened to call the police and as she was walking away. Williams v. State, 164 So.3d 1078, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 170 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s murder conviction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) (Rev. 2014) conviction where the eyewitnesses testified that defendant told the victim to leave, the victim failed to do so, defendant then put a gun to the victim’s head and shot him, and the victim did not try to take the gun from defendant or try to defend himself. Smith v. State, 171 So.3d 542, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 33 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 2015).

Verdict convicting defendant of deliberate design murder was not contrary to the weight and sufficiency of the evidence where defendant admitted she was in the room with her mother at the time of her death, the weapon used to kill the mother was defendant’s, there was gunshot residue on the hands of both the mother and defendant, and the jury heard testimony about the history of defendant’s and her mother’s relationship. Jones v. State, 154 So.3d 872, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 563 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant’s murder conviction was not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow it to stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice; as a result, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial. Collins v. State, 172 So.3d 813, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 563 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), rev'd, 172 So.3d 724, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 435 (Miss. 2015).

Although defendant argued that he should be granted a new trial because the weight of the evidence did not support a conviction of premeditated murder, the jury’s verdict was not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow it to stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice. Luster v. State, 143 So.3d 636, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 415 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Record contained sufficient proof to establish that defendant committed murder, given in part that he was identified in a lineup as one of two men who confronted the victim, DNA testing revealed defendant’s blood on his codefendant’s clothing, and the victim and defendant were the only two gunshot victims in hospitals that night, and defendant did not seek charges against anyone. Lewis v. State, 140 So.3d 1290, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 353 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of deliberate design murder because he admitted that he had killed the victim; the pathologist testified that the victim had been beaten severely and then strangled for more than one minute; defendant testified that he had contemplated killing the victim and then followed through while in a blackout induced by his voluntary ingestion of illegal drugs; and defendant’s voluntary ingestion of drugs and alcohol did not negate the element of deliberate design. Abeyta v. State, 137 So.3d 305, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 223 (Miss. 2014).

Jury’s guilty verdict was not opposed by a decided preponderance of the evidence, nor was it based on no evidence whatsoever. The evidence presented by the State was legally sufficient to allow the jury to find defendant guilty of deliberate-design murder beyond a reasonable doubt and to the exclusion of all reasonable hypotheses consistent with innocence. Beasley v. State, 136 So.3d 393, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 28 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder was not against the weight of the evidence because (1) any intoxication on defendant’s behalf was voluntary and could not be used to reduce the crime from murder to manslaughter; (2) there was no evidence that defendant and the victim were engaged in mutual combat at the time when defendant killed the victim; and (3) defendant, after hitting the victim in the head with a baseball bat, stabbed the victim with a knife to put the victim out of misery. Bradshaw v. State, 138 So.3d 199, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 858 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient and the weight of the evidence supporting the verdict finding defendant guilty of murder was substantial because the eyewitnesses maintained that defendant walked up behind the victim, unprovoked, and shot him in the back; the victim was unarmed; there was no case for self-defense; defendant was not in a heightened emotional state; and, regarding the previous alleged acts of violence by the victim against defendant, a two-month cooling off period could not be considered an immediate act of provocation for manslaughter. Day v. State, 126 So.3d 1011, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 840 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

While there were discrepancies at trial, because the eyewitnesses consistently testified that defendant struck the victim with a blunt object, and the medical evidence confirmed that was the cause of the victim’s death, the verdict finding defendant guilty of depraved-heart murder was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence. Thomas v. State, 134 So.3d 357, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 717 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of depraved-heart murder because the two eyewitnesses’ testimonies showed that defendant hit the victim in the head at least once while he was enraged at the victim; at no point before the victim was hit did he show aggression toward defendant; and the pathologist confirmed that the victim’s death was caused by a blow to the left side of his head from a blunt object. Thomas v. State, 134 So.3d 357, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 717 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Weight and sufficiency of the evidence supported defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder, as the evidence showed that he had retrieved a gun after a confrontation with the victim had ended, returned to the scene, and then shot the victim multiple times, even after the victim was lying in the street; the evidence did not support a verdict for manslaughter based on heat of passion, and did not support defendant’s claim of self-defense. Davis v. State, 130 So.3d 1141, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 490 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), cert. denied, 131 So.3d 578, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 73 (Miss. 2014).

Evidence supported defendant’s convictions for two counts of murder, including that defendant was not acting in necessary self-defense under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-15, because two eyewitnesses testified that defendant shot the victims in a bar and a forensic pathologist testified as to the nature of the victims’ wounds. Copple v. State, 117 So.3d 651, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 421 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Defendant’s conviction for deliberate design murder was not against the manifest weight of the evidence because defendant was physically present at the scene of the victim’s murder, defendant gave the victim a concoction of water and crushed pills shortly before the victim was strangled, and the murder weapon, a blue dog leash, was found in defendant’s trailer. Graham v. State, 120 So.3d 382, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 339 (Miss. 2013).

Where defendant fatally shot his stepfather after he pushed defendant’s mother onto a couch, the evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of deliberate-design murder as it established that neither he nor his mother was in danger, he admitted he could have handled the situation differently, and he had previously threatened the victim with a gun after the victim pushed the mother. Barron v. State, 130 So.3d 531, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 314 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013), cert. denied, 131 So.3d 577, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant’s conviction for murder, rather than manslaughter, was supported by evidence that defendant had the deliberate design to kill the victim, was aware of what he was doing, and planned it quickly. Between the altercation and the shooting, a period of 20 to 90 minutes passed according to the conflicting trial testimony, and defendant planned to and did go get his gun so he could carry out his plan to kill the victim. Griffith v. State, 123 So.3d 472, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 232 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 123 So.3d 450, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 543 (Miss. 2013).

Sufficient evidence supported appellant’s conviction for depraved heart murder, Miss Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b), because appellant was alone with a one-year-old child from the afternoon until he called 911 in the middle of the night, the child’s two treating physicians and the State pathologist testified the child’s injuries were inconsistent with appellant’s claim that the child had fallen off the bed, but consistent with the child being violently shaken, and a reasonable juror could conclude that appellant acted without regard to the child’s life by violently shaking him, resulting in his death. Brandon v. State, 109 So.3d 128, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 49 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for depraved-heart murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b) because defendant’s sister-in-law testified that defendant intentionally pointed a gun at his brother and shot. Smith v. State, 111 So.3d 119, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 176 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Substantial evidence supported defendant’s murder conviction where: (1) the only witness to the crime identified defendant as the shooter; (2) defendant’s cell phone and a shirt containing his DNA were found near the crime scene; (3) two of defendant’s friends testified that defendant had shown up at their apartment shortly after the shooting without a shirt or his cell phone; (4) a police officer testified that defendant’s car was not at his home shortly after the shooting; and (5) defendant’s evidence that contradicted the State’s theory of the case did not entitle him to a new trial as the jury resolved the conflicts in favor of the State, and its verdict was not contrary to the weight of the evidence. Flowers v. State, 156 So.3d 805, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 18 (Miss. 2013).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for murder, as he fatally shot the victim in the back of the head, his claim of imperfect self-defense was rejected by the jury, and he failed to provide evidence, scientific or otherwise, to support his claim that the shot was in the back of the victim’s head because he had tried to duck to avoid being shot. Branch v. State, 118 So.3d 646, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 649 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 117 So.3d 330, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant’s murder conviction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) was appropriate because the evidence was sufficient. Although defendant testified that he shot the victim in self-defense, the victim was sitting in the car with his widow up, facing forward, when he was shot; the victim’s wife also testified that defendant had walked past her to go to the driver’s side of the vehicle. Page v. State, 64 So.3d 482, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 333 (Miss. 2011).

Jury’s verdict that found defendant guilty of murder pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1) (Rev. 2006), rather than manslaughter, was supported by the evidence. From evidence that several minutes had passed between the initial disagreement between defendant and the victim before defendant attacked the victim with a steak knife, the jury could find that defendant acted with deliberate design or in a way that was eminently dangerous to others and evidenced a depraved heart when she stabbed the victim in the neck. McKay v. State, 59 So.3d 644, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 207 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of depraved-heart murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 (Rev. 2006) as the evidence showed that, after defendant’s cohort threw a tire iron at the victim, causing the victim to fall to the ground, defendant retrieved the tire iron and proceeded to repeatedly strike the victim in the head with it. Leggett v. State, 54 So.3d 317, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 78 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

Evidence was sufficient to convict a second defendant of manslaughter, murder, and aggravated assault as the evidence showed that defendant shot his firearm multiple times at the victims and that he did so with deliberate design. The surviving victim testified that this defendant had a gun and fired it, and an intent to kill could be inferred from use of a gun. Sands v. State, 62 So.3d 374, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 128 (Miss. 2011).

Defendant’s conviction for murder, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1), was supported by the evidence because defendant admitted to the jury that the victim, a fellow gang member, was unarmed when defendant shot the victim; several people were present in the room, and others, including an infant, were present in the house at the time of the shooting. Defendant left the scene without ensuring that the victim received medical assistance. Pitts v. State, 66 So.3d 174, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 658 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), cert. denied, 65 So.3d 310, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 354 (Miss. 2011).

Evidence showing that defendant fought with the victim, held the victim down, and accidentally shot himself in the hand, and then shot the victim a total of six times was sufficient to show deliberate design, in addition to evidence of manslaughter, thus leaving a question of fact for the jury and supporting the trial judge’s denial of defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. Roach v. State, 39 So.3d 967, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 323 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction for murder, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), because a rational trier of fact could have found that the prosecution proved that defendant was guilty of murder beyond a reasonable doubt where defendant reentered a club after leaving, walked up to the victim, and stabbed him. The jury acted within its discretion when it discounted defendant’s various versions of the events. Porter v. State, 33 So.3d 535, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 206 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Weight of the evidence at trial supported defendant’s conviction for felony murder, pursuant to Miss. Code. Ann. §97-3-19(1)(c), because the admissions in defendant’s statement to the police showed that he actively participated in an attempted aggravated assault against an intended victim; he armed himself with a .25-caliber handgun and his companion expressed a desire to shoot the intended victim. Coleman v. State, 30 So.3d 387, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 109 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010).

Defendant’s conviction on Count II for the murder of his grandmother was proper because there was no eyewitness testimony that verified that defendant was suffering from delusions in the days preceding the shootings or at the time of the shootings, and the State offered competent medical evidence to show that he was not insane at the time of the shootings of his grandparents. Sanders v. State, 63 So.3d 554, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 130 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), aff'd, 63 So.3d 497, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss. 2011).

Defendant’s conviction on Count II for the murder of his grandmother was proper because there was no eyewitness testimony that verified that defendant was suffering from delusions in the days preceding the shootings or at the time of the shootings, and the State offered competent medical evidence to show that he was not insane at the time of the shootings of his grandparents. Sanders v. State, 63 So.3d 554, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 130 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), aff'd, 63 So.3d 497, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss. 2011).

Evidence supported the murder conviction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), instead of a manslaughter conviction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35, because (1) witnesses testified that a fight outside of a club between defendant and the victim lasted a couple of minutes; (2) when defendant’s sibling broke up the fight, defendant and the victim separated; (3) some people talked to defendant and attempted to calm defendant down; and (4) defendant, after several minutes, returned to the scene of the altercation, pulled out a gun, and shot and pursued the victim. In addition, the jury was instructed as to both murder and manslaughter. Moore v. State, 52 So.3d 339, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 574 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s murder convictions in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) were proper because he had threatened to kill one victim, his former girlfriend. Additionally, defendant’s cell phone connected with a tower only three or miles from the crime scene at the time of the murders, and evidence was presented that defendant owned a weapon like the one used in the murders, contrary to his assertions. Madden v. State, 42 So.3d 566, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 10 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, 49 So.3d 106, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 460 (Miss. 2010).

Where the evidence showed that defendant had conducted his own investigation to find out who was having sexual relations with his wife, after identifying the victim as the one having the affair, proceeded to the victim’s house armed with a gun, phoned his attorney and informed him of his intention to kill someone, and shot the unarmed victim, there was abundant evidence that the killing at issue was done with deliberate design so as to support a murder conviction, and the circuit court did not err in refusing defendant’s manslaughter instruction. Shorter v. State, 33 So.3d 512, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 830 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) was proper because there was no evidence that warranted an assisted-suicide instruction. Defendant did not claim to have advised, encouraged, abetted, or assisted the victim to take or in the taking of her life; at most, defendant’s statement revealed that the two talked about committing suicide together. Williams v. State, 53 So.3d 761, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 947 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), rev'd, 53 So.3d 734, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 590 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s conviction for capital murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) was proper because the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction. In part, two witnesses saw defendant standing beside the victim’s car immediately after they heard shots being fired and defendant himself testified that he used the victim’s credit card to go on a shopping spree on the day the victim died. Catchings v. State, 39 So.3d 943, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 762 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), writ denied, 39 So.3d 5, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 382 (Miss. 2010), cert. denied, 565 U.S. 1205, 132 S. Ct. 1546, 182 L. Ed. 2d 178, 2012 U.S. LEXIS 1556 (U.S. 2012).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant because the victim was killed by a gun fired while in contact with her head, there was no evidence that the victim held the gun, and defendant and the victim had checked into the motel room where the victim was found. Brown v. State, 39 So.3d 916, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 620 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), rev'd, 39 So.3d 890, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 370 (Miss. 2010).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) (2006) because there was contradictory evidence from which a reasonable juror could have rejected defendant’s claim of self-defense, and which established that defendant intended to cause his victim’s death, including testimony from a neighbor, who heard an altercation, and testimony from a friend, who averred that defendant stated he intended to kill his girlfriend due to her infidelity. Reed v. State, 31 So.3d 48, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 611 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 151 (Miss. 2010).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of murder because a pathologist testified that the victim’s death resulted from a violent struggle, that something had been tied around the victim’s neck so that she could not breath, and that she was immersed in water so that, when she was able to gasp, her lungs filled with water, resulting in her death. The Weathersy rule–under which a jury was required to accept the version of events of defendant or defendant’s witnesses if they were the only witnesses to the homicide–did not apply because defendant did not establish his version of the victim’s death–which he claim resulted from acts committed in self-defense–because defendant did not establish his version of the victim’s death through his own testimony or that of other witnesses. Bartolo v. State, 32 So.3d 522, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 530 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Verdict of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence as the testimony presented a factual dispute for the jury’s resolution and the jury found certain testimony to be credible and defendant’s attempts to establish a self-defense theory to be contradictory; although defendant cited to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-31, which provided for a manslaughter conviction when one killed another while resisting a felony, there was conflicting testimony as to whether the victim was attempting to commit a felony, and although defendant also cited to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35 and claimed the evidence supported a heat of passion manslaughter conviction, there was no evidence that defendant was acting in a state of violent and uncontrollable rage and he only attempted to show that he was afraid of the victim and acted in self-defense. Ray v. State, 27 So.3d 416, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 496 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss. 2010).

Court rejected as without merit defendant’s claim that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, given that the jury was instructed to consider whether the victim’s killing was murder, manslaughter, or committed in self-defense and the jury had sufficient evidence to convict defendant of murder; although defendant argued that the facts supported either excusable or justifiable homicide, the facts were conflicting and created a jury question, as testimony and physical evidence contradicted defendant’s testimony that the victim backed him up steps and defendant having left the scene immediately after the stabbing created the impression that he knew the victim was no longer a threat. Ray v. State, 27 So.3d 416, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 496 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 61 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s conviction for murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1) was appropriate because his actions were the epitome of an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, without regard for human life. Defendant had exited a nightclub after being in a fight and pulled a gun and fired 10 to 12 shots into a crowded parking lot, hitting four people. Jackson v. State, 28 So.3d 638, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 476 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 85 (Miss. 2010).

Evidence, including testimony of a witness regarding how defendant was driving in relation to the victim’s car, the testimony of another witness who spoke on the phone with the victim and testified that the victim seemed scared and was screaming, and the testimony of an expert witness who reconstructed the accident scene, was sufficient for a rational juror to convict defendant of depraved-heart murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19. Nichols v. State, 27 So.3d 433, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 473 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 70 (Miss. 2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 849, 131 S. Ct. 97, 178 L. Ed. 2d 61, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 5836 (U.S. 2010).

Witness testimony that defendant chased the victim into an empty lot while firing a gun at him and that the victim’s body was found in that lot and gunshot residue testing that revealed gunpowder on defendant’s hand were sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a). Watkins v. State, 29 So.3d 807, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 462 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 126 (Miss. 2010).

Evidence supported the verdict of guilt where, in his confessions to the murder, defendant gave detailed explanations of what occurred and of his motive; defendant’s confessions, along with the testimony of investigating officers, strongly preponderated in favor of the finding of guilt. Neal v. State, 15 So.3d 388, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 2009), dismissed, — So.3d —, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 340 (Miss. 2016).

Where defendant confessed to police that he choked the victim while at his house watching TV and smoking marijuana, he also admitted that he found a plastic garbage bag and duct tape; his cohort placed the bag around the victim’s face and defendant taped the bag around the victim’s head. A doctor testified that the victim’s death was caused by strangulation and suffocation; the Supreme Court of Mississippi held that the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19, and his prosecution for both capital murder and kidnapping did not violate double jeopardy. Nelson v. State, 10 So.3d 898, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 198 (Miss. 2009).

Trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a JNOV because the evidence was sufficient to support the jury verdict finding defendant guilty of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) where the evidence showed that the half-sister of defendant’s ex-wife showed defendant where the ex-wife’s boyfriend–the victim–lived, that defendant told his ex-wife’s sister not to tell anyone that she showed him where the victim lived, that defendant was furious when he saw that his ex-wife as at the victim’s house, that the ex-wife noticed a van similar to that driven by defendant drive by the victim’s house, that defendant dropped his ex-wife’s half-sister off at home at 1:00 a.m., that the victim was last week alive at 2:00 a.m., that the half-sister tried to call defendant at 3:00 a.m. but he was not at home, that the victim’s neighbor noticed a van similar to that belonging to defendant parked in the victim’s driveway in the early morning hours, and that defendant threatened his wife that he would kill her and any man with whom he caught her. Parker v. State, 20 So.3d 702, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 186 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 20 So.3d 680, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 544 (Miss. 2009).

Where defendant disarmed his victim and fired the gun in the victim’s direction and into a crowded nightclub, killing the victim and another and wounding three others, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions of murder, aggravated assault, and felon in possession of a firearm. Roberson v. State, 19 So.3d 95, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 98 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions of murder and armed robbery where defendant’s companions testified that they accompanied defendant to the victim’s home seeking employment; that the victim told them that they could spend the night rather than driving all the way home; that defendant told them that he was going to rob the victim; that defendant headed toward the victim’s bedroom after the victim retired; that as his companions left the home, they heard gunshots coming from the bedroom and that one looked back and saw defendant taking the victim’s wallet out of his pocket; and that defendant jumped into their vehicle as they were departing and he had blood on him and was carrying a gun. Further evidence was justified defendant’s conviction was testimony that defendant was angry with the victim for docking his pay after finding him sleeping on the job and the testimony of defendant’s brother that defendant admitted commission of the offenses. Lewis v. State, 997 So. 2d 1001, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 2 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for murdering his girlfriend was appropriate because defendant’s friend, who was the only eyewitness to the incident, testified that defendant deliberately shot the victim in the head at point-blank range. Deliberate design to kill a person could be formed very quickly and the friend further recounted no “heat of passion” element to forward a possible manslaughter conviction; defendant also did not produce any evidence to that effect. Fannings v. State, 997 So. 2d 953, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 790 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Defendant’s murder conviction was appropriate because the admission of his statement given without a proper Miranda warning was harmless since, even without the videotaped statement, based on the overwhelming weight of the evidence of defendant’s guilt, a jury would have found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty. In part, three of the four codefendants present on the day of the murder testified that defendant was the shooter and two of those codefendants were eyewitnesses to the murder. Walton v. State, 998 So. 2d 971, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 572 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of depraved heart murder because several witnesses testified that the shooter left the scene in defendant’s vehicle, another witness obtained a partial plate number that matched that of defendant’s vehicle, two witnesses positively identified defendant as the shooter in a photographic lineup shortly after the shooting, and six witnesses identified defendant as the shooter in court during his trial. Jordan v. State, 995 So. 2d 94, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 489 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant was not entitled to a new trial because the verdict finding defendant guilty of murder was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence since (1) the victim’s son, who witnessed the shooting, made consistent statements in court and to other individuals after the shooting about what defendant did and said right before he shot the victim; and (2) the attempted impeachment of the son involved insignificant details that happened prior to the shooting. Mask v. State, 996 So. 2d 106, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 377 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 374, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 631 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to deny defendant’s motion for a directed verdict and to convict him of murder because (1) the victim’s son, who was in the car with the victim, testified that defendant approached his father, pointed a gun at his father, and shot his father; (2) even if the murder was an accident, as defendant claimed, a reasonable juror could still find defendant guilty of depraved-heart murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b); and (3) a reasonable juror could reject defendant’s argument that he shot the victim in self-defense because the victim was shot in the back. Mask v. State, 996 So. 2d 106, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 377 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 374, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 631 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to support a jury’s finding that a defendant murdered his ex-wife because the evidence showed that: (1) approximately two weeks before the ex-wife’s death, the defendant told a witness that if the ex-wife tried to move to Colorado with their children, he would kill her; (2) she was in fact planning to move to Colorado about the time of her death; (3) on the date of the murder, the defendant told a friend that he had “beat her [the ex-wife] real bad this time”; and (4) a couple of weeks later, the defendant asked the friend to dispose of a tent stake that might be confused for the murder weapon. Davis v. State, 995 So. 2d 808, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 327 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 163 (Miss. 2009).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of both murder and aggravated assault, under Miss. Code Ann. §§97-3-19(1),97-3-7(2), because a rational juror could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of both murder and aggravated assault because (1) the evidence tended to show that defendant acted recklessly in the commission of an imminently dangerous act and with extreme indifference to human life; (2) the State produced evidence showing that defendant fired a gun inside of an apartment that contained two unarmed individuals, as well as several children; (3) the State also established that defendant’s firing of the gun resulted in the death of his wife and serious bodily injury to his stepson; and (4) defendant admitted pulling out the gun and firing it inside the apartment. Readus v. State, 997 So. 2d 941, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 249 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 852, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 2009).

Sufficient evidence supported the jury’s finding that defendant shot the victim and caused the victim’s death. Although defendant argued that the State failed to establish that he had possession of the same caliber weapon that delivered the fatal shot, the absence of any evidence to establish that defendant possessed the particular caliber weapon used to shoot the victim was irrelevant. Boyd v. State, 977 So. 2d 329, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 144 (Miss. 2008).

In a challenge to the weight of the evidence, regarding defendant’s motion for a new trial, her argument centered around her contention that there was no evidence that she caused the fire, thereby causing the death of the victim; also, she maintained that the evidence showed she was not at home before the fire was noticed and reported. Because of the many inconsistencies in the various statements of what happened the night of the fire, not to mention defendant’s confessions, allowing the verdict finding her guilty of simple murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) to stand did not sanction an unconscionable injustice; therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial. Colburn v. State, 990 So. 2d 206, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 74 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motions for a directed verdict or a judgment notwithstanding the verdict because there was evidence of (1) three confessions made by defendant in the presence of three different individuals; (2) a strained relationship between defendant and the victim; (3) defendant’s dislike for her job as a live-in-caretaker and the victim; and (4) the victim’s autopsy showed he did not die of natural causes because he was alive when the fire started. Thus, there was sufficient proof presented at trial to establish the essential elements of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a). Colburn v. State, 990 So. 2d 206, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 74 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1) because (1) defendant admitted he was the only adult at home with the victim that day; (2) the evidence of the bloody T-shirt, the bloody piece of the crutch and stopper, and the numerous circular injuries on the victim’s body from another piece of the crutch strongly suggested that defendant beat the victim severely with a crutch; (3) the evidence showed that the crutch broke into pieces, and that defendant disposed of the pieces, but that he overlooked the two pieces found by the police; (4) defendant’s actions of beating and strangling the victim were willful acts likely to cause death or serious bodily injury and evinced a reckless indifference to the danger to human life from which malice could be inferred; and (5) defendant’s expressions of unfamiliarity with the basics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while possessing certification in CPR and first aid training were inconsistent with his innocence of murder. Staten v. State, 989 So. 2d 938, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 76 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 993 So. 2d 832, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 400 (Miss. 2008).

Directed verdict was denied a murder case under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) because the evidence was sufficient where defendant, a bail bondsman, was owed money by the victim, defendant talked about killing the victim, the victim was picked up by defendant shortly before the shooting, defendant drove by the murder scene, and defendant confessed. Since the evidence was sufficient, a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict was properly denied. Green v. State, 982 So. 2d 471, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 62 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Where defendant was charged with murdering her ex-boyfriend, the jury was properly instructed regarding manslaughter by culpable negligence under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-4. Based on defendant’s written confession that she went to the victim’s house to discuss their relationship, brought a pistol with her, had an argument with the victim, the gun accidentally discharged, and she attempted to set fire to his truck, the evidence was legally sufficient to support the jury verdict convicting defendant of murder and not manslaughter. Brown v. State, 981 So. 2d 1007, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 981 So. 2d 298, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 222 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction based on depraved heart murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b) since defendant fired at an occupied vehicle after arguing with her boyfriend. In reviewing the weight of the evidence, even though there was inconsistent testimony, allowing the verdict to stand would not have sanctioned an unconscionable injustice. Cooper v. State, 977 So. 2d 1220, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 701 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s murder conviction because: (1) the victim was shot four times in the back and once in the chest; (2) three eyewitnesses stated that they saw defendant standing over the victim, shooting him repeatedly; (3) the state pathologist’s testimony corroborated that the cause of death was multiple gun shots, consistent with shots being fired from above while the victim was on the ground; (4) both parties stipulated that two of the bullets that were found in the victim’s body during the autopsy came from an automatic pistol that defendant admitted at trial was the one he used to shoot the victim; (5) an officer with the sheriff’s department testified that approximately one hour after the shooting, defendant turned himself in to the police; and (6) defendant then gave a statement in which he said that during the course of an argument, he shot the victim, but made no claim of seeing the victim with any weapon. Scott v. State, 965 So. 2d 758, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 642 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Evidence did not so heavily preponderate against the verdict finding defendant guilty of murder that a new trial was warranted because: (1) defendant admitted to shooting the victim and stated that he did not see the victim with a weapon; (2) three eyewitnesses testified that they saw defendant standing over the victim’s body, shooting him repeatedly; (3) no one saw the victim with a weapon and no weapon was seen or found in his car; and (4) the state pathologist confirmed that the victim’s wounds were consistent with the victim lying on the ground and being shot from above. Scott v. State, 965 So. 2d 758, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 642 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Sufficient evidence support defendant’s conviction for murder when a rational juror could have concluded that when defendant left the house, he went to get a weapon and then intended to go through with what he had been desiring to do for a long time, to get the victim; he succeeded by firing a shot at close range, several inches away according to expert testimony. Mullen v. State, 986 So. 2d 320, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 605 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 987 So. 2d 451, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 559 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant’s murder conviction was affirmed because the jury heard the testimony from all of the state’s witnesses, including the defense’s cross-examination of those witnesses, and from the defense’s witnesses, including the state’s cross-examination of the witnesses; the court held that the verdict was not contrary to the weight of the evidence. Jones v. State, 962 So. 2d 1263, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 473 (Miss. 2007).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction for deliberate-design murder because three witnesses stated that defendant confessed to killing the victim, the victim sustained multiple blows to the head, chest, abdomen and back, and a pathologist testified that the amount of force necessary to produce the victim’s injuries was unlikely to have been inflicted without an object and most likely was made by contact with a blunt object. Brown v. State, 965 So. 2d 1023, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 430 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s murder conviction pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(a)(1) was proper because there was sufficient evidence that permitted the jury to find that, before defendant slashed the victim’s throat, he had an appreciable time to plan, and did in fact plan, to kill her. Craft v. State, 970 So. 2d 178, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 477 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 977 So. 2d 343, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 89 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) because, inter alia: (1) the victim’s wife made an in-court identification of defendant as the man with whom the victim had argued after giving defendant and the accomplice-after-the-fact a ride home; (2) the next day, the wife filed a missing person’s report in which she reported that the victim was last seen in the company of defendant and his friend; (3) she identified defendant from a photographic lineup; and (4) the accomplice-after-the-fact identified defendant as the killer. Bailey v. State, 960 So. 2d 583, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 427 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of murder because the testimony of the accessory-after-the-fact showed that: (1) her testimony did not have to be corroborated since she was not an accomplice to the murder; and (2) even assuming that she was an accomplice, her testimony about the murder was corroborated because the forensic pathologist corroborated the accessory-after-the-fact’s testimony that the victim was stabbed, the victim’s wife testified that defendant was the last person she saw with the victim and stated that they were quarreling when she left the home, and a friend who helped defendant dig a hole in his backyard to supposedly bury a dog never saw a dog, but he did see the heel of a human who was covered by a white sheet. Bailey v. State, 960 So. 2d 583, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 427 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Defendant’s convictions for murder, armed robbery, and shooting into an occupied dwelling were appropriate because the evidence was sufficient: two witnesses testified to seeing defendant shoot the victim; a witness further testified to observing defendant removing the victim’s clothing and wallet; and a female testified to a shot being fired through her front door at approximately the time that the victim was shot. Conner v. State, 971 So. 2d 630, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 370 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 682 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s conviction for murdering the victim by deliberate design under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) was proper in part because statements that witnesses overheard defendant and the victim make to one another immediately before the fight leading to the victim’s death began were relevant to show that defendant intended to fight and might have been in the initial aggressor. Council v. State, 976 So. 2d 889, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 297 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. dismissed, 977 So. 2d 343, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 74 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant’s conviction for murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) was appropriate because there was sufficient evidence to support the conviction since there was evidence that defendant repeatedly beat the victim and then proceeded to the kitchen where defendant obtained a knife that he used to repeatedly stab the victim; there was also evidence that defendant took money from the victim after the victim’s death to buy more drugs. McCain v. State, 971 So. 2d 608, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 295 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 973 So. 2d 244, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 700 (Miss. 2007), cert. denied, 553 U.S. 1056, 128 S. Ct. 2478, 171 L. Ed. 2d 772, 2008 U.S. LEXIS 4228 (U.S. 2008).

Where defendant was convicted of murdering a neighbor in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), defendant’s motions for a directed verdict, judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and a new trial were properly denied because: (1) the testimony of witnesses and the presence of defendant’s DNA at the crime scene were sufficient evidence to allow a rational juror to conclude that the state proved each element of murder; and (2) the jury decided which evidence and testimony was credible and returned a reasonable verdict. Saucier v. State, 950 So. 2d 262, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 114 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict because there was sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that he committed murder; the prosecution produced an eyewitness to the murder, in addition to another witness who heard defendant state that he was going to kill the victim for stealing his truck battery. Herron v. State, 941 So. 2d 834, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 242 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 942 So. 2d 164, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 643 (Miss. 2006).

Evidence at trial was sufficient to convict defendant of murder and the conviction was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because, inter alia: (1) permissible inferences from the evidence presented at trial included that defendant armed himself, drove to the store, and intentionally killed the victim without justification; (2) whatever occurred earlier during a fight between the victim and defendant, that fight was over and the jury could find that defendant was in no imminent danger from the victim; and (3) the victim’s back was to defendant when he was killed. Chandler v. State, 967 So. 2d 47, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 791 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 966 So. 2d 172, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 2007).

In a trial for depraved heart murder, the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for directed verdict, motion for a new trial, and motion notwithstanding the verdict because the state introduced testimony from six witnesses, who did not know one another, all of whom testified that defendant fired an automatic weapon into a crowd at an event; the victim, who was seated about 30 to 40 yards from defendant, was killed after being struck in the temple by one of the shots. Johnson v. State, 950 So. 2d 217, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 743 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain a murder conviction because a witness observed defendant threatening to kill the victim, defendant’s statement to the police differed from his trial testimony concerning both the time that he left the victim’s house and where he was picked up by a friend, and after the murder, defendant fled to Louisiana and acted suspiciously upon his apprehension. Moffett v. State, 938 So. 2d 321, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 684 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Motion for a directed verdict was denied in a murder case because a rational trier of fact could have found defendant guilty of murder, even though there was no eyewitnesses to a stabbing; defendant alleged that he acted in self-defense, and he argued that a girlfriend’s inculpatory testimony was false. Jones v. State, 938 So. 2d 312, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 673 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of murder because, inter alia, defendant’s hypotheses that the automatic weapon was not in his possession during the murder were conflicting and unreasonable, and defendant contended that a reasonable hypothesis consistent with his innocence would be that another individual had motive and opportunity to commit the crimes, but he did not hypothesize any motive that individual might have had for the shootings or any way the murder weapon might have fallen into the individual’s possession and later end up in a bayou. Jackson v. State, 943 So. 2d 720, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 506 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Where the evidence showed that defendant acted nervous around the time of a shooting, he asked a neighbor to provide a false alibi, he had borrowed a gun from his brother before the shooting and returned it several days after, and no alibi was ever confirmed, there was sufficient evidence to support a conviction for the murder of an ex-girlfriend’s new paramour; therefore, a motion for a directed verdict was properly denied. Sipp v. State, 936 So. 2d 326, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 336 (Miss. 2006).

Motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial was properly denied because there was sufficient evidence to support a conviction for murder based on a deliberate design; the police had been called to a residence to interrupt two domestic disputes prior to the final attack, defendant broke through a door with his bare hands and beat the victim until she fell to the floor, and defendant delivered three fatal blows to the victim while fighting off her son and other family members. Wilson v. State, 936 So. 2d 357, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 435 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s convictions for murder and aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 and Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2) were proper because there was sufficient evidence from which a rational jury could have concluded that defendant possessed the gun and shot the victim with the gun, without any struggle between the two. Anthony v. State, 936 So. 2d 471, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 590 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Sufficient evidence existed to convict defendant of murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 as defendant wrote goodbye notes to his daughters asking for forgiveness and the two daughters testified that defendant stabbed the victim and then stabbed himself. Wash v. State, 931 So. 2d 672, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 454 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, 937 So. 2d 450, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 544 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s murder conviction was appropriate where the State presented an eyewitness to the murder, along with two witnesses whose testimony revealed the consistency of the child witness’s account. Additionally, there was arguably incriminating testimony of defendant’s cell mate. Osborne v. State, 942 So. 2d 193, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 134 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 942 So. 2d 164, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 714 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s conviction for murder of his mother was affirmed as defendant rested without putting on a defense, the manner of death (homicide) was not contested by any evidence in the record, and the broom was consistent with the type of instrument that was used to inflict the injuries to the mother’s bruised and battered body. Ware v. State, 914 So. 2d 751, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 672 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Appellate court affirmed defendant’s conviction for capital murder as defendant entered the victim’s home, knocked the victim unconscious, and then set the house on fire. McIntosh v. State, 917 So. 2d 78, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 754 (Miss. 2005).

Where defendant repeatedly hit the victim with a barstool and her blows were so forceful that they caused the barstool to break, the evidence was sufficient to sustain her murder conviction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19. There was no evidence that defendant was acting in self-defense. Shields v. State, 920 So. 2d 1033, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 779 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

State proved the elements of murder because (1) defendant stated that she saw no one else at the apartment when the victim was shot three times; (2) she stated that she was in the apartment when the victim was shot and fell; (3) she did not try to get help for the victim, and it was not until defendant’s mother arrived that the mother called the police; (4) defendant had a scratch on her face; and (5) a gunshot residue test kit showed that defendant tested positive for gunshot residue on her right and left palms. Reynolds v. State, 913 So. 2d 290, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 258 (Miss. 2005).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of murder because there was an abundance of credible, corroborated, eyewitness testimony in support of the verdict, including (1) the DNA evidence on defendant’s clothing; (2) the testimony of a witness that defendant confessed to killing the victim; and (3) the testimony of a second witness placing defendant at the motel in the time period that the victim was killed. Young v. State, 891 So. 2d 813, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 40 (Miss. 2005).

Evidence proved beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant murdered the victim because (1) the victim had various bruises upon her body when she was admitted to the hospital; (2) the victim’s blood and urine alcohol content were zero when she was admitted to the hospital; (3) defendant had two prior convictions for domestic abuse upon the victim; (4) the doctor performing the autopsy determined the cause of the victim’s death to be blunt force trauma to the abdomen, leading to necrosis of the bowel; and (5) defendant’s evidence contradicting the State’s version of events that the victim was murdered and did not die from alcohol or acetaminophen toxicity was not so strong that reasonable and fair-minded jurors could only have found defendant not guilty; thus, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, or his motion for a judgment notwithstanding a verdict or a new trial. Moses v. State, 893 So. 2d 258, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 1066 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Where defendant brutally beat, stabbed and choked his wife to death in the presence of her friend and her seven-month-old baby, the evidence was sufficient to support his conviction for murder. Defendant was properly sentenced to life imprisonment. Green v. State, 887 So. 2d 840, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 931 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

In a murder case, in view of evidence that (1) defendant and his girlfriend were seen together about 1 § hours before her body was found in defendant’s truck; (2) the truck was found minutes after defendant reported it stolen by his girlfriend; (3) a bullet in the victim’s head came from a .38 caliber gun, and such a gun was recovered from defendant’s home; and (4) there were similarities between the bullet recovered from the victim’s body and bullets fired from the recovered gun, the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new trial. Rinehart v. State, 883 So. 2d 573, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1228 (Miss. 2004).

Following evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of capital murder: (1) an eyewitness’s testimony that he was with defendant when defendant murdered a woman, that defendant threatened him with death if he told anyone, and that defendant used the same type of weapon that the State’s expert testified had been used to kill the victim; (2) testimony of another witness that defendant had bragged about killing a woman; and (3) testimony of a third witness that pinpointed two males at the scene when the victim was killed, corroborating the eyewitness’s story. Brown v. State, 890 So. 2d 901, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1104 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 981, 125 S. Ct. 1842, 161 L. Ed. 2d 735, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2005).

Sufficient evidence existed to convict defendant of capital murder as defendant confessed to the murder after twice waiving his Miranda rights, defendant was seen leaving the murder scene, and the victim’s blood was on defendant’s clothing. Further, defendant’s confession that he attacked the victim when she would not lend him money was sufficient to support a finding of armed robbery under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-79. Carr v. State, 880 So. 2d 1079, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 849 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Sufficient evidence existed to convict defendant of murder of the two victims; the victims lived with defendant, defendant’s friend testified that she saw one of the victims in her bed over a period of a couple of days before the fire and the victim never moved, and defendant prevented a home nurse from checking the other victim by lying to her and telling her the victim had been taken to the hospital. McGruder v. State, 886 So. 2d 27, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 590 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

There was substantial evidence in the record to support defendant’s conviction for murder (1) there was DNA evidence on defendant’s clothing; (2) a witness testified that defendant confessed to killing the victim; and (3) another witness, the hotel manager, placed defendant at the hotel in the time period that the victim was killed. Because there was substantial evidence to support defendant’s conviction, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial. Young v. State, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. May 27, 2004), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 891 So. 2d 813, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 40 (Miss. 2005).

Court affirmed defendant’s murder conviction, rejecting defendant’s contention that he could have been guilty of manslaughter only on the theory that he had used excessive force to repel an unwanted trespasser. Defendant’s wife had voluntarily admitted the victim into defendant’s home as a guest, and the victim’s efforts to calm defendant did not place him in the class of an unauthorized trespasser despite defendant’s repeated demands that he leave the property. Lester v. State, 862 So. 2d 582, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 6 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Defendant’s murder conviction under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 was supported by sufficient evidence and was not against the weight of the evidence; the State presented testimony by witnesses that indicated defendant’s killing of the victim, defendant’s ex-boyfriend, was intentional, as defendant told one witness that she intended to kill the victim, and another witness testified that the victim had taken no threatening action against the victim prior to the shooting. Reed v. State, 863 So. 2d 981, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 1197 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Evidence presented at trial was sufficient to permit the verdict of murder found by the jury where the facts indicated that when the victim and defendant began to argue, defendant retrieved a gun, which discharged and struck the victim in the head, fatally wounding her; defendant stopped the vehicle and shoved the victim out of the car onto the road where she was struck by another vehicle. Fairley v. State, 871 So. 2d 1282, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 690 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant’s conviction for murder, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19, was affirmed; based on testimony by three witnesses who identified defendant as the shooter, the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence, and was not so unconscionable as to require a new trial. Bownes v. State, 861 So. 2d 1061, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 1191 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

Where the facts showed that defendant shot an unarmed friend in the back, defendant stated an intention to kill the victim, and defendant kicked the victim’s body after the shooting, there was sufficient evidence to sustain a murder conviction, rather than a conviction for heat of passion manslaughter. Schuck v. State, 865 So. 2d 1111, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 753 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence showing that defendant was beaten by her husband, that defendant told her husband that he was “fixing to die,” that defendant went inside the trailer where she lived with her husband and armed herself with a shotgun, which she fired once as a “warning” to her husband and fired again 45 minutes later fatally wounding him, was sufficient to support a jury’s finding that defendant had murdered her husband. Moore v. State, 859 So. 2d 379, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 654 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence that defendant stabbed two companions was sufficient to support his conviction for double murder. Stack v. State, 860 So. 2d 687, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 529 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to convict a defendant of murder where his accomplice admitted in his statement for his plea agreement that defendant shot at the murder victim, and a witness testified about the accomplice’s statement that implicated defendant in the murder. Wells v. State, 849 So. 2d 1231, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 213 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant’s conviction for murdering her estranged husband was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence: she attempted to cover up the murder by giving the police false information and lying about the victim’s whereabouts; she attempted to impede the police investigation by seeking a temporary injunction against the police department; she never reported her husband missing or inquired about the investigation; she testified she had once moved out of the marital home to avoid killing the victim in anger; and it was for the jury to determine whether to believe defendant’s testimony or that of her accomplice. Kingston v. State, 846 So. 2d 1023, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 244 (Miss. 2003).

Testimony that defendant threatened the victim, shot him with a sawed-off shotgun while the victim sat in his car, and that the victim’s wounds were consistent with defendant standing over him and firing his weapon, was sufficient to convict defendant of murder; defendant’s testimony that the gun accidentally went off as he jumped out of the way of the car merely created an issue of fact for the jury. Shipp v. State, 847 So. 2d 806, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 275 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant’s motions for a directed verdict and for a new trial were properly denied and the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for murder where defendant admitted killing the victim, and his accomplice’s testimony evidenced the conspirators’ premeditated design. Roy v. State, 878 So. 2d 84, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 729 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 878 So. 2d 67, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 911 (Miss. 2004).

Evidence that defendant was one of five men who robbed a store owner and that defendant shot and killed the store owner during the robbery was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of and life sentence for capital murder. Ellis v. State, 856 So. 2d 561, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 456 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 860 So. 2d 1223, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 892 (Miss. 2003).

Where two witnesses testified they saw defendant leave their slain mother’s store carrying a money bag and their mother’s purse, other witnesses placed defendant near the crime scene, and he admitted to a cellmate that he hit a woman with pipe wrench and took her purse and money bag, the evidence was legally sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for capital murder. Shelton v. State, 853 So. 2d 1171, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 349 (Miss. 2003).

Trial judge properly refused to direct a verdict in defendant’s favor where the evidence offered by the State was such that fair-minded jurors could find defendant guilty as charged; eyewitnesses testified that they had seen the defendant kill the victim and shoot into the air and gun residue tests indicated that defendant had been in the environment of a discharged weapon. Maxwell v. State, 856 So. 2d 513, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 379 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 892 So. 2d 824, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 11 (Miss. 2005).

Where defendant first killed a man and immediately thereafter sexually assaulted and killed a woman, he was properly convicted of the felony murder of the man with sexual assault as the predicate felony, as there had been no break in the chain of events. Moody v. State, 841 So. 2d 1067, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 104 (Miss. 2003).

Defendant was properly convicted of the felony murder of a man and a woman, as the evidence was sufficient to prove the man was murdered while in commission of a sexual battery on the woman; defendant’s intent to sexually batter the female victim could be inferred from his actions, as he had to first incapacitate the man in order to get to the woman. Moody v. State, 841 So. 2d 1067, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 104 (Miss. 2003).

Sufficient evidence supported the jury’s verdict where, although conflicting evidence was presented as to defendant’s mental status at the time of the offense, it was in the jury’s discretion to accept or reject any expert testimony, and its finding would not be reversed as it was supported by substantial evidence. Knight v. State, 854 So. 2d 17, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 251 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 859 So. 2d 392, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 390 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence that a defendant who was charged with the murder of a woman whose badly decomposed body was found in Mississippi in an area where defendant had relatives, that the defendant had left New Mexico with the victim to visit the father of the victim’s infant child in Texas shortly before the probable time of the victim’s death, that defendant was seen with the victim’s child in Memphis shortly after the date of the victim’s death and heard telling people that the child’s mother was either on tour as an entertainer or was in jail, that defendant was in possession of a gun and ammunition similar to those used to kill the victim, that defendant used a false name when contacted by police in Florida, as well as other circumstantial and scientific evidence linking the defendant to the crime, was sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction of the crime of murder. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

Evidence that the defendant gave a gun to another man who had said he wanted to shoot the victim, told the man the victim was outside, was in the alley with the man who shot the victim when the victim was shot, and was seen running from the alley with the other man after the shooting while they both carried guns, and asked the other man “Did you get him”? was sufficient to support a conviction for murder. Brown v. State, 796 So. 2d 223, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 176 (Miss. 2001).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for murder since there was ample evidence of the defendant’s deliberate design to kill the victim where the defendant stated that he was going to “burn [the victim’s] ass,” he then left for his house to retrieve a gun, ran his car off the road in the process, got a ride from someone else for the remainder of the trip to his house, retrieved a gun, walked for at least ten minutes through the woods to return to the scene, stood outside the window, shouted, “MF, I’m fixing to kill you,” and then shot and killed the victim. Jackson v. State, 784 So. 2d 180, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 124 (Miss. 2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1139, 122 S. Ct. 1088, 151 L. Ed. 2d 987, 2002 U.S. LEXIS 807 (U.S. 2002).

Evidence was sufficient to support convictions for murder, notwithstanding the defendant’s assertion that he and the codefendant did not act with deliberate design but only intended to beat the victims severely, as the defendant and codefendant committed a dangerous act, i.e., the severe beating of two human beings, which showed disregard for the lives of those two people and resulted in their deaths. Reed v. State, 799 So. 2d 92, 2001 Miss. App. LEXIS 127 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).

Evidence was sufficient to show deliberate design murder where (1) conversations between the defendant and a coconspirator showed a plan to commit murder, (2) the defendant sought out the victim, and (3) the defendant shot the victim through a screen door. Ellis v. State, 778 So. 2d 114, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 242 (Miss. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for murder, notwithstanding the contention that the shooting was accidental and in self-defense, where (1) the defendant did not testify and there was no direct evidence to support the theory that the defendant subjectively believed or apprehended the necessity, if any, of the use of deadly force to defend against the alleged aggression of the victim, (2) the defendant left the home of the victim in order to obtain a pistol and returned to this site with the intention of shooting the victim, (3) witnesses at the scene of the incident testified that the defendant returned with his weapon in order to confront the victim and force him to repay 20 dollars and apologize, and (4) the defendant remained in the front seat of a truck with the pistol in his lap, and when the victim approached the truck, the defendant stepped from the truck and shot the victim in the chest. Walters v. State, 772 So. 2d 1072, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 445 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for murder where the defendant pressed a gun to the victim’s head, pulled the trigger, and killed her, notwithstanding that he had removed the clip from the gun and believed it to be unloaded, although one round remained in the chamber, since his conduct was eminently dangerous and evinced a depraved heart demonstrating complete disregard for the victim’s life. Dowda v. State, 776 So. 2d 714, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 387 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction for deliberate design murder, notwithstanding the defendant’s contention that his gun discharged accidentally, where, according to three witnesses, (1) the defendant approached the victim’s car and berated him for ignoring a request to move his car, (2) the defendant then deliberately returned to the automobile he had been riding in, retrieved a gun from the back seat, and went back to the victim’s vehicle where he placed the gun to the victim’s head, and (3) the defendant then took a step back and fired a shot into the door of the victim’s car and then took a second step back, deliberately aimed the gun at the victim, and fired the shot that mortally wounded him. Carr v. State, 774 So. 2d 469, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 340 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for murder. Brooks v. State, 763 So. 2d 859, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 156 (Miss. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for murder and to disprove self-defense where (1) expert evidence showed that the defendant shot the victim was she was lying on the ground, (2) the defendant stated that he choked the victim until she fell on the floor, and that she got up and pleaded with him not to kill her, (3) a bruise found on the victim’s left hand was consistent with defensive posturing, (4) the defendant was substantially larger than the victim, and (5) the victim sustained several blunt force traumas. Boyd v. State, 754 So. 2d 586, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 29 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

The evidence was legally sufficient and supported the guilty verdict of the jury where witnesses testified that the victim did not have a weapon, that they saw defendant remove a gun from his car and fire one shot in the direction of the victim, and the police officer who pulled defendant over found the murder weapon on the floorboard of defendant’s vehicle. Jackson v. State, 755 So. 2d 45, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 698 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

The stabbing of an unarmed seventy-nine year old woman, 47 times, by a twenty-two year old defendant is evidence sufficient to support the jury’s finding of malice and the verdict of murder. Robinson v. State, 749 So. 2d 1054, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 371 (Miss. 1999).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction for deliberate design murder where the defendant never denied shooting at the victim, but claimed it was in self-defense, because the victim fired first, but where witnesses testified that the victim was just talking to the defendant when the defendant pulled a gun and shot at the victim’s feet four or five times, that the victim did not push the defendant or pull a gun, and that the defendant chased the victim and shot at him an additional seven or eight times, and the victim was shot a total of six times with two wounds in his back and one wound in the back of his leg. Riddley v. State, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 541 (Miss. Ct. App. Aug. 24, 1999), aff'd, 777 So. 2d 31, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 167 (Miss. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to show that the defendant killed his estranged wife with deliberate design and, therefore, was sufficient to support his conviction for murder; it was not necessary for the state to prove that the defendant went to the scene of the crime with the purposeful design to stab his wife to death and it was sufficient that, at some point, he formed an intention to violently attack his estranged wife with a steak knife and to repeatedly stab her with the knife until he had inflicted one or more mortal wounds to her body. Coffield v. State, 749 So. 2d 215, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 508 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

Evidence was sufficient to show deliberate design and to support a conviction for murder, notwithstanding the defendant’s assertion that the victim shot at him first and that he shot the victim in self-defense, where (1) a witness testified that she saw the victim talking to the defendant when the defendant pulled a gun and shot at the victim’s feet four or five times, and that she never saw the victim push the defendant or pull a gun on him, and that the defendant chased the victim and shot at him an additional seven or eight times, (2) another witness that he never saw the victim with a gun nor did he see a gun in his immediate vicinity, and (3) the victim was shot a total of six times with two wounds in his back and one wound in the back of his leg. Riddley v. State, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 237 (Miss. Ct. App. Apr. 20, 1999).

Defendant’s confession, coupled with witness’ verification of defendant’s story, was sufficient to support convictions of murder and armed robbery when coupled with other trial testimony, even though witness had made deal with state for lesser sentence if he testified against defendant; jury was made aware of deal. Morgan v. State, 681 So. 2d 82, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 429 (Miss. 1996).

Defendant’s conviction of murdering her husband was supported by evidence that defendant was the only other person home when shots were fired, that defendant proclaimed that victim committed suicide by shooting himself twice, that victim was shot a third time in a manner that indicated that shot was not self- inflicted, that two of victim’s wounds could not both have been self-inflicted, that defendant later asked an individual living in home where shooting occurred to retrieve a gun from attic, and that bullets found in victim’s body bore same characteristics as those produced by gun retrieved from attic. Rhodes v. State, 676 So. 2d 275, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 318 (Miss. 1996).

A murder defendant’s actions met the requirements for aiding and abetting, and therefore her conviction for murder would be affirmed, where she was present when her boyfriend shot the victim, she arranged for the victim to be at the location of the killing, she testified that she suspected trouble when she saw her boyfriend arrive with a gun, she admitted that she did nothing while her boyfriend stood talking with the victim for approximately 30 minutes, and there was testimony that she knew of the plan to kill the victim. Swinford v. State, 653 So. 2d 912, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 1995).

The evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of murder, even though the defendant testified in his own behalf and claimed that he shot the victim in self-defense, where the defendant armed himself with a loaded shotgun after threatening to do something to the victim before the victim did something to him, he drove to the victim’s house and made his presence known by honking his automobile horn, and he thereafter shot the victim from a distance of 30 to 40 feet when the victim’s hands were at his side. Hart v. State, 637 So. 2d 1329, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 115 (Miss. 1994).

The evidence was sufficient to support a murder conviction where witnesses saw the defendant near the crime scene during the time period that the murder was estimated to have occurred, the defendant was seen trying to sell a gun similar to the gun owned by the victim on the evening after the murder occurred, the defendant was seen purchasing oranges before the murder occurred and the victim was found with an orange in her mouth, human blood was found on the defendant’s knife which was hidden by the defendant at his girlfriend’s house, a witness testified to an admission of the killing made by the defendant on the evening after the murder occurred, inmates who were with the defendant in jail testified as to another admission of the murder made by the defendant while in jail, and witnesses testified as to the defendant’s detailed knowledge of the victim’s injuries and the crime scene. Sudduth v. State, 562 So. 2d 67, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 235 (Miss. 1990).

Circumstantial evidence was sufficient to sustain conviction for murder where: (1) motive existed; (2) serial number of rifle was listed in ledger found in defendant’s room; (3) defendant’s diary contained schedule of victim’s morning procedure and whereabouts; (4) bullets extracted from victim’s body plus those found in defendant’s drawer, door facing, and those remaining in clip were of same type, accounting for all 15 bullets missing from box of ammunition found nearby; (5) defendant was in area of murder on morning of murder; (6) defendant admitted smoking brand of cigarettes found in victim’s office commode; and, (7) defendant’s fingerprints were on door facing of back door. Montgomery v. State, 515 So. 2d 845, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2697 (Miss. 1987).

State’s proof was sufficient to establish beyond reasonable doubt that defendant acted in manner imminently dangerous to others and evincing depraved heart where evidence showed that defendant had hit victim several times with large stick, and victim subsequently died as result of blows inflicted about his head. Fairman v. State, 513 So. 2d 910, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2791 (Miss. 1987).

Defendant’s conviction for murder was sustained by state’s evidence showing that the deceased was shot with the defendant’s gun, the defendant moved the body and the gun from the original site, the defendant got rid of the bullets from the gun, the deceased had several bruises and abrasions about the head, face and hand which were inflicted near the time of death and were unaccounted for, and defendant had threatened the deceased some months prior to the shooting. Higgins v. State, 502 So. 2d 332, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2320 (Miss. 1987).

Evidence that at approximately 3:00 in afternoon, parent entered apartment carrying child, who was then alive, that parent had been drinking, that no one else entered apartment but 3 other young children, that at approximately midnight, officers were summoned to apartment where they found child’s body on bed, badly bruised and cut, that cause of death was extensive blows to head, and that medical experts’ testimony discounted parent’s testimony that cause of death was accidental fall is sufficient to support murder conviction of parent. Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2238 (Miss. 1985).

Testimony by witnesses for state and physical evidence contradicting murder defendant’s version of shooting as being accidental is sufficient to support murder conviction. Fuller v. State, 468 So. 2d 68, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2055 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendants conviction of murder, in violation of subsection (2)(e) of this section, notwithstanding minor inconsistencies in defendant’s two confessions, and notwithstanding contradictory testimony by defendant’s two accomplices who pleaded guilty to murder, where the confessions were consistent in most respects, where law enforcement officers testified that defendant knew the location of his rape-murder victim and directed them to it, where he explained to them how he had gained entry to the house, where contradictions in the accomplices’ testimony was explainable by their desire to blame each other for the crime, where the jury had sufficient evidence from the two of them to believe that all three defendants had been in the victim’s home, that the victim had been raped and then murdered, and that all three of them had in some manner participated, and where there was ample evidence, aside from the accomplice testimony, to sustain defendant’s conviction. Ruffin v. State, 447 So. 2d 113, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1629 (Miss. 1984).

The proof was sufficient to support a conviction of murder under this section where the adult defendant killed a four year old child by kicking her in the stomach and striking a blow to her head. Neighbors v. State, 361 So. 2d 345, 1978 Miss. LEXIS 2367 (Miss. 1978).

The evidence, although largely circumstantial, against the defendant who was identified by witnesses as the driver of the automobile in which the female victim had been driven off after being offered a babysitting job, which automobile was registered in the name of the defendant’s wife according to the tag number which the victim’s mother had written down, and who could not name a single person he saw or talked to in the hours subsequent to the disappearance of the victim, was sufficient to sustain his conviction of murder. Taylor v. State, 254 So. 2d 728, 1971 Miss. LEXIS 1264 (Miss. 1971).

Conviction of murder was sustained by evidence that defendant, angry over an altercation with respect to money and using a deadly weapon, purposely and designedly, shot the victim in the back when she was running away from him and having no weapon of any kind on her person, notwithstanding defendant alleged that victim had called him a son-of-a-bitch. McLaurin v. State, 205 Miss. 554, 37 So. 2d 8, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 1948), cert. denied, 336 U.S. 933, 69 S. Ct. 750, 93 L. Ed. 1093, 1949 U.S. LEXIS 2614 (U.S. 1949).

Evidence that defendant, after leaving deceased’s house, returned and, upon requesting deceased to bring him a splinter and match to hunt for his pocketbook, shot deceased with a shotgun as he came out of the door, sufficiently established malice so as to authorize conviction of murder. Dillon v. State, 196 Miss. 625, 18 So. 2d 454, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 243 (Miss. 1944).

Evidence was sufficient for jury in murder prosecution although the testimony showed that the night was dark and rainy so as to affect the ability of the witnesses to see the event testified to and their testimony was in conflict with natural laws. Williams v. State, 188 Miss. 398, 195 So. 334, 1940 Miss. LEXIS 49 (Miss. 1940).

Evidence of a dispute between defendant and deceased, that defendant invited deceased outside, at the same time opening a knife and placing it in his pocket, that shortly thereafter the deceased approached defendant, having no weapon in his hands, and placed one hand on defendant’s shoulder, and that defendant thereupon stabbed him, causing his death, justified a conviction of murder against plea of self-defense. Hudson v. State, 185 Miss. 677, 188 So. 561, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1939).

54. — — Capital murder.

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of two counts capital murder because it showed that he acted in concert or aided and abetted the shooter in the robbery during which the two victims were shot and killed. After defendant initially observed the layout of the victim’s bedroom with his first purchase of pills, defendant and the shooter returned armed, defendant stood behind the shooter as the shooter asked the victim where the money was, and when the victim did not respond he shot both victims. Story v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 539 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 5, 2019), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2020 Miss. LEXIS 223 (Miss. 2020).

Trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict because a rational juror could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that all the elements of capital murder, including all the elements of the underlying crime of robbery, had been proven; defendant admitted the plan was to steal the victim car, he brought his gun with him to forcibly take the car from the victim’s personal possession, and when the victim resisted he shot the victim. Gary v. State, 237 So.3d 140, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 58 (Miss. 2018).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s capital murder conviction based on aiding and abetting because witness statements and testimony showed defendant acted as a look-out for perpetrators. Shepard v. State, 256 So.3d 12, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 24 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. dismissed, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 439 (Miss. 2018).

State provided evidence that defendant had lost his job at furniture store and had his paycheck reduced as a result of damaged large tractor batteries defendant had improperly loaded, and a reasonable juror could conclude from that evidence that defendant had a motive to rob the store and kill four of its employees. When the evidence was viewed as a whole and in the light most favorable to the State, the Supreme Court concluded that any rational trier of fact could have found that the State had proved the essential elements of capital murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Flowers v. State, 240 So.3d 1082, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 431 (Miss. 2017), rev'd, — U.S. —, 139 S. Ct. 2228, 204 L. Ed. 2d 638, 2019 U.S. LEXIS 4196 (U.S. 2019).

Defendant’s conviction for capital murder was supported by evidence that defendant and another went to a home with the felonious intent to break, enter, and steal, and that an ensuing argument led to the other individual shooting the victims. Christian v. State, 207 So.3d 1207, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 463 (Miss. 2016).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of capital murder with the underlying felony of robbery because two witnesses testified that the accomplice informed them that he was going to beat the victim because the victim owed him money; defendant then gave the accomplice the padlock, which the accomplice used to beat the victim to death; it was undisputed that defendant removed the victim’s wallet from his pocket after the accomplice fatally beat the victim; and the victim’s murder and the removal of his wallet were part of a continuous chain of events. Hampton v. State, 188 So.3d 625, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 205 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Evidence supported defendant’s capital murder conviction because, after defendant and defendant’s coconspirators robbed the victim, defendant stayed behind, after the victim was shot in the robbery, to shoot the victim as the other coconspirators fled. Furthermore, defendant’s hands and palms contained particles indicative of gunshot residue, and four of five shell casings recovered from the scene were fired from the gun which defendant admitted to hiding on a school bus after the shooting. Thomas v. State, 180 So.3d 756, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 609 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of capital murder with the underlying felony of robbery because defendant and two other individuals were the only people inside the victim’s house at the time of his attack; a witness testified that she saw a television and other personal property being taken out of the victim’s house and she saw defendant leaving the victim’s house with a metal bar; the doctor who performed the autopsy opined that the bar defendant was seen leaving the residence with was consistent with the type of blunt object that caused the victim’s fatal injuries; and the doctor testified that the victim’s death was a homicide. Burleson v. State, 166 So.3d 499, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 243 (Miss. 2015).

Evidence that defendant admitted to pouring gasoline throughout the victim’s house and setting on fire after stabbing the victim multiple times and that the victim was still alive at the time of the fire but was unable to escape due to her stab wounds was sufficient to support a conviction of capital murder with the underlying felony or arson. Ronk v. State, 172 So.3d 1112, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 219 (Miss. 2015), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 136 S. Ct. 1657, 194 L. Ed. 2d 773, 2016 U.S. LEXIS 2643 (U.S. 2016), in part, — So.3d —, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 493 (Miss. 2016).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s convictions of capital murder with the underlying felony of armed robbery where he was fired from the store and told he would not be paid before the shootings, he was seen standing next to the car where the gun used in the murders was located on the morning of the murders, numerous witnesses saw defendant walking to and from the store the morning of the murders, a shoe print found at the crime scene matched his, he tested positive for gunshot residue, the only paperwork disturbed at the store was defendant’s paycheck and time card, and a witness testified that defendant confessed to the murders. Flowers v. State, 158 So.3d 1009, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 569 (Miss. 2014), vacated, — U.S. —, 136 S. Ct. 2157, 195 L. Ed. 2d 817, 2016 U.S. LEXIS 3930 (U.S. 2016).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for capital murder for killing his infant son in the commission of felonious abuse or battery of a child, as defendant’s wife testified that she and defendant had had a disagreement about the child and that defendant was angry when she left to go back to work the day the child died, and the doctor who performed an autopsy testified that the child’s death was consistent with Shaken Baby Syndrome. Brown v. State, 152 So.3d 1146, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 2014).

Sufficient evidence supported defendant’s capital-murder conviction, and the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence because defendant’s girlfriend testified that she and defendant went to the victim’s house to rob him; once inside, the girlfriend looked for something to steal; when she reappeared in the living room, she saw defendant with cash in hand, as he beat the victim to death with a bat; she noticed the victim’s pants pocket was inside-out; the girlfriend recalled defendant counting the stolen cash; and law enforcement recovered cash from defendant the next morning and found the stolen blood-stained bat. Radau v. State, 152 So.3d 1217, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 729 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial was properly denied because the evidence was sufficient to find him guilty of capital-murder where the property that was the subject of the predicate felony of robbery did not have to be identified in the indictment, the dismissal of a count involving theft of a van did not amend or alter the indictment, and defendant’s actions did not support his claim of abandonment. Keen v. State, 164 So.3d 1039, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 593 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Trial court correctly sentenced defendant to life without parole because the evidence was sufficient to find defendant guilty of capital murder (as a principal or an accessory) and parole was not an option where the jury was allowed to find defendant guilty of capital murder whether he or his girlfriend was the driver of the truck that hit the sheriff and defendant confessed that he saw uniformed deputies at a blocked intersection and that he “nudged” one of them. Baxter v. State, 177 So.3d 423, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 413 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014), aff'd, 177 So.3d 394, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 389 (Miss. 2015).

In a capital murder case, evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s predicated sexual battery conviction because the evidence included the crime scene, the condition of the body, the victim’s defensive wounds, and the “fresh” injury to her anus. The evidence showed the act occurred during the commission of her murder. Galloway v. State, 122 So.3d 614, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 328 (Miss. 2013), cert. denied, 572 U.S. 1134, 134 S. Ct. 2661, 189 L. Ed. 2d 209, 2014 U.S. LEXIS 3685 (U.S. 2014).

Evidence supported defendant’s conviction for capital murder with the underlying felony of robbery because defendant stated in a confession that defendant killed the victim during a fight, left the apartment for approximately an hour and a half, and then returned and began a clean-up effort when defendant was discovered by a sheriff’s deputy. Other evidence showed that defendant used the victim’s cash and credit card to purchase cleaning supplies with which to conceal the crime. Batiste v. State, 121 So.3d 808, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 2013), cert. denied, 572 U.S. 1117, 134 S. Ct. 2287, 189 L. Ed. 2d 178, 2014 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2014).

There was sufficient evidence for the jury to convict defendant of capital murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) and kidnapping in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-53 because the jury heard defendant’s confession of putting the victim in a headlock and choking him, and the trial court noted that defendant’s statement to the police placed him at the scene of the crime and also placed him at the victim’s car while the victim was being transported; the verdict was not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence because defendant confessed to choking the victim and helping his co-defendant secure a plastic bag over the victim’s head. McBeath v. State, 66 So.3d 663, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 666 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), cert. denied, 69 So.3d 9, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 373 (Miss. 2011).

Defendant’s convictions for capital murder during the commission of a robbery were proper under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) because the person killed did not have to have an interest in the property taken. Gillett v. State, 56 So.3d 469, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 337 (Miss. 2010), cert. denied, 565 U.S. 1095, 132 S. Ct. 844, 181 L. Ed. 2d 552, 2011 U.S. LEXIS 8944 (U.S. 2011).

In a case in which defendant did not act when he first saw the two victims in bed but instead: (1) returned to his car, (2) retrieved his revolver, (3) knocked on the front door and kicked it in when no one answered, (4) pushed past one victim, (5) shot the first victim and pursued him briefly, and (6) found the second victim and shot her three times, there was sufficient evidence of deliberate design to support his two convictions for capital murder, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a). Williams v. State, 29 So.3d 53, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 532 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 116 (Miss. 2010).

After the victim stated that he wanted to have sex with defendant’s sister, defendant became enraged, picked up a lead pipe, walked away from the campsite, told two witnesses that he was going to kill the victim, returned to the campsite ten minutes later, and beat the victim in the head repeatedly with the pipe; defendant took the victim’s keys and truck, put the body in the truck, drove to Alabama, and put the victim’s body on the side of the road. The evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for capital murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e). Woods v. State, 14 So.3d 767, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 233 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

In defendant’s trial on a charge of capital murder, the court rejected defendant’s claim that the prosecution failed to produce evidence sufficient to convict him of the underlying felony of robbery because defendant’s possession of the deceased victim’s wallet created a reasonable inference that the property was stolen; the State’s theory of the case was that defendant went back to the motel where he and the victim had been staying to get back what was rightfully his-the money in the victim’s wallet, and the evidence, although circumstantial, supported this theory. During the State’s case-in-chief, evidence was presented to establish that, after defendant left the motel earlier in the day, the victim feared his return, and when defendant did return and was unable to access the room, a motel employee told him that the door was locked from the inside; additional evidence was presented that defendant had received a significant amount of money from his mother for a business that he planned to start and that defendant was supporting the victim and was the source of the cash found inside her wallet. Goff v. State, 14 So.3d 625, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 273 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 944, 130 S. Ct. 1513, 176 L. Ed. 2d 122, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 1251 (U.S. 2010).

Sufficient evidence existed to support defendant’s conviction for capital murder when the evidence showed defendant was angry with the victim about his employment arrangement with the victim; defendant’s girlfriend testified that defendant took the victim’s money, credit cards, and car keys during the course of the murder. Lima v. State, 7 So.3d 903, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 190 (Miss. 2009).

Because defendant and his brother-in-law acted in concert in assaulting a victim and the victim died, the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of capital murder even in the absence of evidence that he, and not his brother-in-law, fired the fatal shot. Moffett v. State, 3 So.3d 165, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 103 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

While the evidence against defendant was not overwhelming, there was sufficient evidence to establish his guilt under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) (Rev. 2006): a witness testified that defendant told him that if he did not get the money to pay his probation officer he was going to “hit the barbershop man up”; the witness stated that the day of the murder he saw defendant in a bloody shirt, and defendant told him that he had just “hit a lick”; the witness testified that he gave defendant the pistol used in the commission of the murder; and, inter alia, another witness testified that he saw defendant walking toward a pathway that led in the direction of the barbershop with a gun prior to the murder. Mitchell v. State, 21 So.3d 633, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 706 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 20 So.3d 680, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 575 (Miss. 2009).

Where the co-indictee testified that he and defendant went to the victim’s house to sell him some stones, they gave the victim an empty bag; defendant stabbed the victim and took his wallet which contained $160. The co-indictee’s testimony was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for capital murder; the trial court did not err by denying his motion for a JNOV. Spurlock v. State, 13 So.3d 301, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 674 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 14 So.3d 731, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 343 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant’s convictions for robbery and capital murder were appropriate because, while the circuit court erred in allowing references to a deceased codefendant’s statement to law enforcement to corroborate defendant’s statement, the violation of defendant’s constitutional right to confront the witness was harmless since the weight of the evidence was overwhelming. Defendant’s own statement confessing to robbing the victim and stabbing him in the abdomen with a screwdriver was entered into evidence; other evidence included an officer’s and sheriff’s recounting of the “treasure hunt” with the codefendant, where they traveled to various areas and retrieved evidence that corroborated defendant’s statement to a “T.” Singleton v. State, 1 So.3d 930, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 641 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of capital murder where two witnesses testified that defendant was at the scene of the robbery and murder and that the contact one witness had with defendant and with the gun during the course of the robbery left the gunshot residue on the witness’s hands. Grant v. State, 8 So.3d 213, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 495 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 12 So.3d 531, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 207 (Miss. 2009).

Defendant’s conviction for capital murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) was appropriate because defendant admitted that he went to an individual’s house with the intention of stealing the victim’s personal property and further admitted to shooting the victim; he also admitted that the crack cocaine at issue was stolen from the victim. The only dispute was how he came into possession of the crack cocaine and a witness testified that after shooting the victim, defendant rolled the victim over and picked up a pill bottle. Nelson v. State, 995 So. 2d 799, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 319 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 374, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 660 (Miss. 2008).

Defendant’s conviction for the capital murder of his brother in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(d) was appropriate, in part because two witnesses testified that after their failed attempts to murder the brother and his wife in exchange for money, defendant contacted them and told them that he found someone else to complete the job. Thus, defendant’s argument that the State failed to meet its burden because there was no direct evidence proving that anything of value was offered or exchanged for the killing of the brother was without merit. Vickers v. State, 994 So. 2d 200, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 208 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 675 (Miss. 2008).

Evidence was sufficient to find defendant committed a burglary in a capital murder case as there was a pry mark on the front door, the front door was left ajar, a television was missing, and drawers were left open, and defendant was found in possession of the victim’s personal property shortly after the burglary. Evidence also showed that defendant broke into the victims’s house, killed her, and stole some of her personal belongings because he desired money to purchase drugs, and further testimony established that he sold the television and used the proceeds to purchase crack. Young v. State, 981 So. 2d 308, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 749 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 979 So. 2d 691, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 206 (Miss. 2008).

There was sufficient circumstantial evidence to convict defendant of capital murder even without direct evidence because: (1) the witnesses testified that the victim’s credit cards were missing after his death, that his pockets were turned inside out, that one card was used at several stores, and that defendant was in each of the stores where the card was used; (2) there was a video of defendant purchasing a television at one of the stores where defendant used the victim’s credit card after his death; (3) the evidence was corroborated by defendant’s friend who stated that he drove defendant to the different stores and witnessed defendant using the credit cards to purchase items; and (4) when the police told defendant that defendant was being questioned about the stolen credit cards, defendant blurted out that defendant did not kill defendant’s uncle even before the police realized that defendant was related to the victim. Smith v. State, 984 So. 2d 295, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 643 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

In a case where defendant slammed his car into a patrol car that was blocking his path during a chase, the evidence was sufficient to support a capital murder conviction under Miss Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(a) because it supported the finding that defendant knew the victim was a peace officer at the moment of impact; the officer was standing outside of his vehicle, which was stopped with the blue lights flashing. White v. State, 964 So. 2d 1181, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 576 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

Circuit court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for motion for a directed verdict, or defendant’s motion for a new trial, because evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of capital murder as a result of felonious abuse of a child under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f); from the facts presented in the case, taken in the light most favorable to the verdict, defendant was in charge of caring for a two-year-old child who was healthy and in good condition when she went into defendant’s care, and less than two weeks later, the child was found dead, covered in bruises and abrasions, had lost a significant amount of hair, and had the skin burned off of her feet and ankles. Berry v. State, 980 So. 2d 936, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 393 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 979 So. 2d 691, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 204 (Miss. 2008).

In a capital murder case, defendant’s motion for a new trial and/or judgment notwithstanding the verdict was properly denied because three victims testified they witnessed an assault on a victim, defendant was observed removing the victim from a trunk of a car and leading him into a cornfield, defendant was observed firing a gun six times at the victim, and defendant made incriminating statements about his role in the murder. Strahan v. State, 955 So. 2d 968, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 294 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

In a capital murder case, because there was sufficient evidence, both circumstantial and in the form of a key witness’s testimony, for a reasonable jury to find that defendant committed murder during the commission of a robbery, it was not error for the trial court to deny defendant’s proposed instruction for a directed verdict. Ross v. State, 954 So. 2d 968, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 235 (Miss. 2007).

Evidence was sufficient to sustain the underlying felony of robbery in a capital murder case, and thus the capital murder conviction, where officers discovered defendant in possession of the victim’s truck and a sword taken from the victim’s trailer, and in addition to his possession of the property, there was testimony that defendant admitted that the truck was stolen. Spicer v. State, 921 So. 2d 292, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 20 (Miss.), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 993, 127 S. Ct. 493, 166 L. Ed. 2d 364, 2006 U.S. LEXIS 8022 (U.S. 2006).

In a case where defendant was convicted of capital murder during the commission of a robbery when he killed his father and stole his father’s revolver and car, the jury’s verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence because, inter alia: (1) there was testimony that placed defendant at or near the scene of the crime; (2) several area residents testified to hearing loud bangs around the time defendant was at the scene of the crime, and to hearing a car door slam, tires squeal, and a car speed off from the area moments after hearing the unidentified loud bangs; and (3) there was testimony that the revolver found at the scene of defendant’s car accident belonged to his father. Boone v. State, 964 So. 2d 512, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 894 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 964 So. 2d 508, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 515 (Miss. 2007).

There was sufficient evidence to support a capital murder conviction with the underlying felony of robbery due to eyewitness testimony, the finding of the victim’s personal effects that defendant’s mother had discarded, the finding of the murder weapon near defendant, the finding of shell casings in defendant’s house, and the fact that defendant was found near the victim’s stolen vehicle. Ramsey v. State, 959 So. 2d 15, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 764 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 958 So. 2d 1232, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant’s conviction for capital murder pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(f) was appropriate because the state presented substantial evidence that supported the verdict, including testimony that the victim, a child, did not suffer splash burns and that her injuries were consistent with being held or immersed in hot water. Williams v. State, 937 So. 2d 35, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 618 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant attempted to assert that the jury did not have sufficient evidence to convict him of murder with the underlying offense of robbery; this argument hung on the fact that the robbery occurred right after the murder. The time between the murder and the robbery, however, formed a continuous chain of events; therefore, there was compliance with the statute’s intent, and the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions. Shaw v. State, 915 So. 2d 442, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 465 (Miss. 2005).

There was ample evidence to support the jury’s verdict convicting defendant of capital murder because (1) an accomplice testified that he and defendant attempted to rob the victims and thus proved the underlying felony of robbery, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-79; (2) three detectives testified that defendant confessed to shooting the deceased victim; and (3) defendant’s letters to the accomplice apparently expressed defendant’s concern in the accomplice’s testimony against him. Thus, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss and for a judgment of acquittal. Moore v. State, 914 So. 2d 185, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 60 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 921 So. 2d 344, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 745 (Miss. 2005).

In a capital murder case, a conviction was based on substantial evidence where the evidence showed that defendant participated in a robbery where three victims were killed by beating; the intent to kill was not required to support the conviction where the jury found that the homicides were committed during a robbery. Le v. State, 913 So. 2d 913, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 151 (Miss.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1004, 126 S. Ct. 622, 163 L. Ed. 2d 508, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 8254 (U.S. 2005).

In a capital murder case, the evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of the underlying felony of robbery because jury could have found that (1) the inmate killed the victim in the garage; (2) took her house and car keys from her; (3) dragged her body and placed it in the trunk of the car; and (4) took the keys intending to take her car, and that he either failed to do so or intended to return at a later time. Knox v. State, 901 So. 2d 1257, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 190 (Miss.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1063, 126 S. Ct. 797, 163 L. Ed. 2d 630, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 9080 (U.S. 2005).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of capital murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 where it was shown that he had felonious intent to commit robbery under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-79 in that he admitted that his plan was to kill the victim and take the victim’s car to Chicago to get away, and he packed his belongings and left them outside the victim’s house for easy access. Walker v. State, 913 So. 2d 198, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 216 (Miss.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1038, 126 S. Ct. 743, 163 L. Ed. 2d 581, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 8688 (U.S. 2005).

There was sufficient evidence to convict defendant of capital murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 with armed robbery as the underlying felony under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-79 in that he confessed to and described the murder and the accounts matched the cashier’s and other witnesses’. Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 93 (Miss. 2005).

Capital murder is the killing of a human being without the authority of law by any means or when done with or without any design to effect death, by any person engaged in the commission of the crime of robbery; the jury could have easily inferred that defendant knew about the money on the victim’s person, shot him in the back of the head, and proceeded to take the money from the victim’s pocket; the court will reverse only when reasonable and fair-minded jurors could find the accused not guilty. Miller v. State, 885 So. 2d 97, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 964 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Evidence included the testimony of the witnesses who saw defendant and co-defendant together throughout the evening, the blood evidence, the items found at co-defendant’s home, and defendant’s confession; thus, reasonable, fair-minded jurors could find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of robbery and capital murder. Therefore, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. Branch v. State, 882 So. 2d 36, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 586 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 907, 125 S. Ct. 1595, 161 L. Ed. 2d 282, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 2289 (U.S. 2005).

Sufficient evidence supported the capital murder conviction of an aider and abettor who provided a gun that was used in a murder; defendant admitted that he thought his accomplice was planning to steal the victim’s car, and the jury specifically found that defendant had intended to kill the victim. Lynch v. State, 877 So. 2d 1254, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 591 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1155, 125 S. Ct. 1299, 161 L. Ed. 2d 122, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 1592 (U.S. 2005).

Evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of capital murder where the jury heard defendant’s version of events and decided instead that the State’s account of the victim’s death was correct; the verdict of guilty was upheld as it was not the result of prejudice, bias or fraud, and was not against the weight of the evidence. Palmer v. State, 878 So. 2d 1009, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 167 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 878 So. 2d 67, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 945 (Miss. 2004).

Capital murder conviction and death sentence were affirmed because there was sufficient evidence to support the underlying charge of attempted rape, the State’s evidence concerning the underlying charge was not based upon circumstantial evidence, and defendant’s claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at his trial were without merit. Powers v. State, 883 So. 2d 20, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 850 (Miss. 2003), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1155, 125 S. Ct. 1297, 161 L. Ed. 2d 121, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 1584 (U.S. 2005).

Evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for capital murder where defendant was identified as the shooter by an independent witness and by a codefendant, testimony revealed that defendant had pulled away from the car, raised his hands in the air, jumped back, and fired the gun, and a codefendant stated that when defendant returned to the car, defendant said that the victim sprayed him in the face with mace so he shot him. Howell v. State, 860 So. 2d 704, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 556 (Miss. 2003), cert. dismissed, 543 U.S. 440, 125 S. Ct. 856, 160 L. Ed. 2d 873, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 1371 (U.S. 2005).

Evidence that defendant was one of five men who robbed a store owner and that defendant shot and killed the store owner during the robbery was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of and life sentence for capital murder. Ellis v. State, 856 So. 2d 561, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 456 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 860 So. 2d 1223, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 892 (Miss. 2003).

Evidence was sufficient to uphold defendant’s capital murder conviction, even in the absence of fingerprint and DNA evidence, because defendant’s dentition matched the bite marks found on the victim’s body, he lived two blocks away from the victim, his former girlfriend testified that he liked to bite her on the breast and neck during intercourse, he smelled of burnt wood or clothes the morning after the murder, and he confessed to a detective that he had a temper and that is why the incident occurred. Howard v. State, 853 So. 2d 781, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 343 (Miss. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1197, 124 S. Ct. 1455, 158 L. Ed. 2d 113, 2004 U.S. LEXIS 1327 (U.S. 2004).

Where two witnesses testified they saw defendant leave their slain mother’s store carrying a money bag and their mother’s purse, other witnesses placed defendant near the crime scene, and he admitted to a cellmate that he hit a woman with pipe wrench and took her purse and money bag, the evidence was legally sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for capital murder. Shelton v. State, 853 So. 2d 1171, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 349 (Miss. 2003).

Where the defendant did not attempt to rebut any of the state’s evidence, the court was required to take the evidence presented by the state as true and to affirm the trial court’s denial of his motion for a directed verdict as well as his motion for jnov. Morris v. State, 777 So. 2d 16, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 113 (Miss. 2000).

Evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for capital murder where the state presented testimony about the events surrounding the robbery of two businesses and the defendant’s presence and participation in the robbery, established that the defendant owned the gun used as the murder weapon, and also established that the victim died from a gunshot wound inflicted during the robbery. Ellis v. State, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 385 (Miss. Ct. App. Aug. 15, 2000), rev'd, 790 So. 2d 813, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 114 (Miss. 2001).

Circumstantial evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction for capital murder while in the commission of felonious child abuse, notwithstanding the defendant’s offer of a hypothesis consistent with his innocence. James v. State, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 164 (Miss. Ct. App. Apr. 11, 2000), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 777 So. 2d 682, 2000 Miss. App. LEXIS 457 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000).

Evidence supported a conviction for capital murder with the underlying felony being sexual battery where photographs and testimony established that the victim was under the age of 14, medical testimony established sexual penetration, and eyewitness testimony and bite marks on the victim identified the defendant as the perpetrator. Brooks v. State, 748 So. 2d 736, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 318 (Miss. 1999).

The evidence was sufficient to establish that the murder victim was a deputy sheriff and was sufficient to sustain a conviction for capital murder, notwithstanding that the state did not produce a written appointment and oath of the victim that specifically addressed the office of deputy sheriff where (1) the sheriff testified that the victim was a deputy, and was in charge of the jail, pursuant to his control, consent, and approval, (2) numerous witnesses testified that, when he was killed, the victim was wearing a deputy sheriff’s uniform and a badge with an inscription of his name, and (3) the victim had, under the administration of a previous sheriff, signed an oath of office. Stevenson v. State, 733 So. 2d 177, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 627 (Miss. 1998).

Substantial circumstantial evidence existed for the jury to find that the prosecution met its burden of proof regarding the kidnapping and murder of the victim; therefore, evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction for capital murder. Underwood v. State, 708 So. 2d 18, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 45 (Miss. 1998).

Evidence supported jury’s verdict of guilt for capital murder committed while engaged in child abuse, despite defendant’s claim that child had fallen from bed; State presented no fewer than five medical witnesses who testified that child could not have been injured the way defendant claimed she was, and defendant had sole custody of child on day injuries were inflicted. (Per Pittman, J., with two Justices concurring, two Justices concurring in the result only, and one Justice concurring in part.) Kolberg v. State, 704 So. 2d 1307, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 697 (Miss. 1997).

Finding that murder was committed during course of robbery, meeting statutory definition of capital murder, was supported by defendant’s own statements to police and to newsman and by fact that he took victims’ purses, jewelry, and car. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 100 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1053, 118 S. Ct. 705, 139 L. Ed. 2d 647, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 149 (U.S. 1998).

Conviction of capital murder was supported by evidence that defendant planned to “get” his wife by harming one of her children, that defendant lacked alibi during time of victim’s disappearance, that defendant gave conflicting accounts of scratches on his face and body, that defendant attempted to get 2 different women to say that they had scratched him, and that defendant told a friend that he had killed victim. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Finding that defendant was under life sentence when murder was committed, which allowed conviction for capital murder, was supported by certified copy of order of prior conviction and life sentence, and by testimony of Department of Corrections supervisor of probation and parole services that defendant was on parole from life sentence when murder was committed. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

For defendant to be convicted of capital murder, state was not required to prove that defendant’s prior conviction resulting in life sentence was valid; state was only required to prove that defendant was “under sentence of life imprisonment.” Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Evidence that money and money orders were taken from victim’s presence before victim was fatally shot and that money orders were found in defendant’s possession when he was arrested was sufficient to support conviction of capital murder during commission of robbery, despite inconsistencies in testimony of defendant’s accomplice. Holly v. State, 671 So. 2d 32, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss.), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4179 (U.S. 1996).

Evidence supported felony-murder conviction of defendant, even though he claimed he formed intent to commit sexual battery upon victim only after she was already dead, and that his act of inserting a stick into her vagina after he had apparently drowned her could not serve as a felony-murder predicate; there was testimony from accomplice that defendant had attempted to have vaginal intercourse with victim, and had succeeded in having anal intercourse, before he drowned her and that after defendant had inserted the stick he told accomplice that he “had always wanted to do that.” Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Testimony from accomplices provided sufficient evidence to sustain defendant’s murder conviction; contradictions in accomplice testimony were minor and did not concern defendant’s role in the crime. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Psychological examinations that allegedly showed that it was improbable that defendant was mastermind of robbery and murder were not relevant in determining whether evidence was sufficient for conviction, where examinations were not introduced as evidence at trial or were not offered until sentencing phase, at which one examination was admitted for identification purposes only. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

The evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for capital murder where the defendant was seen on the night the victim was killed in the same area where she had been seen, the defendant was in the vicinity of the crime scene the following morning, the defendant was a “non-secreter” and forensic evidence showed that semen found in the victim’s vagina was from a non-secreter, and the DNA banding pattern from the defendant’s blood matched one of the patterns found in the victim’s vaginal swab. Parker v. State, 606 So. 2d 1132, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 563 (Miss. 1992), overruled in part, Goff v. State, 14 So.3d 625, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 273 (Miss. 2009).

In a capital murder prosecution, there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict that the murder occurred during the course of an armed robbery, in spite of the defendant’s argument that the alleged robbery was completed long before the victim was killed 60 miles away in another county, where the jury was instructed that it was necessary for them to find that the defendant had the intent to rob when the killing was done, the evidence offered at trial put the defendant in the same neighborhood as the victim on the date in question, there was evidence of violence in the victim’s home, within a few hours the defendant was seen approximately 60 miles away in possession and control of the victim’s car, and the victim’s personal effects were found in the general vicinity of the car. Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 831 (Miss. 1990).

Valid subsection (2)(e) of this section capital murder conviction must be supported by evidence legally sufficient to support conviction of both murder and underlying felony had either been charged alone. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

Testimony of accomplice, which is corroborated by bloodstain and fiber tests and which is directly disputed only by another accomplice whose testimony is not convincing, is sufficient to support conviction for capital murder. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

Defendant’s conviction for murder while engaged in robbery in violation of subsection (2)(e) of this section was adequately supported by the evidence, where a forensic pathologist testified that the cause of the victim’s death was cardiac arrest resulting from stress compatible with blows to his head, where two eye witnesses saw defendant and the victim struggling in a restroom, and it appeared that the defendant had partially pulled the victim’s billfold out of his back pocket, where forensic investigation revealed that the blood on the floor of the restroom was the victim’s type but not the defendant’s, and that blood on the defendant’s face and hand was also of the victim’s type, and where arresting officers found the victim’s billfold in the defendant’s possession 15 minutes after the victim’s death. Jackson v. State, 441 So. 2d 1382, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 3073 (Miss. 1983).

Testimony that a certain carburetor was found in defendant’s apartment, that defendant rented the truck which was used in the robbery and returned it the next day, and that the body found in the woods was that of the robbery victim constituted sufficient evidence to sustain defendant’s conviction of capital murder; and in violation of subsection (2)(c) of this section imposition of the death sentence was not disproportionate, wanton, or freakish when compared to cases involving similar crimes, nor was the sentence imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factors, where defendant had been engaged in robbing the victim, committed the murder for pecuniary gain, had previously been convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence, and committed the murder in an especially heinous, atrocious, and cruel manner. Hill v. State, 432 So. 2d 427, 1983 Miss. LEXIS 2613 (Miss.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 977, 104 S. Ct. 415, 78 L. Ed. 2d 352, 1983 U.S. LEXIS 2329 (U.S. 1983).

In a prosecution for murdering a constable while such constable was attempting to serve an arrest warrant, defendant’s conviction of murder was adequately supported by testimony including that of the defendant’s son who stated that his father stated he shot the constable and intended to do so. Polk v. State, 417 So. 2d 930, 1982 Miss. LEXIS 2101 (Miss. 1982).

In a capital murder prosecution, the jury properly found beyond a reasonable doubt that the alleged killing occurred while defendant was engaged in committing the crime of robbery where the jury was fully instructed that it was necessary for them to find that defendant had the intent to rob when the murder was committed and where, based on the defendant’s actions as well as the surrounding circumstances, the evidence was sufficient to show such intent. Voyles v. State, 362 So. 2d 1236, 1978 Miss. LEXIS 2159 (Miss. 1978), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 956, 99 S. Ct. 2184, 60 L. Ed. 2d 1059, 1979 U.S. LEXIS 1933 (U.S. 1979).

55. —Conviction not sustained.

Conviction for depraved heart murder was not sustained by evidence that defendant and victim had been playing with gun all day, defendant picked up bracelet and asked victim if he could wear it, victim told him no, the 2 started joking around and horseplaying, defendant grabbed gun and cocked it, defendant put gun to victim’s head, gun went off, and defendant fell to ground and started crying; defendant’s conduct of falling to ground and crying following shooting could be considered as consistent with accident, and there was no testimony indicating that gun was defendant’s, that he knew it was loaded, or that he pulled the trigger. Hankins v. City of Grenada (In re City of Grenada), 669 So. 2d 85, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 121 (Miss. 1996).

The evidence was insufficient to support a defendant’s conviction for murder for failure to properly feed and care for her daughter, who suffered from birth defects and required constant care, where the record was replete with hospital visits, doctors’ office visits, “and a spasmodic, yet continuous, effort by the defendant to find help for the child and to deal with her numerous health problems”; the defendant should not have been held to a standard of care that she could not give and which was not available to her even through charitable or government agencies. Clayton v. State, 652 So. 2d 720, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 136 (Miss. 1995).

Circumstantial evidence conviction will not be disturbed unless it is opposed by decided preponderance of evidence. Stokes v. State, 518 So. 2d 1224, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 36 (Miss. 1988).

In case in which testimony is so contradictory that it is virtually impossible to reconstruct what actually happened and there are number of unresolved issues, proof is not sufficient to sustain conviction for murder but is sufficient to sustain conviction for lesser included offense of manslaughter. Clemons v. State, 473 So. 2d 943, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2160 (Miss. 1985).

Evidence that deceased and accused killed in heat of passion or self-defense is insufficient to sustain murder conviction. Pigott v. State, 107 Miss. 552, 65 So. 583, 1914 Miss. LEXIS 117 (Miss. 1914).

Conviction of murder not supported by evidence where deceased began shooting at defendant before defendant showed any intent to kill or do him bodily harm. Jones v. State, 60 So. 735 (Miss. 1913).

Where evidence raises only issue of self-defense or manslaughter murder conviction will be reversed. Jones v. State, 98 Miss. 899, 54 So. 724, 1910 Miss. LEXIS 140 (Miss. 1910).

“Maliciously” not same as “malice aforethought,” and conviction of murder where jury find that defendant wilfully and maliciously killed deceased with deadly weapon, is error. Brett v. State, 94 Miss. 669, 47 So. 781, 1909 Miss. LEXIS 327 (Miss. 1909).

III. INSTRUCTIONS.

56. In general.

Defendant was properly convicted of first-degree murder because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in the giving of the instructions which defendant challenged or in the refusal of defendant’s proposed instruction as the court fairly and adequately instructed the jury on the nature and elements of the charged offenses and defendant’s theory of defense. Cooper v. State, 230 So.3d 1071, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 168 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 229 So.3d 119, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 394 (Miss. 2017), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 395 (Miss. 2017).

Inclusion of deliberate-design language included in a jury instruction in defendant’s trial for capital murder merely bolstered the State’s burden of proof; any error in the language’s inclusion was harmless. Husband v. State, 23 So.3d 550, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 332 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. dismissed, 31 So.3d 1217, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 218 (Miss. 2010).

Jury was properly instructed as to the elements of the crime charged; defendant was indicted on a charge of capital murder, and the jury instructions properly instructed the jury as to the elements of capital murder and as to what the jury was required to find in order to convict defendant. Grant v. State, 8 So.3d 213, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 495 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 12 So.3d 531, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 207 (Miss. 2009).

Jury was properly instructed that it could consider as an aggravating factor the fact that defendant was previously convicted of another capital offense or of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person, even though defendant’s previous conviction was for manslaughter, which was not a capital offense. Brown v. State, 890 So. 2d 901, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1104 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 981, 125 S. Ct. 1842, 161 L. Ed. 2d 735, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2005).

In a capital murder case, an instruction to the jurors that they should consider and weigh any aggravating and mitigating circumstances but which cautioned them not to be swayed by mere sentiment, conjecture, sympathy, passion, prejudice, public opinion, or public feelings correctly stated the law, as it did not tell the jurors to completely disregard sympathy. Brown v. State, 890 So. 2d 901, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1104 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 981, 125 S. Ct. 1842, 161 L. Ed. 2d 735, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2005).

As defendant, on trial for capital murder, could be sentenced only to death or life imprisonment without the eligibility of parole, by instructing the jury that these were its only sentencing options, the trial judge properly gave the jury all the instructions that were needed. Brown v. State, 890 So. 2d 901, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1104 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 981, 125 S. Ct. 1842, 161 L. Ed. 2d 735, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2005).

Trial court did not err in denying defendant’s requested alibi instruction where the evidence showed that defendant was not present in the location where the crime was committed on dates before and after the date on which the victim was killed but did not raise an issue as to whether defendant was present in the area on the date of the offense. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

In a prosecution in which the defendant was charged with depraved heart murder, it was not error to instruct the jury with regard to both depraved heart murder and deliberate design murder. Sanders v. State, 781 So. 2d 114, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 22 (Miss. 2001).

Trial court did not improperly speculate on parole in capital murder case by telling venire about possibility of parole should defendant be sentenced to life in prison; trial court emphasized that court and jury had no control over parole, when further pressured by venire regarding parole eligibility, court gave truthful response, and at close of presentation of evidence, court properly instructed jury regarding options of life and death. Wiley v. State, 691 So. 2d 959, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 43 (Miss.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 886, 118 S. Ct. 219, 139 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 5706 (U.S. 1997).

Defendant is not per se entitled to manslaughter instruction in murder case. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

That murder was committed (1) while engaged in crime of robbery and (2) for pecuniary gain may not be given as two separate and independent aggravating circumstances, as they essentially comprise one. When life is at state, a jury cannot be allowed to doubly weigh the commission of the underlying felony and the motive behind it as separate aggravators. Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

Defendant on trial for murder less than capital was not entitled to requested reasonable doubt instruction where the jury had been properly and adequately instructed on reasonable doubt, and the requested instruction was argumentative and abstract. Hunter v. State, 489 So. 2d 1086, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2484 (Miss. 1986).

Instruction that where defendant is only eyewitness to homicide, defendant’s version of homicide, if reasonable, must be accepted as true need not be given where defendant’s version of homicide is contradicted by state witness who received telephone call from victim immediately prior to homicide and where court has great difficulty reconciling physical evidence with defendant’s account. Flanagin v. State, 473 So. 2d 482, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2168 (Miss. 1985).

Instruction tailored specifically to facts of murder case is proper. Fairley v. State, 467 So. 2d 894, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1902 (Miss.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 855, 106 S. Ct. 160, 88 L. Ed. 2d 133, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 3725 (U.S. 1985).

Instruction which impermissibly directs jury to find defendant guilty of murder if homicide victim was willfully and deliberately killed by defendant without authority of law is not cured by giving of instruction properly setting forth distinction between murder and manslaughter. Smith v. State, 463 So. 2d 1028, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1633 (Miss. 1984), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

In a capital murder prosecution, even if one jury instruction was confusing, the underlying felony was adequately explained in another instruction, which tracked the language of subsection (2)(e) of this section; accordingly, the jury was fully and fairly instructed as to the applicable law. Billiot v. State, 454 So. 2d 445, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1777 (Miss. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1230, 105 S. Ct. 1232, 84 L. Ed. 2d 369, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 171 (U.S. 1985).

In a prosecution for murder while engaged in armed robbery, an instruction was not defective for failing to mention armed robbery, where the indictment stated armed robbery, the evidence was as to armed robbery, the state secured instructions on armed robbery, as did the defendant, and when all of the instructions were read and considered as a whole, the jury had adequate instruction on the issues. Alexander v. State, 250 So. 2d 629, 1971 Miss. LEXIS 1185 (Miss. 1971).

Where an indictment charged that the defendant did wilfully, unlawfully, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, kill and murder the deceased, the indictment was sufficient to charge murder in the proper terms, and the state was entitled to instructions setting forth both the theory of a premeditated killing and the theory of a homicide resulting from the commission of a crime of violence. Wilson v. J. Ed Turner, Inc., 221 So. 2d 368, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1497 (Miss. 1969).

In a prosecution for murder an instruction that if jury believed from the evidence that the defendant intentionally and unlawfully pointed a pistol at and toward a crowd not in self-defense and not in unlawful discharge of an official duty and discharged the pistol so intentionally pointed or aimed and by this discharge killed the deceased, then the jury should return a verdict of not guilty was improper. Bass v. State, 54 So. 2d 259 (Miss. 1951).

Instruction in murder prosecution is not erroneous as assuming defendant killed victim as it does not assume as fact that defendant inflicted fatal blow when it provides “if the defendant was inflicting blows,” the qualifying word “if” eliminating any possibility of there being unwarranted assumption by jury. Dickins v. State, 208 Miss. 69, 43 So. 2d 366, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 1949).

Only approved instructions should be requested. Mott v. State, 123 Miss. 729, 86 So. 514, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 75 (Miss. 1920).

57. Variance between pleadings and instructions.

Jury was instructed it could find defendant guilty of murder if it found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had killed the victim with the deliberate design to effect her death, and not in necessary self-defense, and the murder instruction allowed the jury to return a verdict of guilt if it believed that defendant had killed the victim in some manner other than by decapitation; the murder instruction was not fatally defective for permitting the jury to find that defendant had killed the victim by any method. Neal v. State, 15 So.3d 388, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 2009), dismissed, — So.3d —, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 340 (Miss. 2016).

In a capital murder case, defendant made no objection to a jury instruction, so his error based on a variance was waived; even if it had not been, the jury was properly instructed to find all the elements required for capital murder where the instructions stated that defendant, acting alone or with another, took personal property from the victim, and during the course of the robbery, the victim was killed. Ramsey v. State, 959 So. 2d 15, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 764 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 958 So. 2d 1232, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 2007).

Defendant waived any objection to a variance of one day between the date of offense set out in the indictment and the date of offense set out in the jury instructions by not objecting to the instructions as given at trial. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

There was no fatal variance between the pleadings and the instructions where the indictment charged that the defendant murdered the victim with malice aforethought, but the jury was instructed to convict the defendant if he killed the defendant while engaged in a robbery, since notwithstanding the “malice aforethought” language, the indictment served notice on the defendant that he was charged with murder while engaged in the commission of an armed robbery. Bell v. State, 725 So. 2d 836, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 305 (Miss. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1122, 119 S. Ct. 1777, 143 L. Ed. 2d 805, 1999 U.S. LEXIS 3380 (U.S. 1999).

58. Terms and definitions.

Because the addition of the language “either by himself” in the jury instruction defining murder did not change the elements that had to be proven for the jury to find defendant guilty of murder, the trial court did not commit plain error when it gave the instruction. Luster v. State, 143 So.3d 636, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 415 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

No reversible error occurred when the capital-murder instruction incorrectly stated that the killing had to have been done with malice because the error favored defendant by increasing the State’s burden of proof. Harrell v. State, 134 So.3d 266, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 52 (Miss. 2014).

Every murder committed with deliberate design was by definition done in the commission of an act imminently dangerous to others, evincing a depraved heart; thus, the two versions of murder in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(b) (depraved heart) and (1)(a) (deliberate design) have been coalesced by the case law. Therefore, the trial court did not err when it allowed a “depraved heart murder” clause to be added to the deliberate design jury instruction. Young v. State, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. May 27, 2004), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 891 So. 2d 813, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 40 (Miss. 2005).

Instruction defining offense of murder, which contained surplus language that killing must not have been in necessary self-defense, was not prejudicial to defendant in murder prosecution; such surplus language served only to raise state’s burden of proof. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

Trial court’s refusal to give defendant’s proposed instruction setting out elements of murder offense and instructing jury that prosecution was required to prove each and every one of those elements beyond a reasonable doubt did not constitute reversible error in murder prosecution, where charges given, taken together, fully and fairly instructed jury on elements of murder, presumption of innocence, and reasonable doubt requirement. De La Beckwith v. State, 707 So. 2d 547, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 749 (Miss. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 880, 119 S. Ct. 187, 142 L. Ed. 2d 153, 1998 U.S. LEXIS 5751 (U.S. 1998).

In prosecution for capital offense of murder during commission of robbery, jury instruction given regarding sequence of the robbery and murder did not sufficiently instruct jury on elements of underlying crime of robbery, for purposes of determining whether failure to specifically instruct jury on elements of robbery constituted reversible error. Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d 625, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 288 (Miss. 1996).

State had duty, in prosecution for capital offense of murder during commission of robbery, to ensure that jury was properly instructed on elements of underlying crime of robbery, and therefore failure to give such instruction constituted reversible error, even though defendant did not present acceptable robbery instruction. Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d 625, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 288 (Miss. 1996).

“Depraved heart” instruction did not constitute an amendment to indictment charging deliberate design/premeditated murder; the two subsections of murder statute had “coalesced.” Catchings v. State, 684 So. 2d 591, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 214 (Miss. 1996).

Denial of instruction defining deliberate design was not reversible error, where elements of murder were sufficiently addressed by other instructions. Catchings v. State, 684 So. 2d 591, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 214 (Miss. 1996).

In a prosecution for capital murder while engaged in the crime of kidnapping, an instruction as to the underlying felony of kidnapping was proper even though it did not include “asportation” as an element of the crime. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

Where the objective of an instruction is to distinguish culpable negligence manslaughter from depraved heart murder, “culpable negligence” should be defined as “negligence of a degree so gross as to be tantamount to a wanton disregard of, or utter indifference to, the safety of human life.” Clayton v. State, 652 So. 2d 720, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 136 (Miss. 1995).

A trial court’s instruction to the jury that the defendant should be found guilty of capital murder if the jury found that he killed the victim while committing the crimes of kidnapping “or” robbery did not require reversal of the defendant’s conviction, in spite of the defendant’s contention that the instruction permitted the jury to return a less-than-unanimous verdict because some jurors could have found him guilty of kidnapping but not robbery while other jurors could have found him guilty of robbery but not kidnapping, where the jury’s sentencing verdict clearly indicated a finding that the defendant was engaged in both kidnapping and robbery when he murdered the victim, and all 3 crimes of which the defendant was accused occurred as part of a single transaction and were essentially inseparable. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

In a capital murder prosecution arising from the defendant’s alleged killing of the victim while engaged in the commission of a robbery, the jury instructions defining the crimes of robbery and capital murder were adequate, even though neither instruction specifically mentioned the element of robbery known as “felonious intent,” where the language “without authority of the law” was used in the instruction defining capital murder, so that robbery was defined correctly tracking the language of the statute when the 2 instructions were read together. Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 831 (Miss. 1990).

It is permissible to use words “deliberate design” in place of “malice aforethought” in capital murder instruction. Lancaster v. State, 472 So. 2d 363, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2115 (Miss. 1985).

A definition of murder in the exact language of the statute [Code 1942, § 2215] is not error on the ground that it states an abstract legal definition. Dobbs v. State, 200 Miss. 595, 27 So. 2d 551, 29 So. 2d 84, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 330, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 354 (Miss. 1946), cert. denied, 331 U.S. 787, 67 S. Ct. 1318, 91 L. Ed. 1817, 1947 U.S. LEXIS 2295 (U.S. 1947), overruled in part, Flowers v. State, 473 So. 2d 164, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2140 (Miss. 1985).

An instruction setting forth the allowable verdicts upon conviction of murder and their respective implications, which was prefaced with a proviso that conviction be “as charged in the indictment,” did not preclude conviction for manslaughter. Dobbs v. State, 200 Miss. 595, 27 So. 2d 551, 29 So. 2d 84, 1946 Miss. LEXIS 330, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 354 (Miss. 1946), cert. denied, 331 U.S. 787, 67 S. Ct. 1318, 91 L. Ed. 1817, 1947 U.S. LEXIS 2295 (U.S. 1947), overruled in part, Flowers v. State, 473 So. 2d 164, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2140 (Miss. 1985).

Instructions granted in favor of the state given in the exact language of Code 1942, § 2215, subsections a and b, defining the crime of murder, with the additional words “and the court further instructs the jury that if you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, at the time and place testified about, so killed the deceased, he would be guilty of murder, and the jury should so find,” were not objectionable. White v. State, 190 Miss. 672, 1 So. 2d 500, 1941 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1941).

Instruction that unlawful killing of human being, with malice aforethought and deliberate design to kill him, or in commission of act eminently dangerous to others and evincing depraved heart, regardless of human life, though without such design, is murder, held not erroneous in trial for murder under indictment in language of statute. Talbert v. State, 172 Miss. 243, 159 So. 549, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 120 (Miss. 1935).

Instruction defining “murder” in exact language of statute held proper, notwithstanding it did not contain words “with malice aforethought.” Brown v. State, 173 Miss. 542, 158 So. 339, 161 So. 465, 1935 Miss. LEXIS 190 (Miss. 1935).

In prosecution for shooting another with intent to murder him, court properly included in instruction definition of murder. Martin v. State, 163 Miss. 454, 142 So. 15, 1932 Miss. LEXIS 62 (Miss. 1932).

An instruction purporting to define murder under this section which excludes the statutory words “without authority of law” is erroneous. Ivy v. State, 84 Miss. 264, 36 So. 265, 1904 Miss. LEXIS 38 (Miss. 1904); Rutherford v. State, 100 Miss. 832, 57 So. 224, 1911 Miss. LEXIS 81 (Miss. 1911).

59. Lesser included offenses.

Jury instructions, when read as a whole, fairly announced the law of the case because the jury was instructed on all elements of the offense of second-degree murder, and the jury was separately instructed that it had to find that defendant was guilty of each element beyond a reasonable doubt; the jury was instructed that it could not consider second-degree murder unless it had found that defendant was not guilty of first-degree murder. Jenkins v. State, 284 So.3d 862, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 561 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Defendant failed to show that a jury could have acquitted him of capital murder and then convicted him of second-degree murder and thus the circuit court properly refused to give a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense; defendant’s statement that he did not intend to shoot the victim did not separate defendant from the burglary, for which there was sufficient evidence as he gained entry into the house by force. The fact that the victim died as a result of the burglary elevated the crime to capital murder. Taylor v. State, 291 So.3d 14, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 498 (Miss. Ct. App. 2019).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the jury instructions proffered by defense counsel because defendant was not entitled to an instruction on aggravated assault since it was not a lesser-included offense within the crime of murder. Thomas v. State, 249 So.3d 331, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 2018).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying jury instructions for culpable-negligence and heat-of-passion manslaughter because the evidence did not support the instructions; defendant admitted in his oral and written statements to having hit the victim with a welding rod in an effort to steal his money. Thomas v. State, 249 So.3d 331, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 2018).

Since no evidence was presented which would have allowed the jury to separate the killing from the arson and convict defendant only of manslaughter, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s imperfect-self-defense manslaughter instruction. Ronk v. State, 172 So.3d 1112, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 219 (Miss. 2015), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 136 S. Ct. 1657, 194 L. Ed. 2d 773, 2016 U.S. LEXIS 2643 (U.S. 2016), in part, — So.3d —, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 493 (Miss. 2016).

Trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on excusable homicide by accident and misfortune where nothing indicated that the gun misfired or was shot by accident, and there was no evidence of uncontrollable rage or evidence that the victim reached for the gun or tied to defend himself. Smith v. State, 171 So.3d 542, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 33 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 2015).

Trial court did not err in refusing to give a culpable-negligence-manslaughter jury instruction where there was no evidence of horseplay, the gun misfiring, or that the victim was shot by accident, but instead, the evidence showed that defendant told the victim to leave and when the victim failed to do so, defendant put a gun to the victim’s head and shot him. Smith v. State, 171 So.3d 542, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 33 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 2015).

Defendant was not entitled to a heat-of-passion-manslaughter instruction as a lesser-included offense of murder because the evidence was overwhelming that defendant killed his mother with deliberate design as the pathologist testified that the victim had been struck five to six times in the face, and three to four times in the side and back of the head, and that she had been strangled for more than one minute before succumbing; and defendant testified that he had contemplated killing the victim, then followed through. Abeyta v. State, 137 So.3d 305, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 223 (Miss. 2014).

Because mere words could never constitute reasonable provocation, the victim’s threat to cut off defendant, an adult child, financially did not rise to the level of reasonable provocation sufficient to reduce murder to manslaughter; thus, a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of manslaughter was properly denied. Abeyta v. State, 137 So.3d 305, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 223 (Miss. 2014).

Defendant was properly denied jury instructions on deliberate-design murder and manslaughter because there was no evidentiary basis for those instructions, given that defendant had confessed to murder while in the commission of a robbery, which is capital murder. Keller v. State, 138 So.3d 817, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 89 (Miss. 2014), cert. denied, 574 U.S. 1159, 135 S. Ct. 1397, 191 L. Ed. 2d 371, 2015 U.S. LEXIS 1353 (U.S. 2015).

Defendant’s burglary conviction was inappropriate because the trial court clearly erred by granting the State’s request for an instruction on burglary since burglary was not a lesser-included offense of capital murder and since the State was not entitled to a lesser-offense instruction, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e), (3). Gause v. State, 65 So.3d 295, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 314 (Miss. 2011), limited, Hall v. State, 127 So.3d 202, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 649 (Miss. 2013).

60. – – Depraved heart murder.

Second-degree murder instruction was not fatally defective where it tracked the language of the statute and did not instruct the jury to presume any element of depraved-heart murder. Holliman v. State, 178 So.3d 689, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 470 (Miss. 2015).

Because the Mississippi Supreme Court held that there was no error in coalescing Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) and (b), it was not error for a State jury instruction to combine the elements of deliberate-design murder and depraved-heart murder. Pitts v. State, 66 So.3d 174, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 658 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), cert. denied, 65 So.3d 310, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 354 (Miss. 2011).

Jury was properly informed on depraved-heart murder and culpable-negligent manslaughter; the court gave depraved-heart murder jury instruction which stated that if the jury found that appellant killed the victim while engaged in the commission of an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, disregarding the value of human life, whether or not he had any intention of actually killing the victim, then the jury should find appellant guilty of murder. Culpable negligence was defined as the conscious and wanton or reckless disregard of the probabilities of fatal consequences to others as a result of the willful creation of an unreasonable risk thereof and it was negligence of a degree so gross as to be tantamount to a wanton disregard of or utter indifference to the safety of human life; accordingly, the jury instructions given fully explained the difference between depraved-heart murder and culpable-negligence manslaughter. Westbrook v. State, 29 So.3d 828, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 648 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 29 So.3d 774, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 124 (Miss. 2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 849, 131 S. Ct. 98, 178 L. Ed. 2d 62, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 5934 (U.S. 2010).

Where defendant was convicted of depraved-heart murder based on firing a gun into a group of fleeing people, even if he had not failed to properly preserve the issue, defendant did not establish error because the trial court’s instructions correctly recited the elements of this offense. Humphries v. State, 18 So.3d 305, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 606 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

In defendant’s trial for murder, jury instructions that stated that culpable negligence was conduct which exhibited or manifested a wanton or reckless disregard for the safety of human life, or such indifference to the consequences of defendant’s act under the surrounding circumstances as to render his conduct tantamount to willfulness, were proper; the difference in the mental state of culpability came through the jury instructions in that depraved heart murder required a higher mental culpability, i.e., a depraved heart. Mullen v. State, 986 So. 2d 320, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 605 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 987 So. 2d 451, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 559 (Miss. 2008).

In a case where defendant was charged with capital murder after he slammed his car into a patrol car that was blocking his path during a chase, a trial court did not err by instructing the jury on depraved heart murder because that concept had coalesced with deliberate design murder. White v. State, 964 So. 2d 1181, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 576 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

In a criminal prosecution for murder, the State was permitted to instruct the jury that it could convict defendant if his actions showed a depraved heart. The State produced evidence showing depraved heart murder by establishing that defendant was engaged in a fight with an unarmed man before he fired several shots in a hotel room with several people present; defendant was properly convicted as charged. Lett v. State, 902 So. 2d 630, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 157 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

59. – – Depraved heart murder.

Because the depraved-heart-murder instructions, when read as a whole, fairly announce the law of the case and create no injustice, no plain error occurred; although one of the depraved-heart-murder instructions omitted the phrase “without authority of law,” other instructions made clear that to find defendant guilty of murdering the victim, the killing could not be justifiable self-defense or an excusable accident. Montgomery v. State, 253 So.3d 305, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 382 (Miss. 2018).

61. Failure to give manslaughter instruction—where accused fails to request.

During defendant’s trial for capital murder, the trial court did not err in failing to give an instruction on manslaughter by culpable negligence because defendant never requested that the instruction for manslaughter be given, and there was no evidentiary basis for the request of a manslaughter-by-culpable-negligence instruction; the State’s evidence showed the victim died of strangulation and suffocation by way of a plastic bag duct-taped over his head, and defendant failed to offer any evidence justifying an instruction for manslaughter by culpable negligence. McBeath v. State, 66 So.3d 663, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 666 (Miss. Ct. App. 2010), cert. denied, 69 So.3d 9, 2011 Miss. LEXIS 373 (Miss. 2011).

In a felony murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in denying defendant a lesser-included offense instruction on heat of passion manslaughter, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35, as the granting of such an instruction would have been purely speculative and not supported by the evidence. Moody v. State, 841 So. 2d 1067, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 104 (Miss. 2003).

Trial court’s failure to give instruction on manslaughter was not error where defendant had submitted instruction on manslaughter, which undoubtedly would have been granted by lower court, but then withdrew instruction, obviously exercising trial strategy and gambling upon clear verdict of not guilty. Fairman v. State, 513 So. 2d 910, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2791 (Miss. 1987).

Capital murder defendant who fails to request manslaughter instruction, on theory that giving of such instruction would encourage jury to find defendant guilty on compromised charge, may not thereafter obtain reversal of conviction on basis of trial judge’s failure to give instruction, which judge would have done had defendant so requested. Lancaster v. State, 472 So. 2d 363, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2115 (Miss. 1985).

Accused in murder prosecution who has requested and been granted instruction limiting jury to verdict of guilty of murder or acquittal cannot complain of instruction given at request of state because it limited jury to murder or acquittal. May v. State, 205 Miss. 295, 38 So. 2d 726, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1949).

62. —Where evidence supports manslaughter.

In a felony murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in denying defendant a lesser-included offense instruction on heat of passion manslaughter, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35, as the granting of such an instruction would have been purely speculative and not supported by the evidence. Moody v. State, 841 So. 2d 1067, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 104 (Miss. 2003).

Trial court’s failure to give any manslaughter instructions in prosecution for capital murder during course of felonious child abuse was reversible error; jury was given no choice other than convicting defendant’s of capital murder or acquitting him and, at the time, statutes were indistinguishable. (Per Pittman, J., with two Justices concurring, two Justices concurring in the result only, and one Justice concurring in part.) Kolberg v. State, 704 So. 2d 1307, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 697 (Miss. 1997).

State Supreme Court’s Butler decision, under which defendant was entitled to manslaughter instructions in prosecution for capital murder during course of felonious child abuse, applied retroactively, even though it had been reversed on appeal on other grounds; rule was not specifically designated as “purely prospective” in nature, and failure to give manslaughter instruction was overwhelmingly prejudicial where jury ultimately found that defendant had caused child’s death, but not that he either attempted to kill child or intended death. (Per Pittman, J., with two Justices concurring, two Justices concurring in the result only, and one Justice concurring in part.) Kolberg v. State, 704 So. 2d 1307, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 697 (Miss. 1997).

A defendant should not be denied a manslaughter instruction where he or she could have been lawfully indicted and prosecuted for manslaughter as easily as capital murder. Butler v. State, 608 So. 2d 314, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 1992).

An instruction limiting the verdict to murder was erroneous where the evidence could have warranted a jury verdict of manslaughter. McMullen v. State, 291 So. 2d 537, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1726 (Miss. 1974).

Error to refuse submission of manslaughter in murder trial where elements present in testimony. Lee v. State, 130 Miss. 852, 94 So. 889, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 247 (Miss. 1922).

63. —Where evidence does not support manslaughter.

In a case in which defendant was convicted of murder by deliberate design, the trial judge did not err when he refused the proposed jury instructions on manslaughter because, although the victim’s mother, who was also defendant’s girlfriend, testified that defendant seemed angry, agitated, frustrated, mad, and even beyond rage, defendant repeatedly denied that he was angry at all, much less beyond rage; defendant testified that he was afraid, terrified, in fear for his life, and frightened, and that he acted to defend himself, which was inconsistent with the requirements for manslaughter; and a significant amount of time passed between the victim’s and defendant’s interaction when defendant shot the victim. Jenkins v. State, 253 So.3d 349, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 68 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 252 So.3d 596, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 387 (Miss. 2018).

Trial court did not err by refusing defendant’s proffered instructions on heal-of-passion manslaughter, as nothing indicated or even hinted that his passion or anger was aroused by immediate or reasonable provocation, and his argument completely ignored evidence regarding his plan to kill the victim that he hatched two weeks before the murder. Evans v. State, 226 So.3d 1, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 249 (Miss. 2017).

Defendant’s claim that she was entitled to a manslaughter instruction was barred because felonious child abuse was statutorily identified as one of the felonies that could not be relegated to manslaughter and the evidence supported a conviction for child abuse. Ealey v. State, 158 So.3d 283, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 80 (Miss. 2015).

Defendant, who was convicted of capital murder with the underlying felony of robbery, was not entitled to a manslaughter instruction because there was no evidentiary basis for an imperfect-self-defense, fighting words, or depraved heart murder theory. Batiste v. State, 121 So.3d 808, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 2013), cert. denied, 572 U.S. 1117, 134 S. Ct. 2287, 189 L. Ed. 2d 178, 2014 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2014).

Where defendant was convicted of depraved-heart murder based on firing a gun into a fleeing group of people, even if he had not failed to properly preserve the issue, defendant did not establish error from the trial court’s failure to instruct on manslaughter because the evidence did not fairly raise this issue. Humphries v. State, 18 So.3d 305, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 606 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Where defendant was charged with murder after he disarmed his victim and fired the gun in the victim’s direction and into a crowded nightclub, killing the victim and another and wounding three others, defendant was not entitled to a jury instruction on manslaughter because defendant failed to present evidence that he acted in the heat of passion when he fired the gun. Although defendant claimed that the victim had previously shot him, the alleged shooting occurred several days earlier, and nothing in the record suggested that defendant was in a state of violent and uncontrollable rage when he shot the victim. Roberson v. State, 19 So.3d 95, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 98 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

In a murder case, there was no error in refusing to instruct the jury on manslaughter where defendant was not claiming self-defense at trial, but alleged that someone else committed the crime. Green v. State, 982 So. 2d 471, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 62 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

In a murder case, defendant’s right to a fair trial was not violated when the jury was not instructed on manslaughter under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-47 because there was nothing to support a claim that a shooting was accidental where defendant pointed a gun at the victim and shot her from four feet away; moreover, the evidence indicated that defendant acted with malice where defendant and the victim were arguing so much that the victim’s daughter was praying for her life prior to the shooting. Page v. State, 989 So. 2d 887, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 551 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 993 So. 2d 832, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 439 (Miss. 2008).

In a murder case under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), a trial court did not err by refusing to give an instruction on manslaughter despite evidence of abuse, since the evidence did not show that defendant murdered his father in the heat of passion where he had considered killing him; defendant had forged the victim’s name on a life insurance policy, bought a gun, used gloves, and shot the victim eight times. Clemons v. State, 952 So. 2d 314, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 174 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), overruled in part, Williams v. State, 32 So.3d 486, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 202 (Miss. 2010).

In a murder case, the facts did not support a culpable negligence manslaughter instruction because: (1) although defendant stated he was scared of victim, he followed victim into the woods; (2) defendant’s revolver was fired three times; (3) firing the revolver three times was unlikely to be an accident because the gun’s trigger actually had to be pulled three times; and (4) witnesses stated that they did not see a struggle for the gun and that defendant pointed the gun at the victim and shot him. Chandler v. State, 946 So. 2d 355, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 689 (Miss. 2006).

Where the evidence showed that defendant murdered another passenger in the car by shooting him in the head and burning his body, there was no evidence that he acted in the heat of passion. Defendant was convicted of simple murder; he was not entitled to a jury instructions regarding the lesser-included offense of manslaughter. Anderson v. State, 914 So. 2d 1239, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 862 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), cert. dismissed, 927 So. 2d 750, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 163 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s murder conviction was upheld because the trial court did not err in rejecting defendant’s requested manslaughter instruction, as nothing in defendant’s testimony or the testimony of the other witnesses supported an instruction that defendant killed the victim in the heat of passion or in self-defense, and the record was devoid of any evidence indicating that the relationship between defendant and the victim was contentious. Cotton v. State, 933 So. 2d 1048, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 520 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

In a case where defendant was convicted of murdering his wife and her son, the trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s proffered manslaughter instructions because defendant put on no evidence of accident, misfortune, or heat of passion, and there was no evidence that would entitle defendant to have the jury instructed on the lesser included offense of manslaughter. Wortham v. State, 883 So. 2d 599, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 618 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Because defendant was found guilty of robbery, and the death resulted in the commission of the robbery, defendant was guilty of capital murder regardless of whether a lesser-included offense instruction was given. Thus, the trial court did not err in refusing the jury instruction of the lesser-included offense of manslaughter. Jacobs v. State, 870 So. 2d 1202, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 410 (Miss. 2004).

Both the depraved heart murder and culpable negligence manslaughter instructions were given, and the question essentially before the jury was how reckless was defendant? The jury resolved that question by convicting of depraved heart murder. Steele v. State, 852 So. 2d 78, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 464 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 870 So. 2d 666, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 395 (Miss. 2004).

In a felony murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in denying defendant a lesser-included offense instruction on heat of passion manslaughter, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35, as the granting of such an instruction would have been purely speculative and not supported by the evidence. Moody v. State, 841 So. 2d 1067, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 104 (Miss. 2003).

The defendant was not entitled to an instruction on manslaughter since his heat of passion argument was purely speculation and was totally void of any evidentiary support, notwithstanding the defendant’s claim that his unusual conduct on the day of the victim’s death coupled with the testimony and photographs of the victim’s living room supported his assertion that he acted in the heat of passion. Agnew v. State, 783 So. 2d 699, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 95 (Miss. 2001).

In a prosecution for depraved heart murder, it was not error to refuse to instruct the jury with regard to culpable negligence manslaughter since there was absolutely no evidence of a negligent act on the part of the defendant where all the testimony was that he intentionally hit the victim in the head with a hammer. Sanders v. State, 781 So. 2d 114, 2001 Miss. LEXIS 22 (Miss. 2001).

Defendant charged with capital offense of killing while engaged in commission of child abuse or battery was not entitled to lesser included offense instruction on manslaughter based on killing while committing a felony. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

In capital murder trial based on allegation that defendant killed child victim while engaged in commission of child abuse or battery, evidence that defendant used victim as shield while struggling with victim’s mother was insufficient to support heat of passion manslaughter instruction, in view of evidence that defendant planned robbery of victim’s home, had told victim’s mother that he was going to kill her and her family, and did not stab victim until after struggle with mother. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

Failure to give circumstantial evidence instruction with regard to capital murder charge was not error, where circumstantial evidence instruction was given in connection with felonious child abuse charge arising from same conduct. Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 7 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1215, 117 S. Ct. 1703, 137 L. Ed. 2d 828, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2937 (U.S. 1997).

Defendant who killed victim during commission of rape and armed robbery was not entitled to manslaughter instruction. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Defendant was not entitled to manslaughter instruction in capital murder prosecution where there was no evidence that he did not intend to kill the victim or that the murder was committed in the heat of passion and evidence was presented as to brutal and intentional nature of the crime. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Capital murder defendant prosecuted for killing while engaged in child abuse was not entitled to jury instruction on manslaughter as lesser included offense given that one act alone may constitute abuse or battery of child. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Planning to conduct robbery of home at time when defendant believed residents would be at church and defendant’s statements that he had come to kill residents precluded finding that killings were in heat of passion and, thus, defendant prosecuted on capital murder charges for killing while engaged in commission of child abuse was not entitled to jury instruction on lesser included offense on homicide for killing without malice in heat of passion. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Capital murder defendant was not entitled to instruction on lesser included offense of manslaughter; that offense required absence of malice, defined as doing of wrongful act in such manner and under such circumstances that death of human being may result, and victim’s manner of death, from breaking of neck bone as part of strangulation or drowning, precluded claim that defendant could have acted without malice. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

No error was committed by a trial court in a capital murder prosecution in refusing to give a manslaughter instruction where the only justification for such an instruction would have been if the slaying had been committed in the heat of passion without premeditation, and premeditation was evidenced by the defendant’s actions in arming himself with 2 deadly weapons, getting the victim into a car by trickery, and directing her at knife point to drive into a secluded wooded area miles away where he raped her, cut her throat, and then shot her. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

A capital murder defendant was not entitled to a manslaughter instruction based on the defendant’s contention that the victim’s stabbing death was accidental, where statements regarding an accidental stabbing made by the defendant to a third party shortly after the incident were inconsistent, the autopsy revealed that the stab wound could not have been inflicted under any one of the inconsistent scenarios related by the defendant, and the defendant’s scenarios of an accidental stabbing would constitute evidence of innocence of any crime rather than evidence of the crime of manslaughter. Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 648 (Miss. 1991).

There was no evidence of sudden provocation that would warrant the giving of a manslaughter instruction in a prosecution for murder of the defendant’s former wife, in spite of the testimony of attorneys who represented the defendant during his divorce proceedings and the testimony of the defendant’s family, all of whom noticed a change in the defendant after the divorce, since a long-standing domestic dispute did not constitute grounds for a manslaughter instruction. Graham v. State, 582 So. 2d 1014, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 359 (Miss. 1991).

A trial court properly denied a murder defendant’s request for a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of manslaughter where the evidence indicated that there had been a struggle in the victim’s home, the defendant knocked the victim unconscious by hitting him with a blunt object with tremendous force, the defendant put the victim’s unconscious body into the trunk of the victim’s car and drove the car to another county, and the defendant poured gasoline on the victim and burned him to death hours later. Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 831 (Miss. 1990).

A defendant who was indicted for murder under subsection (2)(e) of this section was not entitled to a manslaughter instruction under §97-3-27, where the victim was beaten to death and the injuries were consistent with injuries inflicted by hands and feet, and therefore no reasonable hypothetical juror could have found that the killing was without malice. Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 849 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 928, 111 S. Ct. 2042, 114 L. Ed. 2d 126, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2673 (U.S. 1991).

A murder defendant was not entitled to a manslaughter instruction where the record contained no evidence from which the jury could determine that the killing resulted from heat of passion and was not the result of malice. Wilson v. State, 574 So. 2d 1324, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 845 (Miss. 1990).

Evidence in a murder trial was insufficient to support a manslaughter instruction where the defendant did not testify, the only account of the slaying was the defendant’s statements to the investigating officer and the testimony of eyewitnesses, there was no gross insult, and the defendant and the victim were not engaged in physical combat, and thus there was no evidence upon which any jury could rationally conclude that the defendant shot the victim as a result of provoked rage. Barnett v. State, 563 So. 2d 1377, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 284 (Miss. 1990).

Capital murder defendant is not entitled to instruction on lesser included offense of manslaughter where, considering evidence in light most favorable to defendant, defendant armed himself and two other persons, abducted two persons at knife point, led murder victim into woods at knife point, beat victim to ground breathless, supplied knife to accomplice and left accomplice to complete crime. Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409 (Miss. 1985), rev’d on other grounds, 481 U.S. 648, 107 S. Ct. 2045, 95 L. Ed. 2d 622 (1987), and see Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

Conventional instruction as to verdicts and punishments upon conviction of murder, which does not contain instruction on manslaughter, is not improper on ground that it limits jury to murder on acquittal, when there is no evidence suggesting manslaughter. May v. State, 205 Miss. 295, 38 So. 2d 726, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1949).

Granting a manslaughter charge to the state on an indictment for murder, sustained by the state’s proof, and where the evidence discloses no elements of manslaughter, is not prejudicial error even though the defendant denies that he did the killing. Lowry v. State, 202 Miss. 411, 32 So. 2d 197, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 292 (Miss. 1947).

Failure of trial court to inform jury, which found defendant guilty of murder, that it might convict him of manslaughter, is not error where the proof failed to show any element of manslaughter. Dillon v. State, 196 Miss. 625, 18 So. 2d 454, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 243 (Miss. 1944).

It is proper to refuse an instruction in a murder case informing the jury that they may find the accused guilty of manslaughter if, under the evidence, the jury could not rightfully so find. Leavell v. State, 129 Miss. 579, 92 So. 630, 1922 Miss. LEXIS 70 (Miss. 1922).

64. —Where underlying offense is robbery.

Conviction for capital murder with the underlying felony of robbery was appropriate because the jury received proper instruction on the elements of capital murder and on the one-continuous-transaction rule. Batiste v. State, 121 So.3d 808, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 2013), cert. denied, 572 U.S. 1117, 134 S. Ct. 2287, 189 L. Ed. 2d 178, 2014 U.S. LEXIS 3424 (U.S. 2014).

Defendant charged with capital murder was not entitled to lesser included offense instruction of murder where evidence, which included defendant’s confession and empty purse found at scene, supported theory that robbery had occurred. Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 292 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1170, 117 S. Ct. 1437, 137 L. Ed. 2d 544, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 2295 (U.S. 1997).

Defendant was not entitled to instruction on manslaughter as lesser included offense of capital murder where killing took place during robbery at which defendant was not present. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

A trial court did not err in refusing to grant a lesser included offense instruction for manslaughter in a capital murder prosecution arising from the commission of a murder while engaged in the commission of an armed robbery, since the manslaughter statute explicitly excepts robbery from its provisions. Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

A capital murder defendant was not entitled to a manslaughter instruction based upon his claim that he intended to strike the victim over the head with a shotgun and that in doing so it discharged. Having occurred during the course of a robbery, the homicide was capital murder, regardless of the intent of the defendant; there is nothing in this section which requires any intent to kill when a person is slain during the course of a robbery, and it is no legal defense to claim accident or that it was done without malice. Although §97-3-27 authorizes a conviction of manslaughter only when a person is slain without malice during the commission of felonies generally, certain felonies, including robbery, are specifically excluded. Griffin v. State, 557 So. 2d 542, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 50 (Miss. 1990).

Capital murder defendant was not entitled to manslaughter instruction, where neither his confession nor his testimony at trial supported a finding that the victim’s death was the result of defendant’s intent to commit larceny instead of robbery. Cabello v. State, 490 So. 2d 852, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2479 (Miss. 1986).

Trial court may refuse defendant’s request that manslaughter instruction be given in homicide prosecution in which state’s evidence shows robbery and repeated stab wounds to victim and defendant denies having anything to do with stabbing of victim. Swanier v. State, 473 So. 2d 180, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2155 (Miss. 1985).

In a capital murder prosecution, the trial court properly refused to give a lesser included offense instruction, since under subsection (2)(e) of this section any murder committed during the course of a robbery is capital murder, and since, inasmuch as it was proved that defendant committed a robbery, any murder committed had to be capital. Jones v. Thigpen, 555 F. Supp. 870, 1983 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19724 (S.D. Miss. 1983), aff'd in part and rev'd in part, 741 F.2d 805, 1984 U.S. App. LEXIS 18556 (5th Cir. Miss. 1984).

65. Manslaughter instruction given where evidence sufficient for murder.

Circuit court did not err in giving an instruction to the jury which simply tracked the language found in cases regarding heat-of-passion manslaughter. Bradshaw v. State, 138 So.3d 199, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 858 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

In a criminal prosecution for murder where defendant fatally shot the victim during a fight, the State was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of manslaughter. However, defendant was not entitled to a jury instruction on reasonable doubt, because the State had fully informed the jury to find defendant guilty only if the State established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Lett v. State, 902 So. 2d 630, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 157 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

Where the record contains evidence legally sufficient to support a finding of guilty of murder, had the jury so found, the defendant will not be heard to complain that a manslaughter instruction was given. Fowler v. State, 566 So. 2d 1194, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 439 (Miss. 1990).

It was not error for trial court to give jury manslaughter instruction where facts of case presented issue to jury on murder, despite defendant not asking for instruction and objecting to such instruction. Crawford v. State, 515 So. 2d 936, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2888 (Miss. 1987).

The fact that a defendant has been indicted for capital murder does not preclude the trial court’s giving instructions on lesser-included offenses of murder and manslaughter where, under the evidence, a reasonable jury could find the defendant not guilty of capital murder but guilty of one of the lesser-included offenses. Harveston v. State, 493 So. 2d 365, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2589 (Miss. 1986).

Where the evidence is sufficient to convict for murder, the accused cannot complain of the granting of a manslaughter instruction when he has been convicted of manslaughter. Woods v. State, 229 Miss. 563, 91 So. 2d 273, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 640 (Miss. 1956).

In a prosecution for murder it was not reversible error for the court to instruct the jury that they could find the defendant guilty of manslaughter. Mazie v. State, 54 So. 2d 734 (Miss. 1951).

Granting a manslaughter charge to the state on an indictment for murder, sustained by the state’s proof, and where the evidence discloses no elements of manslaughter, is not prejudicial error even though the defendant denies that he did the killing. Lowry v. State, 202 Miss. 411, 32 So. 2d 197, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 292 (Miss. 1947).

Where defendant is convicted of manslaughter on a charge of murder, he cannot complain of the giving of a murder instruction, as he was not prejudiced thereby. Crockerham v. State, 202 Miss. 25, 30 So. 2d 417, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 236 (Miss. 1947).

66. Failure to limit conviction to manslaughter.

Defendant was not entitled to a manslaughter instruction when his victim was killed in the course of a burglary, because burglary was excepted from the provisions of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-27 by Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e). Coleman v. State, 804 So. 2d 1032, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss. 2002).

In a prosecution for murder the court did not err in failing to instruct the jury to restrict its verdict and find the defendant “guilty of manslaughter or not guilty,” where the evidence was for the jury to resolve the issue of whether the defendant was guilty of murder, manslaughter, or no crime. Polk v. State, 417 So. 2d 930, 1982 Miss. LEXIS 2101 (Miss. 1982).

Where the evidence showed that the decedent was shot and killed by accused in ejecting him from her home, while decedent was committing an unlawful act, a wilful and forbidden trespass, and accused did not shoot him pursuant to her alleged threat that if he came back to the house she would kill him, but because of what transpired after he re-entered the house, the trial court erred in not limiting the issue for the jury to the question of manslaughter or justifiable homicide, and conviction of murder must be reversed and case remanded for new trial. Bangren v. State, 196 Miss. 887, 17 So. 2d 599, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 264 (Miss. 1944), overruled, Ferrell v. State, 733 So. 2d 788, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 87 (Miss. 1999).

Where the evidence would support a conviction of manslaughter but did not support a conviction of murder, the court erred in not granting the defendant’s request for an instruction limiting his conviction to manslaughter. Taylor v. State, 188 Miss. 166, 194 So. 589, 1940 Miss. LEXIS 26 (Miss. 1940).

67. Accessories, accomplices.

Trial court erred by instructing the jury on deliberate design, and defendant was entitled to a new trial, where the instruction incorrectly told the jury that the State had to prove only that defendant committed an assault beyond a reasonable doubt in order to find her criminally liable for any resultant homicide regardless of her intent, and the confusion was heightened by the State’s closing argument. Roby v. State, 183 So.3d 857, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 42 (Miss. 2016).

By defendant’s own admission, corroborated by testimony, defendant was a principal to the crime of murder and thus he could not have been at the same time an accessory after the fact under Miss. Code Ann. §97-1-5 and defendant was not entitled to an instruction on such. Williams v. State, 994 So. 2d 808, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 183 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 998 So. 2d 1010, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 665 (Miss. 2008).

In a murder case, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s requested cautionary accomplice jury instruction because defendant’s friend was an accessory-after-the-fact, not an accomplice, because she did not agree with defendant to murder the victim, but: (1) she was the lookout during the burial of the victim; (2) she helped defendant clean his bloody body; (3) she saw the victim lying dead by her truck; and (4) she kept quiet about the murder for more than a year until she was confronted by police. Bailey v. State, 960 So. 2d 583, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 427 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

In a murder case under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), a trial court did not err by refusing to give a cautionary instruction based on the testimony of an accomplice; the testimony of defendant’s girlfriend was not unreasonable, self contradictory or substantially impeached, and there was no question as to defendant’s guilt since he confessed to the murder of his father. Clemons v. State, 952 So. 2d 314, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 174 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), overruled in part, Williams v. State, 32 So.3d 486, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 202 (Miss. 2010).

In a capital murder case, a trial court did not err by refusing to give a cautionary instruction regarding accomplice liability since an eyewitness was charged as an accessory after the fact; moreover, the testimony was corroborated with evidence, such as shell casings found in defendant’s home, stolen vehicle keys found on defendant’s person, and the finding of the murder weapon near where defendant was arrested. Ramsey v. State, 959 So. 2d 15, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 764 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 958 So. 2d 1232, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 2007).

An instruction in a murder prosecution, in which the defendant was tried as an accessory before the fact, stating that “even if the defendant was frightened, coerced, or forced, such is not to be considered by you and is no defense in this case” was erroneous. To be convicted as an accessory, the defendant must possess the mens rea for the commission of the crime, and the precise state of mind of the defendant has great significance in determining the degree of his or her guilt; an accomplice may be convicted of accomplice liability only for those crimes as to which he or she personally has the requisite mental state. The cumulative effect of the instruction was that the defendant was guilty of murder regardless of his mental state; the instruction affirmatively negated the mens rea requirement and should not have been given. Welch v. State, 566 So. 2d 680, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 152 (Miss. 1990).

Capital murder defendant is not entitled to have jury separately instructed and separately to consider whether or not defendant is guilty of being accessory after fact. Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2072 (Miss. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1109, 106 S. Ct. 1958, 90 L. Ed. 2d 366 (U.S. 1986).

Although the court’s instruction on the matter of accessory before the fact in a prosecution under subsection (2)(e) of this section for murder while in the commission of the crime of rape was in the abstract, such instruction was not unconstitutionally vague where an instruction on accessory before the fact in some form was proper in the instant case, where the instruction, when read with all the instructions, could not have misled the jury. Ruffin v. State, 447 So. 2d 113, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1629 (Miss. 1984).

Death sentence imposed upon codefendant for violation of state capital murder statute is infirm under Eighth Amendment where instructions could have caused reasonable juror to conclude that codefendant’s intent to commit murder could be imputed to defendant. Reddix v. Thigpen, 728 F.2d 705, 1984 U.S. App. LEXIS 24178 (5th Cir. Miss. 1984).

Where accused was prosecuted under an indictment charging him, jointly with two others, with murder, an instruction that if the jury believed from all the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that one of the others murdered the deceased, and accused, without being forced or coerced, transported the others in his automobile to where they obtained rifles knowing full well that the others intended to murder deceased, and aided, assisted and encouraged them therein, the accused was guilty as charged, was not erroneous. West v. State, 233 Miss. 730, 103 So. 2d 437, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss. 1958).

Where the accused was prosecuted under an indictment charging him, jointly with two others, with murder, accused’s tendered instruction that since he was charged by the indictment with the killing of the deceased with malice aforethought with a certain gun, and unless the state had proved the charge beyond all reasonable doubt, the jury should find the defendant not guilty, was properly refused, since it was not supported by the evidence and was contrary to the provisions of Code 1942, § 1995. West v. State, 233 Miss. 730, 103 So. 2d 437, 1958 Miss. LEXIS 434 (Miss. 1958).

In murder prosecution instruction for state that if jury believe from evidence beyond reasonable doubt that defendant did wilfully, unlawfully, feloniously and of his malice aforethought shoot deceased with pistol at time deceased received wounds that caused his death, jury should find defendant guilty even though jury believed that another person was at same time shooting at deceased and jury do not know which person fired shot or shots that actually killed deceased is not objectionable as assuming a conspiracy when evidence shows that defendant was a principal since he was present, aiding and abetting others and evidence is adequate to show defendant guilty individually. Merrell v. State, 39 So. 2d 306 (Miss. 1949); Porter v. State, 39 So. 2d 307 (Miss. 1949).

68. Cautionary instructions.

Manslaughter instruction which tracks 3 different manslaughter statutes, then states that prosecution must prove them all, need not be given, as requested by defendant in homicide case; nor need cautionary instruction regarding eyewitness identification testimony be given. Holmes v. State, 483 So. 2d 684, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2365 (Miss. 1986).

Where the trial court, in a prosecution under subsection (2)(e) of this section for murder while in the commission of the crime of rape, instructed the jury that the testimony of two individuals who had implicated the defendant was to be considered with great care and caution, an instruction requested by the defendant asserting that it was the defendant’s theory of the case that those two individuals had committed the capital murder and had given statements implicating the defendant for the purpose of inducing the prosecutors to allow them to enter guilty pleas to lesser included offenses was cumulative and improper, and the refusal of such instruction was not error. Ruffin v. State, 447 So. 2d 113, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1629 (Miss. 1984).

In a murder prosecution wherein it appeared that at the time of trial sentiment in the community was hostile to the accused, it was reversible error for the trial judge to refuse to instruct on behalf of the accused that dying declarations are a species of hearsay evidence and are not entitled to the same credit and force as if the deceased was alive and testifying in the presence of the jury, under oath, and subject to cross-examination, and that the jury alone were the judges of the weight and force of such dying declarations. Cannon v. State, 244 Miss. 199, 141 So. 2d 251, 1962 Miss. LEXIS 440 (Miss. 1962).

69. Peremptory instructions.

In a murder case under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) the evidence was sufficient where defendant, a bail bondsman, was owed money by the victim, defendant talked about killing the victim, the victim was picked up by defendant shortly before the shooting, defendant drove by the murder scene, and defendant confessed. Therefore, a peremptory instruction was properly denied. Green v. State, 982 So. 2d 471, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 62 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Jury instruction on offense of murder was not peremptory, as it allowed jury to consider homicide less than murder; instruction allowed jury to decide whether shooting was in self-defense. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

If defendant and his witnesses are the only eyewitnesses to homicide and if their version of what happened is both reasonable and consistent with innocence, and if there is no contradiction of that version in physical fact, facts of common knowledge or other credible evidence, then no reasonable juror could find defendant guilty beyond reasonable doubt and, under such circumstances, peremptory instructions must be granted. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

Instruction given by court, after jury states that it is hung at vote of 10 votes in favor of murder verdict and 2 in favor of manslaughter verdict which in effect peremptorily directs jury to return manslaughter conviction without regard to personal convictions of jurors is impermissibly coercive where instruction is given after jury has deliberated for equivalent of full day without agreeing and verdict convicting defendant of manslaughter instead of murder is returned within minutes after instruction is given. Isom v. State, 481 So. 2d 820, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2336 (Miss. 1985).

The trial court did not commit reversible error in refusing to grant a peremptory instruction to find the defendant not guilty of murder where he was not convicted of murder, but was convicted of manslaughter, a crime that does not require proof of malice or premeditated design to kill. Kinkead v. State, 190 So. 2d 838, 1966 Miss. LEXIS 1397 (Miss. 1966).

70. —Pre-arming instruction.

Circuit court erred in convicting defendant of capital murder because there was no evidence to support the granting of the State’s pre-arming instruction, a peremptory instruction for the prosecution, impairing or precluding defendant’s right to self-defense, where the record was in conflict as to who initiated a fight in a chance confrontation, and there was no evidence that defendant placed a knife that he bought a month earlier in his pocket with the intent to provoke an altercation with the victim. Boston v. State, 234 So.3d 1231, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 366 (Miss. 2017).

71. Defendant's theory of defense.

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing a jury instruction based on the “castle doctrine” because defendant was not in the immediate premises of a dwelling when he shot his girlfriend’s ex-boyfriend; there was no evidence that the ex-boyfriend unlawfully and forcibly entered the girlfriend’s dwelling or its immediate premises because the girlfriend voluntarily went outside to speak with him, and he voluntarily went with her. Shaheed v. State, 205 So.3d 1105, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

It was error to convict defendant of deliberate-design murder because enough evidence was presented to warrant an accidental jury instruction, and the trial court committed reversible error in denying the instruction; because defendant’s right to have his theory of the case presented to a jury was so fundamental, even minimal evidence warranted granting his proposed jury instruction. Kuebler v. State, 204 So.3d 1220, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 462 (Miss. 2016).

Culpable negligence manslaughter and heat-of-passion jury instructions were properly refused in defendant’s murder trial, although manslaughter was the defense’s theory of the case, because defendant’s theory was without foundation in the evidence where defendant’s conduct was deliberate when after leaving the scene of an altercation with the victim’s father, defendant went home and retrieved a semiautomatic weapon, returned, and fired multiple times into the victim’s apartment. Keys v. State, 33 So.3d 1143, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 697 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 34 So.3d 1176, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 228 (Miss. 2010).

Where defendant disarmed his victim and fired the gun in the victim’s direction and into a crowded nightclub, killing the victim and another and wounding three others, defendant was not entitled to a jury instruction on accident and misfortune at his trial because defendant acted intentionally and an intention act could not be excused under the doctrine of accident and misfortune. Roberson v. State, 19 So.3d 95, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 98 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Where defendant disarmed his victim and fired the gun in the victim’s direction and into a crowded nightclub, killing the victim and another and wounding three others, the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on culpable negligence because the evidence did not support defendant’s assertion that he lacked the requisite malice needed to sustain a murder conviction as to the second murder victim. Even if defendant did not intend to specifically kill the second victim, his actions were willful and under circumstances that were likely to result in death or serious bodily injury. Roberson v. State, 19 So.3d 95, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 98 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

Questioning defense witness during cross-examination about defendant’s ability to understand exactly what he was doing on day of murder was relevant, where defendant sought through testimony of witness, who was defendant’s teacher, to impress on jury that he had learning disabilities and was consequently weak-minded. McGowan v. State, 706 So. 2d 231, 1997 Miss. LEXIS 717 (Miss. 1997).

Accused has right to have his defenses presented to the jury in jury instruction, but defense must be supported by evidence, however meager it may be. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

In absence of any other instruction that presented defendant’s theory of defense to jury, trial court improperly failed to place defendant’s proffered instruction, on self-defense by use of deadly weapon against larger, unarmed person, in proper form, in light of evidence which supported claim of justification. Manuel v. State, 667 So. 2d 590, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 591 (Miss. 1995).

In homicide cases, trial court should instruct jury about defendant’s theories of defense, justification, or excuse that are supported by evidence, no matter how meager or unlikely, and trial court’s failure to do so is error requiring reversal of judgment of conviction. Manuel v. State, 667 So. 2d 590, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 591 (Miss. 1995).

A capital murder defendant was entitled to a “2 theory” instruction where the case was based entirely on circumstantial evidence and there were several facts or circumstances which were susceptible of 2 interpretations, one favorable to the defendant and the other one unfavorable, and therefore the trial court’s failure to give the requested 2 theory instructions warranted reversal of the defendant’s conviction. Parker v. State, 606 So. 2d 1132, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 563 (Miss. 1992), overruled in part, Goff v. State, 14 So.3d 625, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 273 (Miss. 2009).

The failure of a trial court in a capital murder prosecution to grant the defendant an instruction embodying his theory of defense constituted reversible error where the defendant’s testimony established an evidentiary predicate for the defenses contained in his requested instructions, and the proffered instructions were the only ones presenting his theories of defense; if the requested instructions were in improper form, it was the duty of the trial court to see that they were placed in proper form for jury submission. Hester v. State, 602 So. 2d 869, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 399 (Miss. 1992).

Where the trial court, in a prosecution under subsection (2)(e) of this section for murder while in the commission of the crime of rape, instructed the jury that the testimony of two individuals who had implicated the defendant was to be considered with great care and caution, an instruction requested by the defendant asserting that it was the defendant’s theory of the case that those two individuals had committed the capital murder and had given statements implicating the defendant for the purpose of inducing the prosecutors to allow them to enter guilty pleas to lesser included offenses was cumulative and improper, and the refusal of such instruction was not error. Ruffin v. State, 447 So. 2d 113, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1629 (Miss. 1984).

An instruction to the jury that even if the deceased attempted to have unnatural intercourse with the defendant, but the danger of accomplishment of the crime by the deceased was over and at a time when such danger was not imminent or impending the defendant tied and gagged the deceased, and if the jury finds robbery, then the crime was murder, was proper in presenting defendant’s theory of self-defense and the state’s theory of felony murder. Burns v. State, 228 Miss. 254, 87 So. 2d 681, 1956 Miss. LEXIS 510 (Miss. 1956).

72. Flight as evidence of guilt.

Trial court did not err in granting the State’s flight instruction because defendant’s flight to dispose of the body was unexplained by anything other than guilt or guilty knowledge; defendant’s departure from the jurisdiction for the purpose of disposing of the body was probative of guilty knowledge, it was not an independent explanation for his flight, and his flight was unexplained. Harrell v. State, 134 So.3d 266, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 52 (Miss. 2014).

Jury instruction on flight was warranted in capital murder prosecution by evidence that defendant had left his workplace for another state after assuring authorities that he would be there to talk with them, that defendant had purchased handgun and checked into motel under assumed name and that defendant had remained fugitive for several days until arrested by police; instruction that flight may be considered as circumstance of guilt or guilty knowledge is appropriate only where that flight is unexplained and somehow probative of guilt or guilty knowledge. Brown v. State, 690 So. 2d 276, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 681 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 849, 118 S. Ct. 136, 139 L. Ed. 2d 85, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 5165 (U.S. 1997), rev'd, — So.3d —, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 524 (Miss. 2017).

Giving of flight instruction was reversible error; defendant was arguing self- defense, and jury heard testimony on defendant’s flight, which both defendant and codefendant explained as effort to avoid retribution from homicide victim’s friends. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

Instruction that flight may be considered as circumstance of guilt or guilty knowledge is appropriate only where that flight is unexplained and somehow probative of guilt or guilty knowledge. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

There is two-pronged test for deciding whether flight instruction is appropriate: only unexplained flight merits flight instruction, and flight instructions are to be given only in cases where that circumstance has considerable probative value. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

Evidence that defendant and his friends fled scene in victim’s taxicab after shooting victim, stole school bus and drove to Chicago, and there attempted to abduct woman and steal her van, was sufficient to warrant flight instruction in capital murder case, despite evidence that defendant had planned to move to Chicago before shooting victim. Holly v. State, 671 So. 2d 32, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss.), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4179 (U.S. 1996).

Instruction that flight may be considered as circumstance of guilt or guilty knowledge is not appropriate in capital murder prosecution of prison escapee where giving of instruction would require escapee to explain flight and fact that he is prison escapee or not explaining flight and subjecting himself to instruction. Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2035 (Miss. 1985).

Flight is ordinarily relevant as evidence of guilt and a jury in a murder prosecution should not be instructed that it is not evidence of guilt. Wright v. State, 209 Miss. 795, 48 So. 2d 509, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 444 (Miss. 1950).

73. Malice or deliberate design.

Trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict or alternatively, a new trial because defendant’s entitlement to a new trial was neither raised at trial nor on appeal, the jury instruction regarding the mens rea requirement for capital murder of a police officer was a correct statement of the law where deliberate-design and depraved-heart murder had coalesced, and the state supreme court had interpreted the applicable statute to require only a depraved heart. Fitzpatrick v. State, 175 So.3d 515, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 366 (Miss. 2015).

Jury instruction that created a mandatory presumption in defendant’s trial on a charge of murder by deliberate design, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), was error, as the jury could have convicted defendant based upon the presumption as opposed to evidence beyond a reasonable doubt; the error was not harmless. Williams v. State, 111 So.3d 620, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 160 (Miss. 2013).

Because every murder committed with deliberate design was by definition done in the commission of an act imminently dangerous to others, evincing a depraved heart, and because the two versions of murder in Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19 (depraved heart and deliberate design) had for all practical purposes coalesced, the trial court did not err when it allowed a depraved heart murder clause to be added to the deliberate design jury instruction. Young v. State, 891 So. 2d 813, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 40 (Miss. 2005).

Defendant’s right to a fair trial was not violated by a jury instruction given in a capital murder case because it was not required to include a finding on deliberate design since there was no intent to kill required when a person was slain in the course of a robbery. Ramsey v. State, 959 So. 2d 15, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 764 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 958 So. 2d 1232, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 2007).

In a case where defendant was convicted of murdering his wife and her son, the jury was properly instructed as to the element of deliberate design because the language complained of had previously been found to be proper; defendant did not put on any credible evidence of a defense so the trial court was not required to instruct the jury on all other circumstances where they could have found the homicides to have been justifiable, excusable, or manslaughter; and the given instruction specifically stated that deliberate design could not be formed at the very moment of the fatal act. Wortham v. State, 883 So. 2d 599, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 618 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

In a murder prosecution, where a manslaughter instruction was neither requested nor given, the State maintained defendant’s deliberate design to kill existed well before the shooting, and on the defense theory, it never existed at all because the shooting was accidental, the trial court’s granting of a deliberate design instruction was proper. Shipp v. State, 847 So. 2d 806, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 275 (Miss. 2003).

An instruction on “deliberate design” was not required where there was no central issue defining the time during which deliberation must have occurred, and there was substantial evidence that defendant had formed the intent well before the killing. Brown v. State, 768 So. 2d 312, 1999 Miss. App. LEXIS 706 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).

“Depraved heart” instruction did not constitute an amendment to indictment charging deliberate design/premeditated murder; the two subsections of murder statute had “coalesced.” Catchings v. State, 684 So. 2d 591, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 214 (Miss. 1996).

Act which poses risk to only one individual and which results in that individual’s death may be deemed depraved heart murder. Catchings v. State, 684 So. 2d 591, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 214 (Miss. 1996).

Jury instruction that “deliberate design” meant “to kill, without authority of law and not being legally justifiable, legally excusable or under circumstances that would reduce the act to a lesser crime” did not improperly state that deliberate design could be formed at very moment of fatal act or improperly cut off defendant’s contention that shooting was in self-defense. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

Jury instruction in homicide prosecution, that “deliberate design may be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon” was reversible error; facts of shooting were set forth in trial, and while testimony was conflicting, question of malice should have been left for consideration of jury. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

In a capital murder prosecution, an instruction on “malice aforethought” was improper where it stated that if the defendant “at the very moment of the fatal shot did so with the deliberate design to take the life of the deceased . . . then it was malice aforethought as if deliberate design had existed in the mind of the defendant for minutes, hours, days or weeks or even years”; however, the instruction was irrelevant and harmless, since there was abundant evidence of premeditation and no evidence that the slaying was a sudden idea of the defendant’s. Thorson v. State, 653 So. 2d 876, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 600 (Miss. 1994).

In a prosecution for murder, the trial court committed reversible error by giving an instruction stating that “deliberate design” could be formed “at the very moment of the act of violence.” Duvall v. State, 634 So. 2d 524, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 140 (Miss. 1994).

A jury instruction stating that malice aforethought and a premeditated design to kill must exist in the mind of the defendant but for an instant before the fatal act did not constitute reversible error; the defendant would not have been harmed or prejudiced even if the instruction had stated that malice need only exist at the very moment of the fatal act, where the State’s theory of the case was that the defendant lured the victim to his home with the deliberate design to murder him, and the defense theory was that the defendant’s shooting of the victim was justifiable homicide in response to his finding that the victim had broken into his home and was standing in his hallway holding a hammer, since under the State’s theory the malice would have existed long before the fatal shooting and under the defense theory it never existed. Thornhill v. State, 561 So. 2d 1025, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 486 (Miss. 1989).

An erroneous instruction stating that “malice aforethought” or “deliberate design” need exist in the mind of the accused only for an “instant” was harmless where there was no reasonable factual scenario under which the jury could have reasonably concluded that the defendant’s premeditated design to kill, if any, existed in his mind but for an instant before the fatal act, and based on the prosecution’s interpretation of the evidence, the premeditated or deliberate design existed well before the shooting while on the defense theory, it never existed. Blanks v. State, 542 So. 2d 222, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 165 (Miss. 1989).

In a murder prosecution, a trial court committed reversible error in granting a supplemental instruction after the jury had retired, defining “malice aforethought” from Black’s Law Dictionary, which stated that “malice aforethought exists where the person doing the act which causes the death has an intention to cause death or grievous bodily harm to any person” and additionally defined malice aforethought as existing when the defendant has an intention “to commit any felony whatever, has the knowledge that the act will probably cause the death or grievous bodily harm to some person, although he does not desire it or even wishes that it may not be caused . . . ” Nicolaou v. State, 534 So. 2d 168, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 524 (Miss. 1988).

An instruction on malice should be given only where the evidence has failed to establish the circumstances surrounding the use of a deadly weapon, and, where the facts have been set forth, even on conflicting testimony, the question of malice should be left to the jury. Carter v. State, 493 So. 2d 327, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2533 (Miss. 1986).

Murder instruction which follows “depraved heart” provision of §97-3-19 need not use words “feloniously,” “wilfully,” or “malice aforethought.” Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2238 (Miss. 1985).

Where the accused admitted shooting his paramour, but contended that the killing was accidental, it was reversible error for the court to instruct that malice aforethought might be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon. Funches v. State, 246 Miss. 214, 148 So. 2d 710, 1963 Miss. LEXIS 435 (Miss. 1963).

Defendant is not entitled to an instruction defining malice. Smith v. State, 237 Miss. 626, 114 So. 2d 676, 1959 Miss. LEXIS 513 (Miss. 1959).

The trial court did not err in giving state’s instruction that, if the jury believed from all the evidence in the case beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had deliberately shot and killed the deceased with a deadly weapon, malice might be inferred. Rivers v. State, 245 Miss. 329, 97 So. 2d 236, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 578 (Miss. 1957).

Where all facts and circumstances surrounding homicide are fully disclosed by evidence, it is reversible error for court to instruct that law presumes malice from use of deadly weapon. Dickins v. State, 208 Miss. 69, 43 So. 2d 366, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 1949).

Instruction that malice may be implied from nature of weapon and deliberate use of deadly weapon not in necessary self-defense is evidence of malice is proper when defendant has made no explanation of facts surrounding her deliberate use of deadly weapon in inflicting fatal wounds on mother and there is no evidence in case which might change character of killing by showing either justification or excuse. Dickins v. State, 208 Miss. 69, 43 So. 2d 366, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 409 (Miss. 1949).

Instructions for state defining malice aforethought is not erroneous on ground that it omits reference to accidental killing when there is little, if anything, in record from which inference could be drawn by jury that killing was accidental and this was matter of defense fully submitted to jury under instruction obtained by defendant. Price v. State, 207 Miss. 111, 41 So. 2d 37, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 321 (Miss.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 844, 70 S. Ct. 92, 94 L. Ed. 516, 1949 U.S. LEXIS 1836 (U.S. 1949).

Instruction for state that malice will be implied from deliberate use of deadly weapon is not proper where all of the facts are in evidence, but court is entitled to consider the law on the question in determining whether or not issue of murder should be submitted to jury at all. Smith v. State, 205 Miss. 283, 38 So. 2d 725, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 431 (Miss. 1949).

Assignment of error as to instruction of the court to find defendant guilty if jury believed beyond reasonable doubt that defendant feloniously and with deliberate design to effect death of victim at a time when neither defendant, nor his common-law wife, were in danger of great personal injury at the hand or design of victim or that there was no imminent danger of such design being accomplished, was not valid as failing to use the statutory language “without authority of law” in view of the facts that the instruction used the word “feloniously,” defendant defined murder in his instruction and defendant’s defense of self-defense was adequately set forth in defendant’s instructions and rejected by the jury’s verdict. Davis v. State, 203 Miss. 574, 35 So. 2d 524, 1948 Miss. LEXIS 308 (Miss. 1948).

An instruction to the effect that malice is implied by law from the nature and character of the weapon used, and the deliberate use of a deadly weapon in a difficulty, not in necessary self-defense, or not in necessary defense, or to save the unlawful taking of life, or great bodily harm to, a fellow human being, is in law evidence of malice, disapproved. Criss v. State, 202 Miss. 184, 30 So. 2d 613, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 257 (Miss. 1947).

An instruction that malice aforethought did not have to exist in the mind of the slayer for any given length of time, and if at the moment of the fatal stabbing, the defendant cut with deliberate design to take the life of deceased, and not in necessary self-defense, real or apparent, then it was as truly malice and the act was as truly murder as if the deliberate design had existed in the mind of defendant for minutes, hours, days, etc., did not constitute reversible error as being an erroneous definition of “malice aforethought.” Hudson v. State, 185 Miss. 677, 188 So. 561, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 178 (Miss. 1939).

An instruction in a homicide prosecution was not erroneous for failing to include the element of deliberate design, where the evidence disclosed that at the time of the killing there was not only a conspiracy to rob, but actual participation therein by the accused. Carrol v. State, 183 Miss. 1, 183 So. 703, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 211 (Miss. 1938).

An instruction charging the jury that if they believed from the evidence that the accused in company with others, having a common design to rob the deceased, was so engaged when one of the accused’s associates struck the deceased with a deadly weapon killing him, then the jury should find defendant guilty of murder, was not erroneous for failing to include the element of deliberate design. Carrol v. State, 183 Miss. 1, 183 So. 703, 1938 Miss. LEXIS 211 (Miss. 1938).

74. Self-defense.

Self-defense jury instruction was properly denied because given the facts and testimony in the record, a jury could not have reasonably concluded that defendant shot the victim in defense of himself or others; eyewitnesses stated that the victim was not directly involved in the fighting but rather a mere bystander, and witness testimony revealed that defendant approached the victim with the firearm, seemingly unprompted. Hall v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 610 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2019).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion in responding to the jury’s question as to the definition of depraved heart because the instructions it provided demonstrated the proper rules of law and were not erroneous, and the supplemental instruction was a proper statement of the law. the jury received three separate instructions on self-defense. Swanagan v. State, 229 So.3d 698, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 191 (Miss. 2017).

Trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s proffered “stand your ground” instruction because the evidence in the record did not point to an opportunity to retreat, and other instructions adequately covered the general rules of law pertaining to self-defense. Shaheed v. State, 205 So.3d 1105, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

Where defendant disarmed his victim and fired the gun in the victim’s direction and into a crowded nightclub, killing the victim and another and wounding three others, defendant was not entitled to a self-defense instruction at his trial on a charge of murder because defendant failed to establish that he feared for his life when he fired into the nightclub. Roberson v. State, 19 So.3d 95, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 98 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

There was no merit to defendant’s claim that a trial court peremptorily found him guilty of burglary by prohibiting him from arguing self-defense where the underlying crime that he was charged with to elevate his murder charge to capital murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) was burglary under Miss. Code Ann. §97-17-23, and Mississippi adhered to the common law rule that an aggressor was precluded from pleading self-defense. As a result, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s attempt to argue self-defense at trial. Beale v. State, 2 So.3d 693, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 548 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 1280, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 2009).

Where the jury was given instructions on the right of an individual to repel trespassers from his home and a standard self-defense instruction, the trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s request for an instruction on the law relating to defense of habitation; by the defendant’s own testimony, the alleged assault against defendant by the victim had advanced to a stage where the distinction between use of deadly force in defense of habitation and use of deadly force in self-defense was no longer relevant to the jury’s understanding of the law. Lester v. State, 862 So. 2d 582, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 6 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

Instructions to the jury, when read as a whole, were sufficient where the court specifically instructed that the killing of the victim was justified if committed by the defendant in the lawful defense of his own person. Evans v. State, 797 So. 2d 811, 2000 Miss. LEXIS 186 (Miss. 2000).

A trial court in a murder prosecution committed reversible error when it granted the prosecution’s instruction informing the jury that before it could accept the theory of self-defense, it was required to find that the danger was so urgent that the defendant had no “reasonable mode of escape”; this instruction was not supported by law because it deprived the defendant of the right to claim self-defense if he could have avoided the threat to his safety by escaping. Craig v. State, 660 So. 2d 1298, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 405 (Miss. 1995).

A trial court in a murder prosecution committed reversible error when it refused the defendant’s requested instruction that a person “may stand his ground” without waiving the right to self-defense, so long as “he is in a place where he has a right to be, and is himself in no unlawful enterprise, not the provoker or aggressor in the combat.” Craig v. State, 660 So. 2d 1298, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 405 (Miss. 1995).

A trial court in a murder prosecution did not err in giving an instruction precluding the jury from considering a claim of self-defense if the jury found that the defendant armed himself and sought the victim with the intent of invoking a difficulty with the victim, or voluntarily entered into a difficulty with the victim with the intent to cause serious bodily harm, where the defendant armed himself with a shotgun while he was in no physical danger from the victim, he drove to the victim’s house and honked his automobile horn, he drove by the house several times waiting for the victim to appear, and he claimed that he shot at the victim’s feet but the trajectory of the shotgun pellets was upward. Hart v. State, 637 So. 2d 1329, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 115 (Miss. 1994).

In a homicide prosecution, the trial court’s giving of an “arming” instruction improperly cut off the jury’s consideration of self-defense and constituted reversible error where there was testimony to support the defendant’s theory of self-defense, and the instruction stated that the defendant could not plead self-defense if he armed himself with a deadly weapon and either confronted the victim with the intention of causing a difficulty with the victim or voluntarily entered into any difficulty with the victim with the intent to cause serious bodily harm; such “arming” instructions place a higher burden on a defendant to assert a claim of self-defense than is required by law, are looked upon with disfavor, and should rarely be used. Keys v. State, 635 So. 2d 845, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 164 (Miss. 1994).

An instruction estopping one from asserting self-defense is not proper except in the few rare cases where all the elements of estoppel are clearly present; the reason for permitting a self-defense theory to be decided by a jury far outweighs the reasons for estopping one from asserting this most basic right. Thompson v. State, 602 So. 2d 1185, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 403 (Miss. 1992).

In a prosecution for murder, jury instructions stating that the defendant could not claim the right of self-defense if he armed himself with a gun in advance and provoked the encounter with the victim were not supported by the evidence where the defendant was the owner and operator of a lounge engaged in the business of selling intoxicating liquor to patrons, the victim had been on the premises most of the day armed with a loaded pistol, the defendant requested the victim to take his pistol and leave, the defendant left to run an errand and when he returned the victim was still in the lounge, intoxicated, and in possession of the pistol, and the ensuing fatal encounter involved disputed facts; moreover, the granting of 2 self-defense instructions did not cure the error since the instructions were conflicting. Thompson v. State, 602 So. 2d 1185, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 403 (Miss. 1992).

A murder defendant was entitled to an instruction informing the jury that self-defense may be applicable to the defense of another person where the evidence showed that the deceased had threatened the defendant’s girlfriend. Calhoun v. State, 526 So. 2d 531, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 303 (Miss. 1988).

Failure to give self-defense instruction was not error where record reflected that jury was fully and fairly instructed concerning law of self-defense by other instructions. Turnage v. State, 518 So. 2d 1217, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 33 (Miss. 1988).

Refusal to grant instruction that jury should put themselves in place of defendant and judge his acts by facts and circumstances by which he was surrounded at time of difficulty was not erroneous where theory of self-defense was fully covered in another instruction. Fairman v. State, 513 So. 2d 910, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2791 (Miss. 1987).

At trial of wife indicted for murder of her husband, testimony of defendant that during the confrontation, preceding the shooting, victim grabbed her by the hair and pulled her to the ground, pulled her by the hair over to a picnic table and, after setting her on the picnic table, drew her head back, raised his fist to her head and said he was going to kill her, supported the giving of manslaughter instructions. Mullins v. State, 493 So. 2d 971, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2591 (Miss. 1986).

A shotgun with a 30-inch barrel and a shotgun case were irrelevant and inadmissible in evidence at a capital murder trial, where a “riot” gun had been used in the killing. Stringer v. State, 491 So. 2d 837, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2520 (Miss. 1986).

Trial court properly refuses self-defense instruction in homicide case in which uncontraverted testimony is that victim was asleep and had been asleep approximately 30 minutes at time victim was shot and killed. Merrill v. State, 482 So. 2d 1147, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2369 (Miss. 1986).

Self-defense instruction which states that party acting upon mere fear, apprehension or belief, however sincerely entertained acts at own peril in taking life is improper and constitutes reversible prejudicial error where case is close factually and instruction has previously been condemned by Supreme Court of Mississippi number of times. Flowers v. State, 473 So. 2d 164, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2140 (Miss. 1985).

There is no basis upon which to give self-defense instruction when evidence, considered most favorably to capital murder defendant, initial aggressor and ultimate victim of defendant fled after firing shot at defendant, defendant then became aggressor seeking victim out, emptying one gun on victim, striking victim at least 3 times, then obtaining more powerful rifle and firing 3 additional shots, with intent to kill victim. Lancaster v. State, 472 So. 2d 363, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2115 (Miss. 1985).

In a prosecution for murder the court properly denied a requested jury instruction on self-defense, where the court had granted instructions which liberally directed the jurors to put themselves in the defendant’s place, authorizing the jurors to determine whether the killing was done under circumstances wrongfully provoked, and otherwise instructing the jury on self-defense so that when these instructions were considered together the jurors were adequately instructed on self-defense. Polk v. State, 417 So. 2d 930, 1982 Miss. LEXIS 2101 (Miss. 1982).

In a murder prosecution, an instruction which substantially restricts or cuts off defendant’s right to defend upon the ground of self-defense is erroneous and requires the grant of a new trial. McMullen v. State, 291 So. 2d 537, 1974 Miss. LEXIS 1726 (Miss. 1974).

In a prosecution of a husband whose defense was that he had accidentally shot his wife while shooting at his father-in-law, instructions permitting the jury to find that accused did not kill his father-in-law in necessary self-defense, but had murdered him, constituted reversible error where accused had already been acquitted of the charge of murdering his father-in-law. Dykes v. State, 232 Miss. 379, 99 So. 2d 602, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 484 (Miss. 1957).

In a prosecution of a husband whose defense was that he had accidentally shot his wife while shooting at his father-in-law, the husband, having already been acquitted of the charge of murdering his father-in-law, was entitled to an instruction that if at the time he shot at his father-in-law while acting in necessary self-defense, his wife, without his knowledge, stepped into the line of fire and was accidentally killed, the husband was not guilty of murder. Dykes v. State, 232 Miss. 379, 99 So. 2d 602, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 484 (Miss. 1957).

The trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s instruction on the disparity in age, size and strength between the deceased and defendant, which was stated in terms of what the evidence showed rather than what the jury believed from the evidence. Brister v. State, 231 Miss. 722, 97 So. 2d 654, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 558 (Miss. 1957), cert. denied, 356 U.S. 961, 78 S. Ct. 1000, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1069, 1958 U.S. LEXIS 1072 (U.S. 1958).

Instruction bearing on issue of self-defense held not to exclude doctrine of apparent necessity. Ashby v. State, 137 Miss. 133, 102 So. 180, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 216 (Miss. 1924).

Instruction denying the accused provoking difficulty right of self-defense held erroneous, in view of evidence of abandonment of homicidal intent. Adams v. State, 136 Miss. 298, 101 So. 437, 1924 Miss. LEXIS 135 (Miss. 1924).

Instruction that to justify shooting on apprehension of threats deceased must have made overt act is proper. Molphus v. State, 124 Miss. 584, 87 So. 133, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 551 (Miss. 1920), overruled, Ray v. State, 381 So. 2d 1032, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 1930 (Miss. 1980).

Person whose life has been threatened cannot kill unless there is demonstration inducing reasonable man to believe that there is danger; instruction that there is right to kill on first appearance of danger properly refused. Molphus v. State, 124 Miss. 584, 87 So. 133, 1920 Miss. LEXIS 551 (Miss. 1920), overruled, Ray v. State, 381 So. 2d 1032, 1980 Miss. LEXIS 1930 (Miss. 1980).

Instruction that a man about to be assaulted with deadly weapon might anticipate adversary’s action and kill him, erroneously refused. Leverett v. State, 112 Miss. 394, 73 So. 273, 1916 Miss. LEXIS 123 (Miss. 1916).

75. Miscellaneous.

Jury instruction which tracked the language of this section, with the sole exception being the use of the word “must” instead of “shall,” an immaterial distinction, since both connote a mandatory directive, was adequate and did not deny defendant an opportunity to make his defense. Bernard v. State, 288 So.3d 301, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 403 (Miss. 2019).

Invited-error doctrine prohibited the supreme court from considering whether the trial court erred when it refused to instruct the jury on robbery because defense counsel requested that the trial court not instruct the jury on the elements of robbery. Thomas v. State, 249 So.3d 331, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 272 (Miss. 2018).

Jury was correctly instructed on the elements of attempted-murder because defendants’ acts of shooting at the victim with a firearm with the deliberate design to effect his death were acts, which, if accomplished, would constitute first-degree murder; not only did defendants approach the victim with guns drawn, verbally threaten to kill him, and say that they wanted him dead, they fired multiple shots at him as he tried to hide and escape. Pickett v. State, 252 So.3d 40, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 54 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 250 So.3d 1271, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 374 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2018).

Trial court did not err by giving a jury instruction which include language on both deliberate-design and depraved-heart murder because there was ample evidence to support the instruction. Moreover, defendant told inconsistent stories of what happened, and, regardless of which version of events the jury believed, there was ample proof of reckless and eminently dangerous actions directed by defendant at the victim. Kuebler v. State, 205 So.3d 623, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 461 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015), rev'd, 204 So.3d 1220, 2016 Miss. LEXIS 462 (Miss. 2016).

Defendant’s conviction for capital murder with the underlying felony of robbery was reversed because the trial court erred in denying defendant’s proffered circumstantial-evidence instruction as he did not confess or admit to any significant element of the crime; and the State did not present direct evidence that defendant was a willing participant in the murder or that he took the victim’s personal property from him by violence or by putting him in fear of immediate injury. Burleson v. State, 166 So.3d 499, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 243 (Miss. 2015).

Trial court’s failure to instruct the jury as to the elements of the underlying felony of burglary during defendant’s trial for capital murder deprived defendant of due process in the form of his right to a jury trial because the failure of a jury to find a criminal defendant guilty on each element of the charged crime led to mandatory reversal; the Constitution gives the courts no discretion, and in Mississippi, the right to a jury trial must remain inviolate. Harrell v. State, 134 So.3d 266, 2014 Miss. LEXIS 52 (Miss. 2014).

Trial court did not err by granting a jury instruction that combined deliberate design murder with depraved heart murder because the Mississippi Supreme Court held that it was not error to grant a jury instruction which combined the elements of deliberate design murder with the elements of depraved heart murder as stated in Miss. Code Ann. §§97-3-19(1)(a) and (1)(b), and there was evidence to support a jury instruction for murder because (1) the State produced evidence showing that defendant was the person who shot his stepson and shot and killed his wife, (2) defendant himself admitted that he perpetrated the shooting, and (3) the State produced evidence of depraved heart murder by establishing that while defendant was engaged in an argument with his wife, he fired shots inside an apartment that contained unarmed individuals and several children. Readus v. State, 997 So. 2d 941, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 249 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 852, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 2009).

Where appellant was convicted of capital murder while in the commission of a robbery, it was not error to deny a requested jury instruction on the Weathersby rule, because (1) the rule was inapplicable since appellant’s statements to officers following appellant’s arrest were clearly inconsistent with appellant’s testimony at trial, and (2) application of the rule was for the court to decide. Fryou v. State, 987 So. 2d 461, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 205 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Where appellant was convicted of capital murder while in the commission of a robbery, it was not error to deny appellant’s requested lesser-included offense jury instruction on manslaughter, because (1) appellant admitted the killing and the robbery so appellant’s intent was irrelevant, and (2) the only evidence to support heat of passion was a single comment by the victim about appellant’s girlfriend. Fryou v. State, 987 So. 2d 461, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 205 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Where appellant was convicted of capital murder while in the commission of a robbery, it was not error to deny a requested jury instruction on simple murder, because there was sufficient evidence to convict appellant of capital murder and there was no evidence that would have allowed a jury to convict appellant of simple murder and not find capital murder since appellant admitted that appellant took the victim’s truck and told officers that appellant took the victim’s wallet. Fryou v. State, 987 So. 2d 461, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 205 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Three defendants’ capital-murder convictions pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(2)(e) were appropriate because, although a limiting instruction given to the jury regarding confessions by defendants was not sufficient, no prejudice or manifest injustice resulted as to any defendant; each of the defendants gave sufficient evidence of his individual participation in the robbery of a gun store in his separate statements to support a capital-murder charge. Anderson v. State, 5 So.3d 1088, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 677 (Miss. Ct. App. 2007), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 171 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 184 (Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 11 So.3d 1250, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 177 (Miss. 2009).

In a capital murder case, the fact that the phrase “without authority of law” was not read to the jurors did not mean that the instructions were erroneous because, reading the instructions as a whole, the jury was properly informed of the requisite findings and the proof needed to sustain a conviction. Ramsey v. State, 959 So. 2d 15, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 764 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 958 So. 2d 1232, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 2007).

In a capital murder case, a trial court did not err by refusing to give a lesser included offense instruction or by refusing to give a simple murder instruction; aggravated assault was not a lesser included or related offense of robbery, the evidence did not support an obstruction of justice charge, and defendant did not request a simple murder instruction. Ramsey v. State, 959 So. 2d 15, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 764 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert. denied, 958 So. 2d 1232, 2007 Miss. LEXIS 588 (Miss. 2007).

Trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s proffered circumstantial evidence instructions because there was direct evidence of guilt presented at trial; specifically, defendant admitted to no less than two people that he killed his wife and her child. Wortham v. State, 883 So. 2d 599, 2004 Miss. App. LEXIS 618 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

In defendant’s capital murder conviction where defendant was sentenced to death, because Miss. Code Ann. §47-7-3(1)(f) denied parole eligibility to any person charged, tried, convicted, and sentenced to life imprisonment under the provisions of Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101, the trial court did not err in not instructing the jury on life imprisonment with the possibility of parole. Branch v. State, 882 So. 2d 36, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 586 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 907, 125 S. Ct. 1595, 161 L. Ed. 2d 282, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 2289 (U.S. 2005).

Inmate’s attorneys were not ineffective, in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial, for failing to make an objection to an instruction that death could be imposed if aggravating and mitigating circumstances were of equal weight because as the direct claim was found to be without merit, there could be no claim that the attorneys were ineffective in failing to object to what was an acceptable instruction. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Trial judge did not erroneously instruct the jury in the inmate’s capital murder trial that death could be imposed if aggravating and mitigating circumstances were of equal weight because (1) the issue was addressed on direct appeal and found to be without merit, and thus the issue was barred under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(2), and (2) it also failed under case law. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Inmate’s attorneys were not ineffective, in connection with the inmate’s capital murder trial, for not requesting an amendment to sentencing instructions because (1) the issue was raised on direct appeal and was found to be without merit, and thus the issue was barred under Miss. Code Ann. §99-39-21(2), and (2) in any event, there was no showing of deficient performance. Smith v. State, 877 So. 2d 369, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 547 (Miss. 2004).

Trial court did not err in instructing the jury on both depraved heart murder and premeditated murder because under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19, every murder done with the deliberate design of effecting the death of another human being is by definition done in the commission of an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved heart, regardless of human life. Schuck v. State, 865 So. 2d 1111, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 753 (Miss. 2003).

Although all of petitioner death row inmate’s arguments were procedurally barred either by res judicata or for failure to raise the arguments earlier, and no intervening case law exempted petitioner from the procedural bar, the court also reviewed petitioner’s arguments on the merits; it reiterated its earlier holdings that there were no constitutional deficiencies in the Mississippi murder and death penalty statutes, including those relating to death resulting from child abuse as capital murder, as explained in the jury instructions, and that none of the alleged deficiencies of defense counsel could have affected petitioner’s outcome. Jackson v. State, 860 So. 2d 653, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 355 (Miss. 2003).

Depraved-heart murder instruction given to the jury was not in error because it failed to include the language “without authority of law” as the instruction properly directed the jury that it was required to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendants had acted unlawfully; however, the failure of the trial court to instruct the jury to acquit if the jury found that defendants had acted in self-defense, and the failure of the depraved-heart murder instruction to include the words “not in necessary self-defense” constituted reversible error. Harris v. State, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 80 (Miss. Feb. 20, 2003), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 861 So. 2d 1003, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 872 (Miss. 2003).

Trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s request for a mistrial after a prosecution witness made a brief reference to defendant’s being in jail during an interview; jury was given a cautionary instruction and any error was harmless. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

Defendant waived his right to claim a violation of his right to speedy trial by requesting a continuance and agreeing that the period of the continuance would not be held against the State. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

Loss of evidence did not deprive defendant of due process of law where there was no showing that the loss of a baby bag, some crime scene photographs, the clothing the victim was wearing when her body was discovered, and some other pieces of evidence, was intentional or that the evidence would have been exculpatory. Smith v. State, 835 So. 2d 927, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 298 (Miss. 2002).

Where only theory of defense in murder prosecution was self-defense and jury was properly instructed thereon, there was no requirement that court instruct as to other possible theories under which jury could have found homicide to have been justifiable, excusable, or manslaughter. Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 432 (Miss. 1996).

Refusal to grant murder defendant’s request for jury instruction on accident or misfortune was reversible error; under defendant’s version of events, he and victim were struggling over gun when it discharged, and thus, it was not sudden combat situation, nor did shooting happen during commission of unlawful act. Miller v. State, 677 So. 2d 726, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 331 (Miss. 1996).

Trial court was not required to give circumstantial evidence instruction, where defendant had confessed to friend that he killed victim. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Separate instruction, that state was required to prove capital murder defendant’s guilt of unwitnessed killing to exclusion of every other hypothesis consistent with innocence, was not required on capital murder charge, even though evidence of guilt was circumstantial, given that jury was properly instructed on state’s burden as to circumstantial evidence in other instructions. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Trial court did not mislead jury, in capital murder case involving underlying felony of sexual battery, by instructing that “the fact that the actual moment of the victim’s death may have preceded alleged consummation of the underlying felony of Sexual Battery does not void the charge of Capital Murder,” even though defendant claimed that jury was misled on intent necessary for capital murder as instruction could be correct statement of law only if jury also found that defendant had formed intent to commit sexual battery; when taken in conjunction with other instructions, jury was clearly informed that it must find defendant intended to kill victim while engaged in commission of sexual battery. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court did not deny due process rights of capital murder defendant by giving instruction that jury had first to acquit defendant on greater charge of capital murder before going on to consider whether defendant had committed lesser crime of murder. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Defendant was not entitled to instruction on robbery as lesser included offense of felony murder; because victim died as result of injuries suffered during robbery, if defendant was found guilty of robbery, she was also guilty of capital murder. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Transitional jury instruction in capital murder prosecution, stating that jury should not consider instruction defining lesser included offense of murder unless it found that defendant was not guilty of capital murder, was proper and appropriate. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

A jury instruction in a capital murder prosecution did not violate the due process clause of the 14th Amendment by relieving the State of the burden of proving intent to commit the underlying felonies where the instruction stated that the defendant should be found guilty if he wilfully performed “any act which is an element of the crimes with which he is charged or immediately connected with them or leading to their commission.” Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

In a prosecution for murder, the trial court committed reversible error in refusing a requested defense instruction stating that the defendant had a right to carry a concealed weapon if he had been threatened and had good reason to fear a serious attack from an enemy, and did in fact fear such an attack, where the prosecuting attorney pointed out in his argument before the jury that the victim was not armed, from which the jury might have inferred that the defendant was in the wrong in being armed. Duvall v. State, 634 So. 2d 524, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 140 (Miss. 1994).

When an instruction is given on the right to carry a concealed weapon, it should be prefaced with the admonition to the jury that it “should not view as evidence against the defendant that he carried a concealed weapon on his person,” because under the law he did have a right to carry a concealed weapon if he had been threatened and had good reason to fear a serious attack from an enemy, and did in fact fear such an attack. Duvall v. State, 634 So. 2d 524, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 140 (Miss. 1994).

In a prosecution for capital murder, the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of simple murder did not constitute reversible error, even though Mississippi law strongly favors the granting of lesser included offense instructions, where the defendant never requested a lesser included offense instruction and failed to object to the court’s failure to give one, the record did not support the defendant’s assertion that he was entitled to a lesser included offense instruction because the evidence of the three component crimes in the capital murder charge were so intertwined as to be virtually inseparable, and any error was cured by the jury’s verdict which by necessary implication found the defendant guilty of simple murder. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

A trial court did not err in denying a capital murder defendant’s proposed circumstantial evidence instruction where there was direct evidence in support of the prosecution’s charge, consisting of an eyewitness’ testimony and another witness’ repetition of the defendant’s admission. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

A circumstantial evidence instruction was not required in a murder prosecution where witnesses testified as to 2 out-of-court admissions of the murder made by the defendant. While not a “confession,” an admission constitutes direct evidence of the crime so that the giving of a circumstantial evidence instruction is not required. Sudduth v. State, 562 So. 2d 67, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 235 (Miss. 1990).

A defendant who was convicted of aggravated assault and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment was not entitled to a jury instruction on attempted murder which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years imprisonment, even though the evidence would have supported a conviction for either offense, since there was no view of the evidence under which the defendant might have been found guilty of attempted murder and not guilty of aggravated assault. McGowan v. State, 541 So. 2d 1027, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 180 (Miss. 1989).

Failure to challenge instruction or offer another in its place renders this assignment of error meritless, even in context of capital case. Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1317, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2854 (Miss. 1987).

Circumstantial evidence instructions should have been given in capital murder case where state was without confession and without eyewitnesses to gravamen of offense charged. Williamson v. State, 512 So. 2d 868, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2683 (Miss. 1987), Walton v. State, 678 So. 2d 645, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 192 (Miss. 1996).

Capital murder defendant was not entitled to a mistrial because state elicited testimony of his alleged criminal activity in Texas, including an arrest for defrauding an innkeeper, in view of trial judge’s instructing jury to disregard such testimony. Cabello v. State, 490 So. 2d 852, 1986 Miss. LEXIS 2479 (Miss. 1986).

When indictment charges defendant with capital murder in course of rape and robbery and trial judge’s instructions, as requested by state, tell jury that before it can convict defendant it must find that defendant killed victim while in course of committing rape and robbery, state undertakes burden of showing sufficiency of proof to establish both underlying rape and robbery as well as murder. Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2281 (Miss. 1985).

Insanity instruction need not be given on basis of lay witness testimony that murder defendant heard voices, laughed uncontrollably, was depressed, had headaches, and otherwise acted weird. Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2238 (Miss. 1985).

Jury instruction which contains surplus language serving only to raise state’s burden of proof does not prejudice capital murder defendant. Swanier v. State, 473 So. 2d 180, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 2155 (Miss. 1985).

Murder defendant whose claim of accidental death of victim by drowning is contradicted by testimony of medical expert showing death by violent blows to head is not entitled to Weathersby instruction. Hammond v. State, 465 So. 2d 1031, 1985 Miss. LEXIS 1946 (Miss. 1985).

Trial court did not err in murder prosecution in granting an instruction advising the jury that should they convict defendant of manslaughter, the court might sentence defendant to the penitentiary for a term not to exceed 20 years. Flanagan v. National Fire Ins. Co., 277 So. 2d 115, 1973 Miss. LEXIS 1407 (Miss. 1973).

In a murder prosecution, where the full acceptance of the state’s evidence would have sustained a finding that the defendant was guilty of murder, but the jury could, and evidently did, find that the defendant shot in the heat of passion, instructions, both as to murder and manslaughter, were proper. Barnett v. State, 232 Miss. 208, 98 So. 2d 656, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 461 (Miss. 1957).

Since even though the killing might have been done in the heat of passion, the defendant would have been guilty of manslaughter, the court did not commit reversible error in refusing defendant's instruction as to the burden of proof which would have permitted the jury to acquit if the killing had been done in the heat of passion; especially where, in view of the instructions granted to defendant, error if any, in refusing the instruction was harmless (overruling in part Blalack v. State, 79 M 517, 31 So 105). Rivers v. State, 245 Miss. 329, 97 So. 2d 236, 1957 Miss. LEXIS 578 (Miss. 1957).

An instruction charging jury that they were required to presume that defendant was innocent from the very beginning of the trial until the case was closed is not proper. Wright v. State, 209 Miss. 795, 48 So. 2d 509, 1950 Miss. LEXIS 444 (Miss. 1950).

In murder prosecution, trial court has no duty to give any instructions not requested. Smith v. State, 205 Miss. 283, 38 So. 2d 725, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 431 (Miss. 1949).

An instruction that the jury, if it found the defendant guilty, should find that he used a deadly weapon was cured by an instruction that, if it found the defendant guilty of robbery, it should not find that the robbery was with a deadly weapon unless convinced of that fact beyond a reasonable doubt. Augustine v. State, 201 Miss. 731, 29 So. 2d 454, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 442 (Miss. 1947).

It was error to charge murder, where facts showing killing done in heat of passion. Staiger v. State, 110 Miss. 557, 70 So. 690, 1915 Miss. LEXIS 72 (Miss. 1915).

76. Death penalty.

In defendant’s capital murder trial, the language on the verdict form stating that “if the jury cannot agree on punishment, the court must sentence the defendant to a term of life imprisonment with the possibility of parole” was improper because it was an incorrect statement of law since a life sentence rendered pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101 will automatically be a life without parole sentence. However such error was harmless because the jury, knowing that it had the life without parole option, chose to impose the death penalty upon defendant. Hodges v. State, 912 So. 2d 730, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 164 (Miss.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1037, 126 S. Ct. 739, 163 L. Ed. 2d 579, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 8670 (U.S. 2005).

Anytime an individual is charged with murder, he is put on notice that the death penalty may result. Thorson v. State, 895 So. 2d 85, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1350 (Miss. 2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 831, 126 S. Ct. 53, 163 L. Ed. 2d 83, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 6177 (U.S. 2005).

77. Aiding And Abetting.

In defendant’s murder trial, the instruction simply did not contain the operative language that could have been construed as reading that a defendant found guilty of aiding and abetting with respect to “one element” of the crime was guilty as a principal. Rather, the instruction accurately stated that any person who was present at the commission of the criminal offense and aided, counseled, or encouraged another in the commission of that offense was an “aider and abettor” and was equally guilty with the principal offender. Dilworth v. State, 909 So. 2d 731, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 371 (Miss. 2005).

78. Instructions properly denied.

Trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing defendant’s requested two-theory instruction because other jury instructions which the court gave fairly instructed the jury as to the law. Although the defendant’s requested two-theory instruction included stronger language concerning circumstantial evidence, it did not provide instruction that was materially different or additional to the law covered in the instructions. Shelton v. State, 214 So.3d 250, 2017 Miss. LEXIS 106 (Miss. 2017).

Trial court properly declined to give a circumstantial evidence instruction in a case in which defendant was convicted of capital murder for killing the victim while in the commission of a robbery because the armed robbery was an essential element of the charge and was proved through direct evidence, eliminating any need for a circumstantial evidence instruction. Carson v. State, 125 So.3d 104, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 645 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).

Trial court properly rejected defendant’s requested jury instructions in his trial on a charge of murder, as they were improper statements of the law, and the form of the instructions made them unfairly leading and prejudicial. Branch v. State, 118 So.3d 646, 2013 Miss. App. LEXIS 649 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 117 So.3d 330, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 376 (Miss. 2013).

Conviction for depraved-heart murder was supported by the evidence. Defendant was not acting in the heat of passion, and thus, a manslaughter conviction was not warranted by the evidence, as defendant’s own testimony showed that he was not provoked by the victim; he argued merely that he had no part in the victim’s murder. Leggett v. State, 54 So.3d 317, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 78 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).

In defendant’s murder trial, the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser offense of culpable negligence manslaughter because the instruction indicated that the jury could find defendant guilty of the lesser offense if it found that defendant fired his gun toward a group of people and inadvertently hit the victim but defendant unequivocally testified that he targeted the victim and deliberately shot him. McKinney v. State, 26 So.3d 1065, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 309 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 48 (Miss. 2010).

In defendant’s murder trial, the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser offense of heat of passion manslaughter because defendant’s proposed instruction advised the jury that it could convict defendant of the lesser offense if it found that defendant acted impulsively in the heat of passion after arguing with the victim but no evidence was introduced that defendant ever spoke with the victim and defendant himself testified that he shot the victim because he was getting into an automobile. McKinney v. State, 26 So.3d 1065, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 309 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), cert. denied, 27 So.3d 404, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 48 (Miss. 2010).

Trial court did not err in refusing to give a lesser-included offense instruction on manslaughter. Defendant was charged with capital murder during the commission of a robbery, a violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19; whether defendant intended to kill the victim was irrelevant Banyard v. State, 47 So.3d 708, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 135 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), rev'd, 47 So.3d 676, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 475 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant was not improperly denied heat-of-passion or imperfect self-defense manslaughter jury instructions during his capital murder trial where there was no evidence presented that words were exchanged between defendant and his girlfriend once defendant entered her apartment, and testimony established that defendant hit the girlfriend very quickly upon entering her apartment. Defendant admitted kicking in the door to the apartment, knocking the girlfriend unconscious for a short period of time, and spotting the murder victim in the bedroom, and although he claimed that the murder victim pulled a gun on him, forcing him to resort to self-defense, the gun that the murder victim was alleged to have brandished was never presented at trial. Beale v. State, 2 So.3d 693, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 548 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008), cert. denied, 999 So. 2d 1280, 2009 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 2009).

In defendant’s trial for murder in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a) and aggravated assault in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-7(2)(b), defendant was not entitled to have the requested jury instructions on the lesser-included offense of manslaughter under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-35 because defendant requested a self-defense instruction, while the definition of manslaughter required that it was not in necessary self-defense, and there was no evidentiary basis of provocation of a degree to evoke an uncontrolled response of anger, rage, hatred, furious resentment or terror. McCune v. State, 989 So. 2d 310, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 347 (Miss. 2008).

In a murder case, there was no error in refusing to give an instruction regarding the jury assessing the weight and credibility of the witnesses and an instruction allowing the consideration of whether defendant’s taped statements were made of his own free will. The trial judge did not want to single out portions of the evidence and call attention to them; moreover, another instruction covered the jury’s function. Green v. State, 982 So. 2d 471, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 62 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

79. Instructions improperly denied.

In a first-degree murder case, the jury should have been instructed on imperfect self-defense, under which an intentional killing could be considered manslaughter if done without malice but under a bona fide (but unfounded) belief that it was necessary to prevent death or great bodily harm, because, in his statement to the police, defendant averred that he never intended to use the weapon on the victim; that he fired it to get the victim’s attention and stop his tantrum; that, after firing the shots, defendant told the victim he would not hurt him, but the victim advanced on him in an attempt to take the weapon; and that defendant’s use of the gun was a bad decision, lacking a murderous purpose. Nelson v. State, — So.3d —, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 542 (Miss. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2018), rev'd, 284 So.3d 711, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 295 (Miss. 2019).

Reversal of defendant’s conviction and sentence for second-degree murder and remand of the case to the circuit court for a new trial was appropriate because the trial court’s refusal of defendant’s request for a circumstantial evidence jury instruction was an abuse of discretion as the State of Mississippi adduced no direct evidence of defendant’s guilt. Moore v. State, 247 So.3d 1198, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 176 (Miss. 2018).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Homicide in commission of felony where the killing was the act of one not a participant in the felony. 12 A.L.R.2d 210.

Inference of malice or intent to kill where killing is by blow without weapon. 22 A.L.R.2d 854.

Homicide: causing one, by threats or fright, to leap or fall to his death. 25 A.L.R.2d 1186.

Acquittal on homicide charge as bar to subsequent prosecution for assault and battery or vice versa. 37 A.L.R.2d 1068.

Homicide by fright or shock. 47 A.L.R.2d 1072.

Admissibility on behalf of accused in homicide case of evidence that killing was at victim’s request. 71 A.L.R.2d 617.

Necessity that trial court charge upon motive in homicide case. 71 A.L.R.2d 1025.

Admissibility, in homicide prosecution, of evidence as to tests made to ascertain distance from gun to victim when gun was fired. 86 A.L.R.2d 611.

Homicide: presumption of deliberation or premeditation from the fact of killing. 86 A.L.R.2d 656.

Homicide: identification of victim as person named in indictment or information. 86 A.L.R.2d 722.

Homicide: Failure to provide medical or surgical attention. 100 A.L.R.2d 483.

Mental or emotional condition as diminishing responsibility for crime. 22 A.L.R.3d 1228.

Mental deficiency not amounting to insanity as affecting question of premeditation and deliberation in murder case. 22 A.L.R.3d 1228.

Application of felony-murder doctrine where the felony relied upon is an includible offense with the homicide. 40 A.L.R.3d 1341.

What felonies are inherently or foreseeably dangerous to human life for purposes of felony-murder doctrine. 50 A.L.R.3d 397.

What constitutes attempted murder. 54 A.L.R.3d 612.

Criminal liability where act of killing is done by one resisting felony or other unlawful act committed by defendant. 56 A.L.R.3d 239.

What constitutes termination of felony for purpose of felony-murder rule. 58 A.L.R.3d 851.

Homicide as affected by lapse of time between injury and death. 60 A.L.R.3d 1323.

Homicide by withholding food, clothing, or shelter. 61 A.L.R.3d 1207.

Necessity and effect, in homicide prosecution, of expert medical testimony as to cause of death. 65 A.L.R.3d 283.

Proof of live birth in prosecution for killing newborn child. 65 A.L.R.3d 413.

What constitutes “imminently dangerous” act within homicide statute. 67 A.L.R.3d 900.

Degree of homicide as affected by accused’s religious or occult belief in harmlessness of ceremonial ritualistic acts directly causing fatal injury. 78 A.L.R.3d 1132.

What constitutes murder by torture. 83 A.L.R.3d 1222.

Spouse’s confession of adultery as affecting degree of homicide involved in killing spouse or his or her paramour. 93 A.L.R.3d 925.

Judicial abrogation of felony-murder doctrine. 13 A.L.R.4th 1226.

Modern status of the rules requiring malice “aforethought,” “deliberation,” or “premeditation” as elements of murder in the first degree. 18 A.L.R.4th 961.

Validity and construction of statute defining homicide by conduct manifesting “depraved indifference”. 25 A.L.R.4th 311.

Homicide by causing victim’s brain-dead condition. 42 A.L.R.4th 742.

Corporation’s criminal liability for homicide. 45 A.L.R.4th 1021.

Homicide: physician’s withdrawal of life supports from comatose patient. 47 A.L.R.4th 18.

Application of felony-murder doctrine where person killed was co-felon. 89 A.L.R.4th 683.

Homicide: Liability where death immediately results from treatment or mistreatment of injury inflicted by defendant. 50 A.L.R.5th 467.

Sufficiency of Evidence to Support Homicide Conviction Where No Body Was Produced. 65 A.L.R. 6th 359.

Am. Jur.

40 Am. Jur. 2d, Homicide §§ 36 et seq.

2 Am. Jur. Trials, Investigating Particular Crimes §§ 40-57 (homicide).

3 Am. Jur. Trials, Preparing and Using Photographs in Criminal Cases § 9 (homicide scene).

7 Am. Jur. Trials, Homicide §§ 1 et seq.

40 Am. Jur. Trials 501, Forensic Pathology in Homicide Cases.

3 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 2d, Homicide Outside of Common Design, §§ 7 et seq. (proof that lethal act of co-felon was outside of, or foreign to, common design); Withdrawal by Aggressor Reviving Right of Self-defense, §§ 9 et seq. (proof of withdrawal by aggressor – subsequent homicide committed in self-defense).

CJS.

40 C.J.S., Homicide §§ 2, 34, 36, 37.

Law Reviews.

Murder and Manslaughter in Mississippi: Unintentional Killings, 71 Miss. L.J. 1, Fall, 2001.

Clark, Juveniles and the death penalty—a square peg in a round hole. 10 Miss. C. L. Rev. 169, Spring, 1990.

1978 Mississippi Supreme Court Review: Criminal Law and Procedure. 50 Miss. L. J. 59, March, 1979.

1984 Mississippi Supreme Court Review: Criminal Law. 55 Miss. L. J. 77, March, 1985.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).

Editor’s Notes —

Laws of 1994, ch. 566, § 5, provides as follows:

“SECTION 5. The provisions of this act shall apply to any case in which pre-trial, trial or resentencing proceedings take place after July 1, 1994.”

Amendment Notes —

The 2013 amendment designated the former first and second paragraphs as (1) and (3); in (1), inserted “first-degree” preceding “murder”, and substituted “custody of the Department of Corrections” for “State Penitentiary”; and added (2).

Cross References —

Construction of the terms “capital case,” “capital offense,” “capital crime,” and “capital murder,” see §1-3-4.

What constitutes the offense of capital murder, see §97-3-19.

Applicability of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act to this section, see §97-43-1 et seq.

Requirement that an indictment for capital murder state specifically the section of the code defining the offense alleged to have been committed, see §99-17-20.

Execution in capital cases, see §§99-19-51,99-19-55.

Separate sentencing procedure to determine punishment in capital cases, see §§99-19-101 et seq.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

1. Constitutionality.

2. Validity.

3. Construction and application; generally.

4. Sentencing factors.

5. Plea of guilty.

6. Instructions.

7. Jury.

8. —Qualifications.

9. —Powers and duties.

10. Deferral of sentence.

11. Sentencing hearings.

1. Constitutionality.

As defendant was 15 at the time of the murder and pursuant to Miss. Code Ann §47-7-3(1)(h) was not eligible for parole, and as Miller v. Alabama, 2012 U.S. LEXIS 4873, was decided while his appeal was pending, his life sentence was vacated and the case was remanded so the trial court could consider the Miller factors before determining sentence. Parker v. State, 119 So.3d 987, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 321 (Miss. 2013).

Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 was not unconstitutionally vague and did not apply to an inmate where the inmate confused parole with conditional release as: (1) Miss. Code Ann. §47-7-3(1)(f) prohibited parole for an inmate sentenced to life under Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101 for capital offenses; (2) since the inmate pled guilty to murder, carrying a life sentence, he was convicted of an other capital offense under Miss. Code Ann. §1-3-4; and (3) the inmate was eligible to petition for conditional release at age 65 under Miss. Code Ann. §47-5-139(1)(a). Higginbotham v. State, 114 So.3d 9, 2012 Miss. App. LEXIS 595 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012), cert. denied, 116 So.3d 1072, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 317 (Miss. 2013).

2. Validity.

Although appellant, who pleaded guilty to capital murder, argued the circuit court imposed an excessive sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole, in violation of the statutory maximum, this issue was without merit, as Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 allows for a sentence of life without parole for capital murder. Rogers v. State, — So.3d —, 2015 Miss. App. LEXIS 689 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 8, 2015).

Based on Miller v. Alabama, 132 S. Ct. 2445 (2012), Parker v. State, 119 So.3d 987 (Miss. 2013), and Jones v. State, 122 So.3d 698 (Miss. 2013), an inmate who was 17 years old at the time he was involved in the robbery that led to his capital murder guilty plea and a sentence of life in prison without eligibility for parole was entitled to a new sentencing hearing to consider a sentence that would allow parole. Thomas v. State, 130 So.3d 157, 2014 Miss. App. LEXIS 16 (Miss. Ct. App. 2014).

Defendant’s mandatory life sentence, imposed pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 after his murder conviction, was not cruel and unusual punishment for purposes of U.S. Const. amend. VIII and Miss. Const. art. 3, § 28 even though defendant was 14 years old at the time of the offense because Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 did not afford the trial judge any sentencing discretion or make an exception for a defendant of tender years. Evans v. State, 109 So.3d 1056, 2011 Miss. App. LEXIS 343 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011), rev'd, 109 So.3d 1044, 2013 Miss. LEXIS 31 (Miss. 2013).

Defendant asserted that he was improperly sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for murder; however, that was the sentence for capital murder. Because defendant was only sentenced to life imprisonment, not to life without the possibility of parole, under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21, defendant’s sentence for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1) was proper. Staten v. State, 989 So. 2d 938, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 76 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 993 So. 2d 832, 2008 Miss. LEXIS 400 (Miss. 2008).

Appellant’s motion for post-conviction relief was properly denied as untimely filed because appellant’s sentence of life without parole, under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21, following his plea of guilty to capital murder, did not violate his constitutional right against ex post facto application of the law because (1) the Supreme Court of Mississippi previously held that the imposition of the new sentencing option of life without parole did not violate the prohibition against ex post facto laws, and (2) sentencing under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 clearly and lawfully directed capital defendants whose pretrial, trial, or resentencing proceedings took place after July 1, 1994, to have their sentencing juries given the option of life without parole in addition to life with the possibility of parole and death. Randall v. State, 987 So. 2d 453, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 110 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Thirteen-year-old defendant’s automatic life sentence for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 was proper because the sentence was not discretionary and had previously been held constitutional. Edmonds v. State, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 88 (Miss. Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2006), op. withdrawn, sub. op., 955 So. 2d 864, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 311 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Trial court properly dismissed defendant’s post-conviction motion without a hearing where defendant’s post-conviction motion revealed that he knew the sentence he would get for murder, which was a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment, as required by Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21; no promises regarding parole or a specific lesser sentence had been made to him. Booker v. State, 954 So. 2d 448, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 864 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Defendant was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment because it was the only possible sentence available for convicted murderers, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21; thus, the trial court did not err in sentencing defendant to life imprisonment. Jackson v. State, 924 So. 2d 531, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 451 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), cert. denied, 927 So. 2d 750, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 175 (Miss. 2006).

Defendant’s sentence was not excessive and unconstitutional because, since the trial court imposed a sentence within the statutory limitations provided by Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21, the sentence was appropriate, and there was no error. Glass v. State, 856 So. 2d 762, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 944 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

The application of the capital sentencing statute, as amended this section, ameliorated the stark options that were presented to pre-amendment juries, and, therefore, the retroactive application of the statute does not give rise to an illegal ex post facto law. West v. State, 725 So. 2d 872 (Miss. 1998), overruled by Wilson v. State, 194 So.3d 855 (Miss. 2016), to the extent that West improperly changed Section 99-19-33 to substitute the word ‘shall‘ for the word ‘may‘ in the first sentence, thereby issuing a holding that would hold trial courts in error for sentencing a defendant under the older of two sentencing statutes.

The amendment of this section to include life imprisonment without parole as a possible sentence was ameliorative and not onerous as the amendment did not increase the possible penalty for murder; thus, the application of the amended statute in the prosecution of a defendant for a murder that occurred before the effective date of the amendment did not violate the ex post facto clause of the federal constitution. Tavares v. State, 725 So. 2d 803, 1998 Miss. LEXIS 277 (Miss. 1998).

A defendant’s right to be shielded from double jeopardy was violated where the defendant was convicted and punished for both kidnapping under §97-3-53 and capital murder while engaged in the crime of kidnapping under §97-3-19(2)(e); since the defendant was indicted, tried and found guilty of capital murder under §97-3-19(2)(e) with the kidnapping as the underlying felony, and thereafter exposed to trial for his life, the State was precluded from punishing him further for the §97-3-53 kidnapping. Meeks v. State, 604 So. 2d 748, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 400 (Miss. 1992).

The imposition of the death penalty against a mentally retarded defendant with the functional equivalent of a 7-year-old did not violate the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment, where the jury was instructed as to the mitigating factors enumerated in §99-19-101(6)(b), (f) and (g) and these 3 mitigating factors were argued to the jury, so that the jury was provided a vehicle, through appropriate jury instructions and argument, to consider and give effect to the mitigating evidence of the defendant’s mental retardation in rendering its sentencing decision. Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 345 (Miss. 1992).

The capital murder statute, this section, is not unconstitutional. In re Hill, 460 So. 2d 792, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 2003 (Miss. 1984).

This section and §99-19-101 are not unconstitutional and violative of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution on the ground that they do not allow the jury to sentence a defendant to life imprisonment without parole, since the legislature’s decision to provide two alternative penalties, with clear guidelines for the application of each, was unquestionably within their proper discretion. Smith v. State, 419 So. 2d 563, 1982 Miss. LEXIS 2112 (Miss. 1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1047, 103 S. Ct. 1449, 75 L. Ed. 2d 803, 1983 U.S. LEXIS 4278 (U.S. 1983).

The felony murder statute (§97-3-19) is constitutional despite the language permitting the imposition of death upon one who harbors no specific intent to kill. Furthermore, since this section places no statutory limitations on the mitigating factors that may be considered in the capital sentencing process, it suffers no constitutional infirmities. Culberson v. State, 379 So. 2d 499, 1979 Miss. LEXIS 2528 (Miss. 1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 986, 101 S. Ct. 406, 66 L. Ed. 2d 250, 1980 U.S. LEXIS 3943 (U.S. 1980); Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 57 L. Ed. 2d 973, 1978 U.S. LEXIS 133 (U.S. 1978).

State statute which imposed mandatory death penalty for first-degree murder, which included any willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing, and any murder committed in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate a felony, constituted a violation of the prohibition against the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 96 S. Ct. 2978, 49 L. Ed. 2d 944, 1976 U.S. LEXIS 85 (U.S. 1976).

Imposition of death penalty did not constitute cruel and unusual treatment under statutes which provided (1) if defendant is found guilty of first degree murder, a separate presentence hearing is held before the jury, where arguments may be presented and where any evidence deemed relevant to sentencing may be admitted and must include matters relating to 8 aggravating and 7 mitigating circumstances specified in said statutes, (2) the jury is directed to weigh such circumstances and return an advisory verdict as to the sentence, to be determined by a majority vote, (3) the actual sentence is determined by the trial judge, who is also directed to weigh the statutory aggravating and mitigating circumstances, (4) if a death sentence is imposed, the trial court must set forth in writing its fact findings that sufficient statutory aggravating circumstances exist and are not outweighed by statutory mitigating circumstances, and (5) a death sentence is automatically reviewed by the Supreme Court of Florida, which considers its functions to be guarantee that the aggravating and mitigating reasons present in one case will reach a similar result to that reached under similar circumstances in another case. Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242, 96 S. Ct. 2960, 49 L. Ed. 2d 913, 1976 U.S. LEXIS 83 (U.S. 1976).

The prohibition against the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution is not violated by the imposition of the death penalty for the crime of murder under a state’s statutory scheme whereby (1) capital homicides are limited to intentional and knowing murders committed in the five specified situations of murder of a peace officer or fireman, murder committed in the course of kidnapping, burglary, robbery, forcible rape, or arson, murder committed while escaping or attempting to escape from a penal institution, murder committed for remuneration, and murder committed by a prison inmate when the victim is a prison employee; (2) if a defendant is convicted of a capital offense, a separate presentence hearing must be held before the jury, where any relevant evidence may be introduced and arguments may be presented for or against the death sentence; (3) the jury must answer the questions (a) whether or not the defendant’s conduct that caused the death was committed deliberately and with the reasonable expectation that the death of the deceased or another would result, (b) whether there is a probability that the defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society, and (c) if raised by the evidence, whether or not the defendant’s conduct in killing the deceased was unreasonable in response to the provocation, if any, by the deceased; (4) if the jury finds that the state has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the answer to each of the pertinent questions is yes, then the death sentence is imposed, but if the jury finds that the answer to any question is no, then a sentence of life imprisonment results; and (5) death sentences are given expedited review on appeal. Jurek v. Texas, 428 U.S. 262, 96 S. Ct. 2950, 49 L. Ed. 2d 929, 1976 U.S. LEXIS 84 (U.S. 1976).

The prohibition against the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments is not violated by the imposition of the death penalty for the crime of murder under a state’s statutory scheme whereby (1) guilt or innocence is determined, either by a jury or the trial judge, in the first stage of a bifurcated trial, with the judge being required to charge the jury as to any lesser included offenses when supported by any view of the evidence, (2) after a verdict, finding, or plea of guilty, a presentence hearing as conducted, where the jury (or judge in a case tried without a jury) hears argument and additional evidence in mitigation or aggravation of punishment, (3) at least one of 10 aggravating circumstances specified in the statute must be found to exist beyond a reasonable doubt, and must be designated in writing, before the jury (or judge) may elect to impose the death sentence on a defendant convicted of murder, the trial judge and jury cases being bound by the jury’s recommended sentence, (4) on automatic appeal of a death sentence, the state’s highest court must determine whether the sentence was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor, whether the evidence supported the finding of a statutory aggravating circumstance, and whether the death sentence was excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the defendant, and (5) if a death sentence is affirmed, the decision of the state’s highest court must include reference to similar cases that the court considered. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S. Ct. 2909, 49 L. Ed. 2d 859, 1976 U.S. LEXIS 82 (U.S. 1976).

In view of the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346, 92 S. Ct. 2726, reh den 409 U.S. 902, 34 L. Ed. 2d 163, 93 S. Ct. 89 and on remand 229 Ga 731, 194 SE2d 410, declaring the death penalty to be a cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the death penalty can no longer be imposed under Code 1942, § 2217. Capler v. State, 268 So. 2d 338, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1192 (Miss. 1972); Peterson v. State, 268 So. 2d 335, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1190 (Miss. 1972).

Verdict fixing defendant’s punishment of life imprisonment, without specifying place, held valid. Harper v. State, 98 So. 534 (Miss. 1924).

3. Construction and application; generally.

Defendant’s sentence of life imprisonment without parole exceeded the statutory maximum under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 where defendant was indicted and convicted of deliberate-design murder pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19. Parker v. State, 30 So.3d 1222, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 161 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s sentence of life imprisonment without eligibility for parole after he was convicted of murder was proper because he was convicted of the violent crime of murder after January 1, 2000, and was not eligible for parole; nor did the appellate court find that his sentence was grossly disproportionate to the crime committed. Fannings v. State, 997 So. 2d 953, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 790 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Trial court erred in not instructing the jury that life without the possibility of parole was an option under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 because, while the crime occurred prior to the amendment adding that option, the trial took place after the amendment, and under Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-1, it had previously been held that §97-3-21 clearly and lawfully directed capital defendants whose pre-trial, trial or resentencing proceedings took place after July 1, 1994, to have their sentencing juries given the option of life without parole in addition to life with the possibility of parole and death. Rubenstein v. State, 941 So. 2d 735, 2006 Miss. LEXIS 411 (Miss. 2006).

While it is true that Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 provided three sentencing alternatives; the death penalty, life imprisonment without parole, and life imprisonment with the possibility of parole; a life sentence rendered pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §99-19-101 will automatically be a life without parole sentence. This is an inconsistency in the statutes that needs to be addressed by the Legislature. Hodges v. State, 912 So. 2d 730, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 164 (Miss.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1037, 126 S. Ct. 739, 163 L. Ed. 2d 579, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 8670 (U.S. 2005).

Although defendant, convicted of murder, argued that he was improperly sentenced to life imprisonment without parole as a habitual offender, the appellate court found no evidence that defendant was sentenced as a habitual offender; rather, the appellate court found that Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 (2000) provided for a life sentence following a conviction for murder. Poindexter v. State, 856 So. 2d 296, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 377 (Miss. 2003).

Reading Miss. Code Ann. §§97-3-21,99-19-101(1),47-7-3(1)(f), together indicates that a defendant on trial for capital murder may be sentenced only to death or to life imprisonment without the eligibility of parole. Flowers v. State, 842 So. 2d 531, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 149 (Miss. 2003).

When read in pari materia, this section and §47-7-3 provide juries with the option of sentencing capital defendants to life without parole as long as any proceeding, from pretrial through resentencing, that followed the actual charge occurred after July 1, 1994; simultaneously, the two statutes preclude the parole board from granting parole to any capital defendant who was charged after July 1, 1994. West v. State, 725 So. 2d 872 (Miss. 1998), overruled by Wilson v. State, 194 So.3d 855 (Miss. 2016), to the extent that West improperly changed Section99-19-33 to substitute the word ‘shall‘ for the word ‘may‘ in the first sentence, thereby issuing a holding that would hold trial courts in error for sentencing a defendant under the older of two sentencing statutes.

Sentence of death imposed on defendant who shot store clerk four times during commission of armed robbery was not excessive or disproportionate to other similar cases in which such sentence had been imposed. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

In order to impose death sentence, jury must determine that defendant either actually killed, attempted to kill, and intended that killing take place, or intended that lethal force would be employed. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Upon determining that defendant actually killed or intended that a killing take place, jury must identify and weigh aggravating circumstances against mitigating circumstances which it has identified and, if it is unable to find aggravating circumstance or determines that aggravating circumstance is outweighed by mitigating circumstances, death penalty is statutorily barred. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

It is suggestive to provide signature line only under the verdict for death penalty. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Verdict form which provided for signature only under the death penalty and not under life sentence verdict was harmless where jury was instructed prior to deliberations that death penalty was not the only option. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Sentence of death imposed upon 17-year-old defendant with IQ of 67 who struck victim with baseball bat, inserted it into her anus, and had sex with her after she was dead was not disproportionate. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Although third postconviction relief petition to vacate sentence and resentence would generally have been successive writ barred and procedurally barred, imposition of sentence of life imprisonment without benefit of parole for murder, imposed when statute did not permit or provide for said sentence, was unenforceable sentence and plain error, capable of being addressed. Stevenson v. State, 674 So. 2d 501, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 212 (Miss. 1996).

Trial court was required to conduct habitual offender hearing prior to sentencing of defendant for capital murder, in order to make jury aware that, as a habitual offender, defendant could have been sentenced to life imprisonment without possibility of parole. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court’s failure to hold habitual offender hearing for defendant convicted of capital murder, which would have allowed jury to sentence defendant to life imprisonment without possibility of parole, required vacatur of death sentence and remand for new sentencing trial with proper instructions. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Autopsy photographs may be admitted during sentencing phase of capital murder prosecution on issue of whether crime was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel, even if photographs were inadmissible during guilt phase. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Capital murder defendant was not entitled to make racial arguments against death penalty, even if racial arguments to jury are appropriate, in absence of racial bias claims, proof of bias, and in absence of any potential bias on basis of race of victims. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Death sentence was not excessive or disproportionate for defendant convicted of fatal stabbing of 4 children and inflicting life-threatening wounds upon an adult and another child while in search of money kept in residence. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Imposition of death penalty on defendant who killed victim during course of robbery was not disproportionate to penalty imposed in similar cases, although defendant was 17 years old at time of offense, had disadvantaged background and had low IQ. Holly v. State, 671 So. 2d 32, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 15 (Miss.), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4179 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecutor in capital murder case did not utilize absence of mercy instruction to improperly argue that jurors could not consider mercy or sympathy in their deliberations; prosecutor was allowed to argue that defendant was not deserving of sympathy and jurors had been informed by court that statements of counsel were not evidence, and that they must follow court’s instructions and consider evidence presented. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecutor did not impermissibly suggest that it was state Supreme Court, rather than jury, that had responsibility of imposing death sentence, when prosecution commented that death penalty had “been through the courts” and had been “honed and sharpened and brought into keen focus.” Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Proportionality requirement was satisfied in capital murder case involving kidnapping of stranger, sexual assault prior to killing, and efforts to hide body and obscure evidence; death penalty had been given, and found to be proportional, in another case involving same elements. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Imposition of death penalty, on defendant convicted for kidnapping, sexually assaulting and killing victim, was not disproportionate even though accomplice who provided evidence against defendant received sentence of life imprisonment; it was defendant’s idea to take victim to deserted location, and defendant had been actual perpetrator of assaults, other than one rape perpetrated by accomplice. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Sentence of death, imposed on defendant convicted of killing prison guard, was not excessive or disproportionate to other similar cases in which death sentence had been imposed. Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 617 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982, 117 S. Ct. 436, 136 L. Ed. 2d 333, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 6884 (U.S. 1996), cert. dismissed, 520 U.S. 1249, 117 S. Ct. 2406, 137 L. Ed. 2d 1064, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3537 (U.S. 1997).

Trial court acted within its discretion at death penalty phase of trial in excluding, as irrelevant, psychological report that allegedly showed that it was probable that accomplice, rather than defendant, was mastermind behind robbery and murder of victim, in absence of evidence that accomplice had any kind of dominating influence over defendant. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Death penalty was not disproportionate sentence for felony murder, where defendant instigated and planned robbery of victim, she had several opportunities to back out of robbery, she provided guns to accomplices to use against victim, and she burned victim’s house to cover her guilt. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecutor’s comparison of defendant to Charles Manson at death penalty phase was not so improper as to require reversal; prosecutor did not call defendant names, did not vilify her, did not try to enrage jury, and did not go into details of Manson’s crimes. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecutor’s comment at death penalty phase of trial that defendant had “turn[ed] to a life of crime” was not so improper as to require reversal; evidence in record indicated that defendant was serving sentence for armed robbery, and defendant had just been found guilty of capital murder. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Exception to general rule that state may not mention possibility of appellate review exists where statement is made in response to statement of defense counsel. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Defense counsel’s comments that Charles Manson murders were more gruesome than that committed by defendant, yet Manson had not received death penalty, opened door for prosecution to mention appellate review by stating that death penalty had been imposed in Manson case but that death penalty statute had later been held unconstitutional. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

A capital murder defendant could not be sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole pursuant to a plea bargain agreement, since this section does not provide such a penalty; the provision in the plea bargain providing for life without parole was not a permissible option under the statute, and therefore the court had no authority to issue such a sentence, and the plea contract was invalid as against public policy. Patterson v. State, 660 So. 2d 966, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 377 (Miss. 1995), overruled in part, Twillie v. State, 892 So. 2d 187, 2004 Miss. LEXIS 1322 (Miss. 2004).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the court properly allowed the introduction of a third party’s statement that the third party killed the victims, as well as the third party’s further statement indicating that the defendant killed the victims; both the inculpatory and exculpatory portions of the statement were relevant to mitigating circumstances. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in refusing to admit expert testimony regarding the defendant’s polygraph tests; polygraph tests and their results are inadmissible under Mississippi law. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

A prosecutor’s biblical references during closing argument at the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution did not deprive the defendant of a fair trial, as the comments were within the “broad latitude” afforded counsel in closing argument. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

In imposing a sentence of death in a capital murder case, the fact that the jury’s specific written findings supporting its verdict were “parroted” from the sentencing forms did not render the verdict ambiguous in violation of the 6th and 14th Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article 3, § 24 of the Mississippi Constitution. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

The Eighth Amendment was not violated by a judge’s imposition of the death penalty pursuant to a statute requiring the sentencing judge to consider an advisory jury verdict, where the jury recommended life imprisonment without parole, but the judge concluded that the aggravating circumstance that the murder was committed for pecuniary gain outweighed the mitigating circumstances, since (1) the Eighth Amendment does not require a state to define the weight that a judge must accord an advisory verdict, and (2) the Constitution permits a judge, acting alone, to impose a capital sentence, and thus is not offended when a state further requires a judge to consider a jury’s recommendation and trusts the judge to give proper weight to such recommendation. Harris v. Alabama, 513 U.S. 504, 115 S. Ct. 1031, 130 L. Ed. 2d 1004, 1995 U.S. LEXIS 1623 (U.S. 1995).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial judge abused his discretion in denying the defendant’s request for 25 minutes for closing argument and granting him 15 minutes “to the side.” A defendant must be allowed, within reason, whatever time he or she believes is necessary to seek a penalty less than death, and the defendant’s request for 25 minutes was within reason. Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, it was not error for the district attorney to ask the defendant to take the murder weapon, stick it in his pants, then pull it out, aim it and pull the trigger, where the district attorney was having the defendant demonstrate the time it took him to go through those motions in response to the defendant’s contention that he shot the victim on a sudden impulse. Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 792 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 910, 111 S. Ct. 1695, 114 L. Ed. 2d 89, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2522 (U.S. 1991).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the district attorney’s question during cross-examination of the defendant asking whether the thought of the victim having a Christian burial ever crossed his mind, and the district attorney’s reference to a Christian burial during his closing argument did not constitute error. Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 792 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 910, 111 S. Ct. 1695, 114 L. Ed. 2d 89, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2522 (U.S. 1991).

A capital murder defendant was not entitled to have a separate jury impaneled to hear the evidence at the penalty phase. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

It was within the judge’s discretion to impose a life sentence on a 17-year-old murder defendant despite the discretion afforded by the Youth Court Act. Reed v. State, 526 So. 2d 538, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 315 (Miss. 1988).

Refusal of the trial judge in a homicide prosecution to grant the simple murder instruction was harmless error since, if defendant had been found guilty of simple murder, instead of capital murder, the sentence would have been the same under this section. Fairchild v. State, 459 So. 2d 793, 1984 Miss. LEXIS 1983 (Miss. 1984).

The Mississippi Supreme Court’s interpretation of this section as permissive is, as a matter of law, not reviewable by District Court and raises no federal constitutional question. Irving v. Hargett, 518 F. Supp. 1127, 1981 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13465 (N.D. Miss. 1981).

A conviction in a murder prosecution would be reversed where the trial court permitted the jury to be led to believe that a coconspirator who testified against defendant would be prosecuted, even though the court and the prosecution knew that he had been granted immunity. King v. State, 363 So. 2d 269, 1978 Miss. LEXIS 2186 (Miss. 1978).

A capital case is any case where the permissible punishment prescribed by the legislature is death, even though such penalty may not be inflicted since the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346, 92 S. Ct. 2726, reh den 409 U.S. 902, 34 L. Ed. 2d 163, 93 S. Ct. 89 and on remand 229 Ga 731, 194 SE2d 410. Hudson v. McAdory, 268 So. 2d 916, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1216 (Miss. 1972).

A case where the permissible punishment is death is a capital case, in which the state and the defendant are each entitled to 12 peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, and where the state in a homicide prosecution did not inquire of prospective jurors on voir dire if they had any conscientious scruples against infliction of the death penalty, this did not constitute a waiver of death penalty and thereby limit the state and the defendant to six peremptory challenges each, on the ground that the case was no longer a capital case. Shorter v. State, 257 So. 2d 236, 1972 Miss. LEXIS 1454 (Miss. 1972).

It is not necessary that the same jury that rendered the verdict of guilty against a defendant indicted for murder shall also determine the question of his punishment. Irving v. State, 228 So. 2d 266, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1382 (Miss. 1969), vacated, 408 U.S. 935, 92 S. Ct. 2857, 33 L. Ed. 2d 751, 1972 U.S. LEXIS 2304 (U.S. 1972).

The defendant was not entitled to another trial on the issue of his guilt, where he had been lawfully determined to be guilty of murder but it was necessary to relitigate the question of penalty. Rouse v. State, 222 So. 2d 145, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1523 (Miss. 1969).

Under this section [Code 1942, § 2217], when the jury has returned the death penalty upon a verdict of guilty in a murder case, the trial judge has no alternative except to sentence the prisoner to death. Ray v. R. G. Le Tourneau, Inc., 220 So. 2d 837, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1481 (Miss. 1969).

Motion for new trial in prosecution for homicide on ground of compromise verdict was held properly denied although verdict certified that jury was unable to agree as to punishment, since the record did not show defendant offered any juror as witness to sustain his motion but simply filed an unsworn motion for new trial averring that no member of the jury voted for death sentence and that there was no disagreement among the jurors as to the punishment, and since members of the jury cannot be offered as witnesses to impeach their own verdict. Calvin v. State, 206 Miss. 94, 39 So. 2d 772, 1949 Miss. LEXIS 245 (Miss. 1949).

Argument of the prosecuting attorney, approved by the trial court, in a murder prosecution, that there was no use for the jury to return a manslaughter verdict, or one for a life sentence, because the accused was already serving a life sentence in the state penitentiary and that anything less than the death penalty would not be any punishment, was reversible error. Hartfield v. State, 186 Miss. 75, 189 So. 530, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 220 (Miss. 1939).

4. Sentencing factors.

Circuit court applied the correct legal standard and did not abuse its discretion in sentencing defendant to life without parole for murder, to which he pleaded guilty when he was 16 years old; sentencing authorities were not required to make specific findings of permanent incorrigibility or irretrievable depravity in juvenile resentencings, the circuit court weighed the proper factors, heard testimony, witnessed defendant’s demeanor firsthand, and determined the evidence supported a life without parole sentence. Ealy v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 542 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 5, 2019).

Trial court acted within its authority by sentencing defendant to life in prison because after considering the factors set forth by the United State Supreme Court, it had the authority to sentence defendant to life in prison or life in prison with eligibility for parole; the trial court afforded defendant a hearing and sentenced him after considering and taking into account each factor. Chandler v. State, 242 So.3d 65, 2018 Miss. LEXIS 122 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 139 S. Ct. 790, 202 L. Ed. 2d 569, 2019 U.S. LEXIS 486 (U.S. 2019).

In a post-conviction relief proceeding in which a pro se state inmate had been indicted for capital murder and pled guilty to the reduced charge of murder, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-19(1)(a), the only exception that he alleged allowed him to file a successive writ was the existence of an intervening decision. With regard solely to his proposed unconstitutional life sentence, he argued that the Apprendi decision and the Blakely decision satisfied the intervening-decision exception; however, those decisions did not provide any support for his claim since life was the only sentence available under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21. Glass v. State, 45 So.3d 1200, 2010 Miss. App. LEXIS 126 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 49 So.3d 636, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 554 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s argument that it was error for the trial court to sentence him to life in prison without possibility of parole was improper; after the trial court set aside the jury’s sentence of death, it had only one choice, which was the lesser sentence of life without the possibility of parole. Sentences that did not exceed the maximum term allowed by statute are not considered grossly disproportionate and are not disturbed on appeal. Maye v. State, 49 So.3d 1140, 2009 Miss. App. LEXIS 807 (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), vacated, 49 So.3d 1124, 2010 Miss. LEXIS 622 (Miss. 2010).

Defendant’s life sentence for murder under Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 was not cruel and unusual punishment because the jury was instructed on the crimes of murder and manslaughter, the jury could have properly found defendant guilty of murder without defendant’s actually having fired the gun that killed the victim, and the sentence did not exceed the statutory maximum. Trotter v. State, 9 So.3d 402, 2008 Miss. App. LEXIS 570 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).

Had defendant not pled guilty to manslaughter and demanded to go to trial for murder, he still possessed no right for a jury to decide his sentence, as the sentence was mandatory; defendant forfeited no right to have a jury decide his sentence by pleading guilty to the lesser crime of manslaughter. Smith v. State, 922 So. 2d 43, 2006 Miss. App. LEXIS 126 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).

Death sentence for capital murder was affirmed because the statutory aggravating factors of engaging in the commission of or attempting to commit the crime of rape and committing a heinous, atrocious or cruel crime in the murder of the victim were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Powers v. State, 883 So. 2d 20, 2003 Miss. LEXIS 850 (Miss. 2003), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1155, 125 S. Ct. 1297, 161 L. Ed. 2d 121, 2005 U.S. LEXIS 1584 (U.S. 2005).

Sentencing court in bifurcated capital murder prosecution properly allowed jury to consider, as aggravating circumstance, whether capital offense was committed while defendant was engaged in commission of armed robbery, notwithstanding fact that robbery was also element of capital murder for which defendant was being prosecuted. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Sentencing court in bifurcated capital murder prosecution properly allowed jury to consider, as aggravating circumstance, whether defendant shot victim in order to avoid or prevent lawful arrest; record was devoid of any reference showing that defendant was disguised when he entered or left store at which shooting took place, and fellow prison inmate claimed that defendant told him that he shot victim because he believed she was stalling and seemed like she was reaching for something. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

If there is evidence from which it may be reasonably inferred that substantial reason for killing was to conceal identity of killer or killers or to “cover their tracks” so as to avoid apprehension and eventual arrest by authorities, then it is proper for court to allow jury to consider aggravating circumstance of avoiding or preventing lawful arrest. Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 427 (Miss. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1127, 117 S. Ct. 1271, 137 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 1821 (U.S. 1997).

Evidence pertaining to when defendant in capital murder case would be released on parole if sentenced to life in prison is merely speculative and should not be admitted for consideration at sentencing hearing. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Where defendant was charged with two acts of sexual battery, one of which constituted the underlying felony to the capital murder and the other of which served as the basis of separate sexual battery conviction, the latter aggravated the crime and narrowed the class of defendants eligible for the death penalty substantially. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Robbery, by definition, is committed for pecuniary gain and thus robbery and pecuniary gain cannot be used as two separate aggravating circumstances in capital murder prosecution. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Individual can have prior conviction involving use of threat or violence and yet not be under sentence of imprisonment, and individual can be under sentence of imprisonment and yet not have prior conviction involving use of threat or violence, so that both aggravating circumstances may be used, even when they are based on the same offense. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Indictment charging defendant with aggravated assault was best evidence to prove that defendant had been convicted of felony involving use of threat or violence, provided that it was properly certified. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Indictment which bore signature of county clerk who attested to its origins was properly certified and thus admissible in capital murder prosecution to prove that defendant had prior conviction for felony involving use of threat or violence. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Indictment which led to defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault was relevant in capital murder prosecution to prove that defendant had prior conviction for felony involving use of threat or violence and to prove that defendant was under sentence of imprisonment at the time of the murder with which he was charged. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecution had no burden to bear with respect to proof that aggravated assault was a crime of violence and could be considered as an aggravating circumstance as such in capital murder prosecution, as aggravated assault by its very definition signifies violence. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Mental retardation is not a bar to execution of one convicted of capital murder, but is only a mitigating circumstance. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Finding of aggravating circumstance in death penalty case that defendant was under sentence of imprisonment at time of murder was supported by evidence provided in guilt phase that defendant was on parole for life sentence. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Finding of aggravating factor in death penalty case that defendant had been previously convicted of felony involving use or threat of violence was supported by evidence that defendant had previously been convicted of murder and aggravated assault, even though aggravated assault conviction had occurred after murder for which defendant was being sentenced to death. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Jury was not entitled to consider aggravating factor in death penalty case that defendant had committed murder while engaged in commission of kidnapping or flight after kidnapping; victim’s body was found in car with windows open approximately 2 months after her disappearance, which did not provide sufficient evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had kidnapped victim. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Jury was not entitled to consider aggravating factor in death penalty case that defendant had committed murder for purpose of avoiding or preventing lawful arrest; there was no evidence that desire to avoid apprehension and arrest was a substantial reason for victim’s murder. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Instruction in death penalty case which included all mitigating factors contained in statute except “age of the defendant” was proper; “age of the defendant” factor would fall under “catch-all” mitigating circumstance. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Capital murder aggravating circumstance, that defendant knowingly created a “great risk of death to many persons,” applied to defendant who stabbed 4 children to death and inflicted life-threatening stab wounds on one adult and another child. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Capital murder aggravating factor for when defendant knowingly creates great risk of death to many persons applies when there are multiple victims; aggravating factor is not limited to instances when there is a great risk to those other than intended victims. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Considering underlying crime of felonious abuse as aggravating factor during sentencing of capital murder defendant did not fail to narrow class of defendants eligible for death penalty, in violation of Eighth Amendment; fact that aggravating circumstance duplicates element of crime does not make death sentence constitutionally infirm. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Certified copy of indictment and judgment and testimony of police officers present at incident justified use of capital murder defendant’s prior violent felony as aggravating circumstance, even if gun used during incident was inoperable and separate kidnapping charges were dropped. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Prosecution in capital murder case could establish aggravating factor of avoiding arrest, by introducing testimony and photograph of police crime expert showing that body of victim had been burned in hands and pubic area, in order to preclude identification of victim by fingerprints or of perpetrator through pubic hair combings, even though defendant claimed that burning taking place after murder had been completed did not show that murder was undertaken to cover up earlier crimes including sexual assault; “avoiding arrest” aggravator extended also to avoiding arrest for killing. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Evidence supported avoidance of arrest as aggravating factor in penalty phase of capital murder case; defendant began asking victim if she wanted to live or die from moment that she, defendant and accomplice arrived at lake, he expressly informed accomplice they were going to have to kill victim, after victim was dead defendant doused body with gasoline and burned victim, with special emphasis on hands and pubic area so as to preclude identification through fingerprints, fiber and pubic hair comparisons. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prosecutor did not make improper statement of law, in closing argument of penalty phase in capital murder case, that matters in mitigation carry less weight than matters of aggravation; remarks were supported by law which holds that aggravating factors must be found beyond reasonable doubt, while mitigating factors may simply be found. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

“Pen packs” detailing defendant’s prior offense were relevant during penalty phase of capital murder trial to prove 2 aggravating circumstances, that defendant was previously convicted of another capital offense or felony involving use or threat of force and that defendant committed capital offense while under sentence of imprisonment, where such evidence was not offered to impeach defendant or any of his witnesses. Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 617 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982, 117 S. Ct. 436, 136 L. Ed. 2d 333, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 6884 (U.S. 1996), cert. dismissed, 520 U.S. 1249, 117 S. Ct. 2406, 137 L. Ed. 2d 1064, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3537 (U.S. 1997).

Indictment contained in defendant’s “pen pack” was relevant and admissible during penalty phase of capital murder case to show that defendant’s previous escape was crime of violence for purposes of statutory aggravating factor. Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 617 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982, 117 S. Ct. 436, 136 L. Ed. 2d 333, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 6884 (U.S. 1996), cert. dismissed, 520 U.S. 1249, 117 S. Ct. 2406, 137 L. Ed. 2d 1064, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3537 (U.S. 1997).

State has right and requirement, in death penalty resentencing cases, to put on evidence impacting Enmund factors, relating to circumstances surrounding victim’s death. Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 617 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982, 117 S. Ct. 436, 136 L. Ed. 2d 333, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 6884 (U.S. 1996), cert. dismissed, 520 U.S. 1249, 117 S. Ct. 2406, 137 L. Ed. 2d 1064, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3537 (U.S. 1997).

State, in its case in chief during penalty phase of capital murder case, is permitted to introduce evidence relevant to one or more of 8 statutory aggravating circumstances along with evidence from guilt phase relevant to Enmund factors, regarding circumstances surrounding victim’s death. Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 617 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982, 117 S. Ct. 436, 136 L. Ed. 2d 333, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 6884 (U.S. 1996), cert. dismissed, 520 U.S. 1249, 117 S. Ct. 2406, 137 L. Ed. 2d 1064, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3537 (U.S. 1997).

Evidence of detailed circumstances of underlying murder was admissible at resentencing in capital murder case to support Enmund factors, concerning whether defendant actually killed, attempted to kill, intended that killing take place and contemplated that lethal force would be employed. Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 617 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982, 117 S. Ct. 436, 136 L. Ed. 2d 333, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 6884 (U.S. 1996), cert. dismissed, 520 U.S. 1249, 117 S. Ct. 2406, 137 L. Ed. 2d 1064, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3537 (U.S. 1997).

Jury’s finding that defendant “intended that a killing take place,” which allowed imposition of death penalty, was supported by evidence that defendant gave guns to 2 accomplices, even though accomplices testified that while planning robbery, they had discussed that victim should not be hurt. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Defendant was not entitled to instruction on mitigating circumstance in death penalty phase that she would be 70 years old before she would have been eligible for parole; defendant’s age at time she would be eligible for parole, if given life sentence, was speculative. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Defendant was not entitled to have listed as mitigating circumstance the fact that none of her 3 accomplices had received death penalty; jury was aware that none of her accomplices had received death penalty, and trial court informed jury that it should not limit its consideration to those mitigating circumstances listed. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Submission to jury of “especially heinous, atrocious or cruel” aggravating factor in capital murder prosecution without limiting instruction violated Eighth Amendment. Cole v. State, 666 So. 2d 767, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 595 (Miss. 1995).

In the penalty phase of a capital murder prosecution, the prosecutor’s comment that “we have never heard one single witness say he ever felt sorry for what he did” was not impermissible, as it was simply an argument that none of the defendant’s mitigation witnesses indicated that the defendant was sorry for killing the victim, and was not an argument for “lack of remorse” as an aggravating factor. Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 287 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1192, 116 S. Ct. 1684, 134 L. Ed. 2d 785, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 3101 (U.S. 1996).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, there was sufficient evidence to warrant an instruction on the “especially heinous, atrocious or cruel” aggravating circumstance where the victims’ bodies had contusions, one victim’s finger had been cut off after he died, and the victims suffered painful deaths. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, there was sufficient evidence to warrant an instruction on the “avoiding lawful arrest” aggravating circumstance where all 4 of the victims had been shot, 3 of them had been bound, a truck belonging to one of the victims was found loaded with his possessions, the victims’ home was burned to the ground as a result of an incendiary device, and there was testimony that the defendant’s accomplice said they had to burn down the house to destroy the evidence. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

A trial judge in a murder prosecution was well within his discretion in sentencing the 14-year-old defendant to life imprisonment for aiding and abetting in the murder, in spite of the defendant’s argument that the judge abused his discretion by not stating in the record his reasons for declining to utilize possible alternative criminal sanctions for juvenile offenders provided for in §43-21-159 of the Youth Court Act, where the judge stated that he was very much aware of the requirements in May v. State (Miss. 1981) 398 So. 2d 1331 because of the many cases he had handled dealing with teenagers charged with capital offenses; although minimal, the trial court adequately addressed the reasons for not utilizing the alternatives afforded. Swinford v. State, 653 So. 2d 912, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 90 (Miss. 1995).

A sentence of death was not so disproportionate as to require reversal, in spite of the defendant’s argument that his mental condition and emotional history, including a diagnosis of schizophrenia, his pre-trial suicidal “gesture,” and his “limited intelligence,” mitigated against a sentence of death where the record did not indicate that the defendant was ever diagnosed as suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, a report from a mental hospital, at which the defendant was examined prior to trial, stated that the defendant exhibited few, if any, symptoms of schizophrenia and that he knew the difference between right and wrong in relation to his actions, and a community health center placed the defendant’s level of intelligence on the low side of average. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not err by excluding mitigating evidence in the form of testimony from the defendant’s sister regarding incidents when the defendant “heard voices” where a proper foundation was not laid in that the trial court had no reason to believe that the witness had any independent knowledge of the events aside from her brother’s telling her about them, the record was devoid of any medical testimony indicating that the defendant was schizophrenic at the time of the murder, and no medical experts testified on the defendant’s behalf. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the prosecutor’s comments during closing argument portraying the victim as a “grandmother” who left home “wearing her mother’s day present ring on her finger,” and asking the jury not to forget the victim “because she deserves justice” did not constitute an impermissible argument to sentence the defendant to death out of vengeance and sympathy for the victim; the introduction of evidence concerning the background and character of the victim and the impact of the crime on the victim’s family is not prohibited, as such evidence may be relevant to the jury’s decision as to whether the death penalty should be imposed. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in permitting evidence that the victim was 26 years old, had a 7-year-old son, had been married for 4 years, and was very shy and did not like to wear dresses because they exposed her legs where the evidence was proper and necessary to the “development of the case and true characteristics of the victim” and could not serve in any way to incite the jury. Jenkins v. State, 607 So. 2d 1171, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 576 (Miss. 1992).

A trial court’s failure to hold a capital murder defendant’s habitual offender status hearing prior to the sentencing phase of the trial did not warrant vacation of the defendant’s life sentence, which was to be served without eligibility for parole by virtue of the defendant’s habitual offender status, and remand for a new jury imposition of a life sentence with the possibility of parole, since the jury did not impose the death sentence on the defendant but instead sentenced him to life without parole. Gray v. State, 605 So. 2d 791, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 481 (Miss. 1992).

A trial court erred when it allowed the prosecutor to repeatedly explore the defendant’s propensity for future crimes during the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, since propensity to commit future crimes is not one of the 8 aggravating circumstances authorized by §99-19-101(5). Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 131 (Miss. 1992).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in excluding testimony of the defendant’s family as to the impact of a death sentence on them, testimony of the family of a man who had been convicted of capital murder and executed as to the impact of his death sentence and execution on them, and testimony of the defendant’s attorney about events surrounding the execution of that man, whom he had represented on appeal; such testimony is not relevant to the consideration of whether the death sentence should be imposed. Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 792 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 910, 111 S. Ct. 1695, 114 L. Ed. 2d 89, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2522 (U.S. 1991).

In a capital murder trial, the habitual offender status phase must be conducted prior to the sentencing phase. At the sentencing phase, the jury shall be entitled to know by instruction whether the defendant is eligible for parole. Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 792 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 910, 111 S. Ct. 1695, 114 L. Ed. 2d 89, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2522 (U.S. 1991).

The new rule announced in Willie v. State (Miss. 1991) 585 So. 2d 660-that a jury may not “doubly weigh the commission of the underlying felony and the motive behind the underlying felony as separate aggravators” when determining the sentence to be imposed in a capital murder case-is to be applied prospectively from July 24, 1991; thus, the new rule did not apply to a defendant who was tried, convicted and sentenced to death before July 24, 1991. Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 287 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1192, 116 S. Ct. 1684, 134 L. Ed. 2d 785, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 3101 (U.S. 1996).

Testimony during the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution as to the victim’s housekeeping habits did not constitute inadmissible victim impact statements where the evidence was offered to support the State’s proof of an attempted robbery inasmuch as the victim was found in her home which was in a state of disarray. Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 492 (Miss. 1989), rev'd, in part, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 5501 (U.S. 1990).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the prison record of the defendant’s accomplice who allegedly dominated the defendant and forced him to commit the murders since the prison record did nothing to focus on the defendant’s character or susceptibility to domination or on the circumstances of the crime. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

During the sentencing phase of a murder trial, evidence that the defendant had declared bankruptcy and was separated from his wife was admissible to rebut the defendant’s testimony that he had a steady job and loved his family. Cole v. State, 525 So. 2d 365, 1987 Miss. LEXIS 2655 (Miss. 1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 934, 109 S. Ct. 330, 102 L. Ed. 2d 348, 1988 U.S. LEXIS 4775 (U.S. 1988).

Although the facts of a homicide have been proved by direct evidence and the judge deems the fact of guilt clearly established and the plea is insanity, nevertheless under this section the defendant may offer evidence of his good character for peace. Maston v. State, 83 Miss. 647, 36 So. 70, 1903 Miss. LEXIS 86 (Miss. 1903).

5. Plea of guilty.

Defendant’s unsupported allegation that his guilty plea to the murder of his girlfriend was involuntary and the result of coercion by his attorney could properly be rejected by the trial court in considering defendant’s motion for postconviction relief without the holding of an evidentiary hearing as defendant’s claim was not supported by the record; the trial court could properly impose a life sentence without referring the matter to a jury. Riley v. State, 848 So. 2d 888, 2003 Miss. App. LEXIS 196 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003).

A trial court erred in allowing a defendant to plead guilty to both capital murder and the underlying felony of burglary which elevated the murder to capital murder; sentencing the defendant separately for both felony murder and the underlying felony violated his right against double jeopardy. Fuselier v. State, 654 So. 2d 519, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 222 (Miss. 1995).

6. Instructions.

Jury instruction that required the jury to find that defendant killed the victim unnecessarily while the victim was committing an unlawful act followed the language of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-31 and should have followed the language of Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-29 more closely in order to avoid any confusion with §97-3-29; however, since both statutes applied to the facts, the instructions fairly announced the applicable rules of law. Newell v. State, 175 So.3d 1260, 2015 Miss. LEXIS 505 (Miss. 2015).

Jury instruction on the sentence of life imprisonment without parole for capital murder did not violate the prohibition against ex post facto laws even though the statute authorizing the punishment, Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21, was not in effect at the time of the crime. Swann v. State, 806 So. 2d 1111, 2002 Miss. LEXIS 27 (Miss. 2002).

Instruction at penalty phase of capital murder prosecution that mitigating circumstances must outweigh aggravating circumstances does not shift state’s burden of proving the aggravating circumstances. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

It was proper to instruct jurors at penalty phase of capital murder prosecution that they should disregard sympathy in reaching their sentencing decision. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Instruction which prohibits, expressly or impliedly, consideration of mitigating circumstances not found unanimously is flawed and requires reversal. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Court was not required to specifically instruct the jury considering death penalty that they did not have to find mitigating circumstances unanimously in order for particular juror to consider them. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Jury considering death penalty can impliedly be charged with knowledge that unanimous finding of mitigating circumstances is not required where jury has been instructed that no degree of consensus on mitigating circumstances is required. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Courts are encouraged to instruct jurors considering death penalty that, even if all 11 other jurors find that a certain mitigating circumstance does not exist, juror who believes that it does exist must find that mitigating circumstance and weigh it in further deliberations. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Instruction at penalty phase of capital murder prosecution did not provide for unanimous decision for death and unanimous decision for life but, rather, for unanimous decision for death and decision for life; instruction did not require that jury unanimously find for life sentence. Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 304 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 588, 136 L. Ed. 2d 517, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7523 (U.S. 1996).

Trial judge’s instruction that jurors should return to jury room to clarify ambiguity in jury’s findings that supported sentence of death did not taint verdict; jury had death penalty instruction with it, and court directed jury to re-form verdict “if it is the decision of the jury.” 74 A.L.R.5th 1.

Whimsical or residual doubt instructions are not required as a mitigating circumstance in death penalty cases. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

State has no burden to rebut mitigating evidence and, thus, capital murder defendant was not entitled to requested sentencing instruction directing jury that credible evidence of mitigating factors may be considered when weighing mitigating against aggravating circumstances unless state rebuts evidence beyond reasonable doubt. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

“Catch-all” mitigating factors in capital murder sentencing proceeding encompasses all nonstatutory mitigating circumstances, including defendant’s remorse, and, thus, defendant was not entitled to separate mitigating instruction that he had demonstrated extreme remorse for crimes committed. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Method of execution was of no concern to jury and, thus, capital murder defendant was not entitled to sentencing phase instruction informing jurors that defendant would be executed by lethal injection if sentenced to death. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Capital murder defendant was not entitled to requested sentencing phase jury instructions on use of mercy, pity or sympathy; trial court has discretion to give mercy instructions. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Capital murder defendant was not entitled to requested sentencing phase instructions directing jury that death sentence should not be selected if any juror has doubt about proper punishment and that jury was not required to sentence him to death; requests were for mercy instructions, which trial court has discretion to give. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Court could strike for cause prospective juror in capital murder case who repeatedly stated that she was disposed to return life sentence, rather than death sentence, and did not know if she could base her decision on evidence and law. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Instruction that in deciding whether to impose death penalty, jury was “not to be swayed by mere sentiment, conjecture, sympathy, passion, prejudice, public opinion or public feeling,” was proper. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Defendant was not entitled to instruction at death penalty phase of trial that jury had to consider sympathy and mercy on her behalf; several instructions had directed jury that it was required to consider mitigating circumstances. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Defendant is not entitled to mercy instruction at death penalty phase of trial. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Defendant was not entitled to instruction that life sentence rather than death penalty was presumed to be appropriate sentence unless presumption was overcome. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Instruction that for jury to impose death penalty, it had to find that mitigating circumstances did not outweigh aggravating circumstances, did not improperly allow jury to impose death penalty based solely on presence of aggravating circumstances. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

Failure to include a jury foreman signature line under the life imprisonment option in a sentencing verdict instruction in a death penalty case will no longer be tolerated by the Supreme Court; this facial defect may be cured simply by reversing the order of the options in the sentencing instruction so that the life option is listed first. Colosimo v. Senatobia Motor Inn, 662 So. 2d 552, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 479 (Miss. 1995).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the defendant was not entitled to an instruction permitting imposition of the death penalty only if the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances. Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 287 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1192, 116 S. Ct. 1684, 134 L. Ed. 2d 785, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 3101 (U.S. 1996).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, a limiting instruction for the “especially heinous, atrocious or cruel” aggravating circumstance was proper where it comported with the requisite narrowing language found in Coleman v. State (Miss. 1979) 378 so2d 640. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not unconstitutionally limit consideration of emotional disturbance mitigation evidence to “extreme” emotional disturbance by submitting an instruction on “extreme mental or emotional disturbance” where the instructions on mitigating factors, when read as a whole, provided ample opportunity for the jury to give consideration to any emotional disturbance the defendant may have suffered. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in refusing to give peremptory instructions requiring the jury to find 5 mitigating factors which the defendant claimed were undisputed, since the existence of mitigating factors should be left to the jury’s consideration; while it is constitutionally required that a jury not be precluded from considering any mitigating factor, a jury is not required to find such factors. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in instructing the jurors that they should consider the detailed circumstances of the offense when making their decision where the instructions as a whole properly instructed the jury as to the framework within which it was to consider mitigating and aggravating circumstances. Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 56 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S. Ct. 783, 133 L. Ed. 2d 734, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 547 (U.S. 1996).

A sentencing instruction in a capital murder prosecution properly defined the “especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel” aggravating factor, and thus there was no violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, where the instruction defined the term “heinous, atrocious, or cruel” as “those situations where the actual commission of the capital felony was accomplished by such additional acts to set the crime apart from the norm of capital felonies by the consciencelessness or pitilessness of the crime which is unnecessarily tortuous to the victim.” Hansen v. State, 649 So. 2d 1256, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 496 (Miss. 1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 986, 116 S. Ct. 513, 133 L. Ed. 2d 422, 1995 U.S. LEXIS 7828 (U.S. 1995).

A capital murder defendant is not entitled to a “mercy” instruction. Foster v. State, 639 So. 2d 1263, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 670 (Miss. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1019, 115 S. Ct. 1365, 131 L. Ed. 2d 221, 1995 U.S. LEXIS 2061 (U.S. 1995).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court did not err in stating that “robbery is a crime of violence” when instructing the jury regarding the aggravating circumstance of a previous conviction for an offense involving the use or threat of violence, even though the robbery previously committed by the defendant involved an attempt to snatch cash from a cash register in a store and the record did not indicate that the defendant had a weapon on that occasion, since the very act of reaching across a store counter in the presence of a clerk and seizing money from a cash register intimates a willingness to resort to violence, and §97-3-73 the statute under which the defendant pled guilty-defines the crime of robbery as the act of taking another’s personal property “by violence to his person or by putting such person in fear of some immediate injury to his person.” Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the definition of the “especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel” aggravating factor contained in the limiting instruction was constitutionally adequate where the instruction described an especially heinous, atrocious or cruel capital offense as a “conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily torturous to the victim” and which can be shown by the fact that the defendant “utilized a method of killing which caused serious mutilation where there is a dismemberment of the corpse, where the defendant inflicted physical or mental pain before death, where there was mental torture and aggravation before death or where a lingering or torturous death was suffered by the victim.” Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, a jury instruction which provided a step-by-step guide in arriving at a verdict did not impermissibly limit the consideration of mitigating evidence, in spite of the defendant’s argument that the language of the instruction could have misled the jury to believe that a finding of mitigating circumstances must be unanimous because “everything else” required a unanimous finding, where the mitigating circumstances portion of the instruction did not contain the word “unanimous” or “unanimously,” and the instruction would not have implied to any reasonably literate juror that he or she should await unanimity before considering a mitigating circumstance. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1993 Miss. LEXIS 541 (Miss. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 927, 115 S. Ct. 314, 130 L. Ed. 2d 276, 1994 U.S. LEXIS 7088 (U.S. 1994), overruled, Weatherspoon v. State, 732 So. 2d 158, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 4 (Miss. 1999).

A trial court in a capital murder prosecution did not err in excusing a juror for cause where the juror stated that she opposed the death penalty and would not impose the death penalty under any circumstances. Russell v. State, 607 So. 2d 1107, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 474 (Miss. 1992).

A murder defendant was not denied a fair trial on the ground that the trial court refused to accept his challenges for cause to 3 potential jurors where the defendant used peremptory challenges to remove those jurors, since the loss of a peremptory challenge does not constitute a violation of the constitutional right to an impartial jury; so long as the jury that sits is impartial, the fact that the defendant had to use peremptory challenges to achieve that result does not mean that the defendant was denied his or her constitutional rights. Mettetal v. State, 602 So. 2d 864, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 413 (Miss. 1992).

Personal opposition to capital punishment is not a constitutional impediment to juror service so long as the juror is able to set aside his or her personal belief and fairly consider all sentencing options under the law; it was therefore error for a trial court to refuse defense counsel an opportunity to further voir dire potential jurors who had expressed reluctance to vote for the death penalty. Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 131 (Miss. 1992).

Prospective jurors in a capital murder prosecution who had stated their opposition to the death penalty were improperly excluded without allowing the defense counsel the opportunity to question them. However, this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt where the answers the jurors gave were substantially clear, it was reasonably certain that the jurors were “Witherspoon-excludable,” and it was unlikely that voir dire examination by the defense counsel would have rehabilitated the jurors sufficient to take them out of Witherspoon. Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 876 (Miss. 1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 921, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570, 1992 U.S. LEXIS 2882 (U.S. 1992).

A defendant was denied his constitutional right to a fair trial by an impartial jury in the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution where, upon conclusion of the guilt phase but before the sentencing phase began, the jury prematurely deliberated and sent a note to the judge indicating their decision that the defendant should be sentenced to death. Rather than questioning the jurors in order to determine whether each of them could remain impartial during the sentencing phase, the judge merely instructed the jurors to “refrain from further deliberations,” which was insufficient to insure that the defendant’s right to a fair hearing was not prejudiced. Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 648 (Miss. 1991).

That murder was committed (1) while engaged in crime of robbery and (2) for pecuniary gain may not be given as two separate and independent aggravating circumstances, as they essentially comprise one. When life is at state, a jury cannot be allowed to doubly weigh the commission of the underlying felony and the motive behind it as separate aggravators. Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

A prospective juror may not be struck from the jury venire for cause simply because the juror voiced general objections to the death penalty or expressed conscientious or religious scruples against infliction of the death penalty. If a juror indicates that if he or she was convinced of the guilt of the defendant and the circumstances warranted a verdict of guilty, he or she could return a verdict of guilty although that verdict could result in the death penalty, then the juror may not be struck from the jury venire for cause, despite his or her objections and concerns. A prospective juror may be struck if the juror indicates that he or she cannot consider and decide the facts impartially or cannot conscientiously apply the law or the court’s instructions. The juror need not expressly state that he or she absolutely refuses to consider the death penalty; an equivalent response made in any reasonable manner which indicates that the juror’s position is firm will suffice. Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

The denial of a challenge for cause is not error where it is not shown that the defense has exhausted peremptory challenges and is thus forced to accept the juror. Thus, a trial court’s refusal to remove 6 jurors for cause did not deprive the defendant of a fair trial where only one of the 6 actually served on the jury and she was not challenged at a time when the defense had 12 peremptory challenges, the defense still had one challenge left as well as an alternate challenge at the completion of the selection process, and the defense counsel never raised any objection to the other 5 jurors. Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1, 1990 Miss. LEXIS 849 (Miss. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 928, 111 S. Ct. 2042, 114 L. Ed. 2d 126, 1991 U.S. LEXIS 2673 (U.S. 1991).

In a capital murder prosecution, the court’s failure to excuse for cause a potential juror who stated during voir dire that in order for him not to impose the death penalty the defendant would have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he should not be executed, was not reversible error where defense counsel used his twelfth peremptory challenge to remove the juror, defense counsel had not exhausted his peremptory challenges and did not challenge anyone else for cause or ask for more peremptory challenges. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

“Death qualification” of jurors prior to the guilt phase in a capital murder prosecution did not deprive the defendant of a jury composed of a fair cross section of the community. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

A capital murder defendant’s motion to reduce his sentence of death to a life sentence would be denied, and his alternative motion to vacate and set aside his death sentence and remand the cause for a new sentencing hearing would be granted, where the defendant sought relief based on the jury’s consideration of the “especially heinous, atrocious or cruel” aggravating circumstance without further guidance concerning the meaning of this aggravating circumstance, and he contended that Maynard v. Cartwright (1988, US) 100 L. Ed. 2d 372, 108 S. Ct. 1853 and Clemons v. Mississippi (1990, US) 108 L. Ed. 2d 725, 110 S. Ct. 1441 were intervening decisions within the meaning of §99-39-27(9). Smith v. State, 648 So. 2d 63, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 666 (Miss. 1994).

In a homicide prosecution, where the state was permitted to challenge for cause three jurors who expressed conscientious scruples against imposing the death penalty, an order sentencing the defendant to death must be reversed; upon reversal of the order, the trial judge must remand for a new trial as to punishment, or if the district attorney and the trial judge should so agree, might sentence the defendant to life imprisonment without the intervention of the jury. Rouse v. State, 222 So. 2d 145, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1523 (Miss. 1969).

Jurors in murder prosecution who have conscientious convictions against inflicting death penalty are not qualified. Shimniok v. State, 197 Miss. 179, 19 So. 2d 760, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1944).

In qualifying the jurors in murder prosecution, it is the duty of the judge to inquire of the jurors, and the duty of the jurors to answer under oath, whether they have conscientious convictions against inflicting the death penalty. Shimniok v. State, 197 Miss. 179, 19 So. 2d 760, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1944).

No set words or phrases are required or prescribed in propounding question to prospective jurors in murder prosecution whether they have conscientious convictions against inflicting death penalty. Shimniok v. State, 197 Miss. 179, 19 So. 2d 760, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1944).

Use of word “hesitate,” by court in asking prospective jurors in course of voir dire examination in murder prosecution if any would hesitate to inflict capital punishment if the law authorized it and the evidence justified it, was improper, but did not constitute reversible error where court reworded the question upon defendants’ objection. Shimniok v. State, 197 Miss. 179, 19 So. 2d 760, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1944).

In a prosecution for murder, the court properly excluded from the jury persons who stated that they had conscientious scruples against the infliction of capital punishment. Borowitz v. State, 115 Miss. 47, 75 So. 761, 1917 Miss. LEXIS 183 (Miss. 1917).

7. Jury.

Because this section explicitly vested sentencing authority with the trial court, defendant possessed no statutory right to a jury sentencing. Bass v. State, 273 So.3d 768, 2018 Miss. App. LEXIS 631 (Miss. Ct. App. 2018), cert. denied, 272 So.3d 130, 2019 Miss. LEXIS 238 (Miss. 2019).

8. —Qualifications.

Prosecutor’s question to potential jurors asking whether they could conceive of imposing death penalty in murder case with no eyewitness was proper means of probing into their prejudices to get insight into their thoughts. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Trial court acted within its discretion in excusing 4 potential jurors who stated that they probably could not impose death penalty when there were no eyewitnesses or fingerprints linking defendant to crime, and stated that they would need “a lot stronger proof” to change their position. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Decision of whether or not to excuse potential juror based on bias against death penalty is left to trial judge’s discretion. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

For trial court to excuse potential juror for bias against death penalty, juror need not expressly state that he or she absolutely refuses to consider death penalty; equivalent response made in any reasonable manner indicating juror’s firm position will suffice. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Prospective jurors in capital cases may only be excluded for cause based upon their views on capital punishment when those views would prevent or substantially impair performance of their duties as jurors in accordance with their instructions and oath. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

If prospective juror who is opposed to death penalty indicates that, if convinced of defendant’s guilt, he or she could return verdict of guilty which might result in death penalty, juror cannot be struck from jury. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

If prospective juror is irrevocably committed to vote against death penalty regardless of facts and circumstances, juror can be struck from jury. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Four prospective jurors in capital murder case were properly excused after stating their inability to impose death penalty. Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 193 (Miss.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 994, 117 S. Ct. 486, 136 L. Ed. 2d 379, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7020 (U.S. 1996).

Defense counsel’s extensive voir dire of venire members regarding attitudes toward death penalty precluded claim on appeal that trial court’s inadequate voir dire questioning permitted seating of jurors with bias in favor of death penalty. Jackson v. State, 672 So. 2d 468, 1996 Miss. LEXIS 718 (Miss. 1996).

Any juror who would impose death sentence regardless of facts and circumstances of capital murder conviction cannot follow dictates of law and is subject to be removed through use of complementary challenge for cause. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Police officer was not required to be removed from capital murder jury panel, even though during general voir dire of venire he had stated that due to seriousness of charge of capital murder guilty verdict should be followed by death penalty, and officer admitted to knowing some details of case; officer had further stated that he believed his decision whether to impose death penalty would be based on circumstances and that he could be fair and impartial, and there was no automatic rule that law enforcement officers or their relatives could be challenged for cause. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prospective juror was not required to be removed from capital murder panel, even though during initial voir dire he had raised his hand and commented, regarding death penalty, that “if the jury reached a decision of guilty, I would automatically vote” for death; when questioned individually, prospect stated that he would weigh evidence and that he could put aside his views and listen to evidence and instructions. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prospective juror was not required to be removed from capital murder jury panel, even though he nodded his head affirmatively during group voir dire when asked whether he would automatically vote for death penalty, whether he believed in death penalty, and whether he would vote with majority of other jurors as to sentence; under further questioning he stated that he would evaluate the evidence and impose penalty which seemed most logical, and when informed that his vote was an individual choice prospect replied that he would vote whichever way evidence pointed, would be fair and impartial and would follow law. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Prospective juror was not required to be removed for cause from jury panel in capital murder case, even though he initially stated he would vote for death penalty upon capital conviction, and later that he would be predisposed to vote for death all things being equal; prospect also stated that he would follow instructions given by court and review facts before reaching decision, and that his decision would be based upon how evidence “came about” in penalty phase of trial. Walker v. State, 671 So. 2d 581, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 494 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1011, 117 S. Ct. 518, 136 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 7236 (U.S. 1996).

Even if trial court erred in capital murder case by failing to strike for cause prospective juror who allegedly stated he would always vote for death penalty, defendant’s right to impartial jury was not violated, where prospective juror did not serve on defendant’s jury panel, and defendant was not forced to use peremptory strike to keep him off panel. Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 617 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 982, 117 S. Ct. 436, 136 L. Ed. 2d 333, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 6884 (U.S. 1996), cert. dismissed, 520 U.S. 1249, 117 S. Ct. 2406, 137 L. Ed. 2d 1064, 1997 U.S. LEXIS 3537 (U.S. 1997).

Circuit court should take substantial role in conducting voir dire to determine whether prospective jurors would vote automatically for death penalty regardless of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 451 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1025, 116 S. Ct. 2565, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1082, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 4177 (U.S. 1996).

A trial judge in a capital murder prosecution did not abuse his discretion by excusing a potential juror who initially indicated that she could not impose the death penalty, even though she subsequently indicated that there were some circumstances under which she could impose the death penalty, where she failed to clearly indicate that she was willing to set aside her own beliefs and follow the instructions and law as to the death penalty. Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1995 Miss. LEXIS 287 (Miss. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1192, 116 S. Ct. 1684, 134 L. Ed. 2d 785, 1996 U.S. LEXIS 3101 (U.S. 1996).

A prosecutor’s request of jurors during individual voir dire to give the particular circumstances that each would require in order to return a death sentence were not improperly designed to extract a promise from the jurors that they would certainly vote in favor of the death penalty given a specific set of circumstances, and therefore did not violate the defendant’s constitutional rights. Foster v. State, 639 So. 2d 1263, 1994 Miss. LEXIS 670 (Miss. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1019, 115 S. Ct. 1365, 131 L. Ed. 2d 221, 1995 U.S. LEXIS 2061 (U.S. 1995).

The 1968 decision of the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Jackson, 390 U.S. 570, 20 L. Ed. 2d 138, 88 S. Ct. 1209, is not retroactive and was not applicable to a guilty plea entered in 1960 by a defendant charged with murder who, at the time of the decision of Jackson, was serving a life sentence in the penitentiary as a consequence. King v. Cook, 211 So. 2d 517, 1968 Miss. LEXIS 1267 (Miss. 1968).

A defendant who in 1960 entered a plea of guilty to an indictment for murder and received a life sentence which he was currently serving, following the decision in 1968 of the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Jackson, 390 U.S. 570, 20 L. Ed. 2d 138, 88 S. Ct. 1209, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus alleging that the death penalty provision of Code 1942, § 2217 of the Mississippi Code violated the Fifth and Sixth Amendments of the United States Constitution and § 14 of the Mississippi Constitution. In affirming the denial of the writ, the court held that the Jackson rule was inapplicable to the Mississippi general statute on murder for the reason that an accused entering a plea of guilty to a charge of murder under Code 1942, § 2217 is not assured of not receiving the death penalty; for the trial court cannot be required to accept a guilty plea in a capital case and pronounce a sentence of less than death, but may require a jury trial in which the imposition of the death sentence is within the sole province of the jury. King v. Cook, 211 So. 2d 517, 1968 Miss. LEXIS 1267 (Miss. 1968).

The trial judge cannot be compelled to accept a plea of guilty in capital cases. Dickerson v. State, 202 Miss. 804, 32 So. 2d 881, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 343 (Miss. 1947).

It is discretionary with the trial judge whether he will accept a plea of guilty in a capital case; if he does so he must see to it, first, that the plea is entirely voluntary and that defendant fully realizes and is competent to know the consequences of such plea, and second, a competent and impartial jury must be empanelled to consider the material circumstances of the crime fully enough to adjudge whether the death sentence should be imposed. Dickerson v. State, 202 Miss. 804, 32 So. 2d 881, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 343 (Miss. 1947).

The death penalty is within the sole province of the jury. Dickerson v. State, 202 Miss. 804, 32 So. 2d 881, 1947 Miss. LEXIS 343 (Miss. 1947).

On murder conviction, it is within the province of the jury to fix the penalty at death or life imprisonment. Shimniok v. State, 197 Miss. 179, 19 So. 2d 760, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1944).

Where defendants had been convicted of murder and sentenced to death, the supreme court had no power to reverse and remand the case on the mere ground that another jury might fix the punishment at life imprisonment because of the youth and indiscretion of the defendants since the exercise of clemency is vested in the executive. Shimniok v. State, 197 Miss. 179, 19 So. 2d 760, 1944 Miss. LEXIS 289 (Miss. 1944).

Since the jury is vested with the power to determine whether the death penalty should be inflicted in a murder prosecution, the issue of life or death should be decided by the jury, uninfluenced by extraneous and highly prejudicial issues. Russell v. State, 185 Miss. 464, 189 So. 90, 1939 Miss. LEXIS 181 (Miss. 1939).

9. —Powers and duties.

A trial court’s failure to give a limiting instruction with respect to the “especially heinous, atrocious or cruel” aggravating circumstance did not constitute harmless error where the jury was instructed as to only 2 aggravating circumstances, the “especially heinous” factor was argued almost exclusively to the jury as a reason to impose the death penalty, and there was no way of knowing beyond a reasonable doubt that a jury would have found, had it been so instructed, that “the actual commission of the felony was accompanied by such additional acts as to set the crime apart from the norm of capital felonies-the conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily torturous to the victim.” Pinkney v. State, 602 So. 2d 1177, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 384 (Miss. 1992).

A trial court’s failure to give a limiting instruction in conjunction with the “especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel” aggravating circumstance did not constitute harmless error, even though the jury was allowed to consider 2 additional aggravating circumstances, where the “especially heinous” factor was argued almost exclusively to the jury as a reason to impose the death penalty, and it could not be said beyond a reasonable doubt that under the facts of the case the result would have been the same had the “especially heinous” aggravating circumstance been properly defined in the jury instructions. Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170, 1992 Miss. LEXIS 345 (Miss. 1992).

In the penalty phase of a capital murder prosecution, the trial court’s instruction on the “especially heinous, atrocious or cruel” statutory aggravating circumstance was proper where the court instructed the jury that the term “heinous, atrocious, or cruel” meant “those situations where the actual commission of the capital felony was accomplished by such additional acts to set the crime apart from the norm of capital felonies by the consciouslessness or pitilessness of the crime which is unnecessarily tortuous to the victim.” Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 876 (Miss. 1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 921, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570, 1992 U.S. LEXIS 2882 (U.S. 1992).

A defendant enjoys no right to be spared the death penalty because the jury entertains a whimsical or residual doubt of his or her guilt, though counsel remains free to argue to the jury any such doubt. Thus, a trial court did not err in refusing a defendant’s requested “whimsical doubt” instruction where the record did not reflect that the defendant’s counsel was forbidden to argue whimsical or residual doubt to the jury. Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 876 (Miss. 1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 921, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570, 1992 U.S. LEXIS 2882 (U.S. 1992).

In the sentencing phase of a capital murder prosecution, the defendant was not entitled to an instruction affirmatively instructing the jurors that they should individually consider the evidence in mitigation; the instructions given were sufficient where the mitigating circumstances portion of the instruction did not contain “unanimous” or “unanimously,” only the aggravating circumstances part of the instruction contained those words, and there was no instruction implying or intimating that a juror should await unanimity before considering a mitigating circumstance. Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 876 (Miss. 1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 921, 112 S. Ct. 1970, 118 L. Ed. 2d 570, 1992 U.S. LEXIS 2882 (U.S. 1992).

In the sentencing phase of capital murder prosecution, an instruction cautioning the jury “not to be swayed by mere sentiment, conjecture, sympathy, passion, prejudice, public opinion or public feeling” was a proper statement of the law because it did not inform the jury that it was required to disregard in toto sympathy and left the jury the option to vote for or against the death penalty. Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

In the penalty phase of a capital murder prosecution, a jury instruction stating that the jury “may objectively consider the detailed circumstances of the offense for which the defendant was convicted, and the character and record of the defendant,” was not defective, notwithstanding the defendant’s claim that the use of the word “may” allowed the jury to permissively consider mitigating circumstances instead of requiring them to do so, since the instruction did not place limitations on what mitigating circumstances the jury could consider. Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 492 (Miss. 1989), rev'd, in part, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 5501 (U.S. 1990).

In the sentencing phase of a capital case, an instruction stating that in order to return the death penalty the jury was required to find that the mitigating circumstances did not outweigh the aggravating circumstances, did not improperly shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defense. Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 492 (Miss. 1989), rev'd, in part, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 5501 (U.S. 1990).

A limiting instruction during the penalty phase of a capital murder prosecution concerning the “heinous, atrocious, or cruel” aggravating factor was adequate where the court instructed the jury that the word “heinous means extremely wicked or shockingly evil; atrocious means outrageously wicked and vile; and cruel means designed to inflict a high degree of pain with indifference to, or even enjoyment of the suffering of others.” These instructions adequately defined each of the 3 potential aggravating factors in terms the average lay person (juror) could understand and the language used was neither vague nor unclear. Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887, 1989 Miss. LEXIS 492 (Miss. 1989), rev'd, in part, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 5501 (U.S. 1990).

In the penalty phase of a capital case, the jury’s consideration of whimsical doubt as a mitigating factor was not impaired by the trial court’s denial of a jury instruction on whimsical doubt where defense counsel was permitted to argue whimsical doubt to the jury. Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77, 1988 Miss. LEXIS 612 (Miss. 1988), rev'd, 498 U.S. 146, 111 S. Ct. 486, 112 L. Ed. 2d 489, 1990 U.S. LEXIS 6118 (U.S. 1990), overruled, Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 1991 Miss. LEXIS 454 (Miss. 1991).

The judgment as to the sentence of one convicted of murder would be reversed to permit the jury to fix punishment, where although the judge instructed the jury to fix punishment at life imprisonment if it should find the defendant guilty, the jury returned a verdict merely finding the defendant guilty as charged, whereupon the court sentenced the defendant to serve a life term in the state penitentiary. Ray v. R. G. Le Tourneau, Inc., 220 So. 2d 837, 1969 Miss. LEXIS 1481 (Miss. 1969).

10. Deferral of sentence.

Trial court exceeded its authority by suspending all but twenty years of defendant’s life sentence for first-degree murder because life imprisonment was the applicable sentence for first-degree murder; therefore, the trial court had no authority to suspend any part of defendant’s life sentence.Shaheed v. State, 205 So.3d 1105, 2016 Miss. App. LEXIS 806 (Miss. Ct. App. 2016).

It was improper for the trial court to indefinitely defer the defendant’s sentencing because the statute requires that every person convicted of murder “shall” be sentenced to imprisonment for life in the state penitentiary. House v. State, 754 So. 2d 1147, 1999 Miss. LEXIS 353 (Miss. 1999).

11. Sentencing hearings.

As a result of defendant juvenile's guilty plea, the circuit court was the proper sentencing authority for his resentencing. Ealy v. State, — So.3d —, 2019 Miss. App. LEXIS 542 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 5, 2019).

Death sentence was properly imposed pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 because petitioner inmate did not have the right to present evidence at sentencing–specifically evidence that he did not commit rape–that was inconsistent with the verdict of the guilt-phase jury. Holland v. Anderson, 583 F.3d 267, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 20769 (5th Cir. Miss. 2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 1073, 130 S. Ct. 2100, 176 L. Ed. 2d 731, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 3429 (U.S. 2010).

Defendant’s capital murder conviction was proper pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §97-3-21 because he did not need to receive a sentencing hearing since, even absent a procedural bar, if the State was not seeking the death penalty, the only possible sentence for conviction of capital murder was life without parole. Davis v. State, 914 So. 2d 200, 2005 Miss. App. LEXIS 269 (Miss. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 921 So. 2d 344, 2005 Miss. LEXIS 746 (Miss. 2005), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 856, 127 S. Ct. 133, 166 L. Ed. 2d 98, 2006 U.S. LEXIS 6743 (U.S. 2006).

RESEARCH REFERENCES

ALR.

Acquittal on homicide as bar to subsequent prosecution for assault and battery or vice versa. 37 A.L.R.2d 1068.

Homicide by fright or shock. 47 A.L.R.2d 1072.

Homicide: Liability where death immediately results from treatment or mistreatment of injury inflicted by defendant. 50 A.L.R.5th 467.

CJS.

41 C.J.S., Homicide §§ 517 et seq.

Practice References.

Ronald L. Schoenberg, Criminal Law Deskbook (Matthew Bender).